INDIAN RADIOACTIVE WASTE

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1. N.K. BANSAL

2. KANWAR RAJ

3. P.K. WATTAL

4. P.K. NARAYAN

P.D. OZARDE

Superintendent, WMF Trombay

Nuclear Recycle Group

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

Trombay, Mumbai

Golden Jubilee Year of Indian Nuclear Energy Programme

PROJECTED GROWTH OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN INDIA

20,3352018-2022

16,3352013-2017

9,3352008-2012

3,9402006-2007

2,720Current (2002-2003)

INSTALLED CAPICITY MWeYEAR

CONTRIBUTION OF

2500FBR

235INNOVATIVE REACTOR (AHWR)

8000LWR

9,600PHWR

THE PROJECTED GROWTH OF NUCLEAR ENERGY COUPLED WITH CURRENT

RECYCLE POLICY SIGNIFY AND ORDER OF MAGNITUDE INCREASE INWASTE

ARRISING RIGHT THROUGH FRONT END TO BACK END OF THE FUEL CYCLE

CALL FORNEW STRATAGY, MANAGEMENT APPROCH ANDIMPROVED

TECHNOLOGY.

National Policy for

Radioactive Waste Management

• Discharges to environment

– As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

• Low and Intermediate Level Waste

– Near Surface Disposal Facility (NSDF)

• High Level and Alpha Waste

– Immobilization (WIPs)

– Interim Storage (SSSF)

– Deep Geological Repository (Planned)

4. Spent Radiation Sources

- Return to original supplier or

- Reuse/recycle or

- Condition and dispose

- On no cost basis

5. Collocation of NSDF and nuclear installation

- Avoiding long distance transportation

6. Collocation of reprocessing and Vitrification plants

7. Period of control of NSDF

- Active control (100 years)

- Passive control (200 years)

National Policy for

Radioactive Waste Management

MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE

1 of 2

MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE

2 of 2

PHWR (4 X 220 MWe), Isotope facility

PHWR (2 X 220 MWe)

PHWR (2 X 220 MWe)

PHWR (2 X 220 MWe)

1972

1989

1993

2000

Rajasthan

Narora

Kakrapar

Kaiga

INLAND

PHWR (2 X 170 MWe)

Fuel Reprocessing Plant, Research Laboratories

Research Reactors (FBTR)

WIP under construction

1984KalpakkamCOASTAL

BWR (2 x 160 New)

Fuel Reprocessing Plant, Fuel Fabrication Plant

WIP

1969TarapurCOASTAL

Research Reactors, Fuel Fabrication

Fuel Reprocessing, Research Laboratories

Isotope Production, WIP

1956TrombayCOASTAL

Nuclear facilityYear ofcommissioning

Site

WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES IN INDIA

Radioactive Waste Management Facilities in India

EEDisused Radiation Sources:

Conditioning & Disposal

PPEPPEEIncineration

PPPPPPECompaction

CEOrganic Waste Treatment

CEAir Cooled vault for interim

storage of vitrified HLW

PCActinide Separation Plant

CEEVitrification of HLW

PEPECECPolymerisation of spent Ion

Ex. Resin

CE(1)E

(2)C

Ion Ex. Treatment for ILW

EEEEEEECementation of Chemical

sludges, etc.

SteamSolarSteamEvaporation

EEMembrane Separation

EEEEEEEChemical Treatment of LLW

KaigaKakraparKalpakkamNaroraRajasthanTarapurTrombay

E - ExistingC - Under constructionP - Planned

Imm

obili

sation

Interim

Sto

rage

Deep Disposal

HLW

3-STAGE INDIAN PROGRAMME FOR MANAGEMENT OF HIGH LEVEL WASTE

Canister

Welding

Glass Pouring

Shielded

Transport

Cask

Air cooled Storage

Deep Geological

RepositoryHLW From Reprocessing

Vitrification

1st Generation Plants : Metallic Melters

Tarapur, Trombay

2nd Generation Plants : Ceramic Melters

Tarapur, Kalpakkam, Trombay

3rd Generation Plants : Ceramic Melters & Cold Crucibles

Tarapur, Kalpakkam

Four Important Developments of 2004

1. Recycle

2. Legacy Waste

3. Underground Research Laboratory (URL)

4. Knowledge Management Group

Recycle

Conditioning & Disposal last resort

Emphasis on Recover & Reuse to the extent possible

1.1 Fission products :

137Cs : Phase I - From ILW (Industrial Scale)

Phase II - From HLW (Pilot Plant Scale)

90Sr (Laboratory Scale)

1.2 Major Actinides : U, Pu (Industrial Scale) Resource Constraint

Minor Actinides : Plant under installation

1.3 Zircalloy Hulls

Phase I – Compaction

Phase II – Decontamination and Remelting for reuse

1.4 Solvent for Reprocessing

1.5 Acid from HLW

Management of Legacy Waste

Phase I : Old ILW

Phase II : Old HLW

Salient Features of Phase II Old HLW

Characteristics :• High salt load

• Adverse Inactive / Active salt ratio

• Problematic constituents

Vitrification experience at Trombay• Lead Borosilicate Glass

• Barium Borosilicate Glass

New Treatment Scheme

Pilot Plant Experience

Legacy Waste

Underground Research Laboratory (2003-2012)

Depth : 200m to 500m

Location : Southern India

Objectives of an Underground Research Laboratory

1. To develop the excavation technology &

methodology for optimization of

construction induced damage in

monolithic rock mass.

• Refinement of existing non-destructive

methods of rock mass assessment

• Development of instrumentation and

methodology for in-situ stress determination

• Optimization of disposal tunnel and pit shape,

geometry, extent etc.

Objectives of an Underground Research Laboratory

2. Test, evaluate and model the behavior of the

various components of Engineered Barrier

System (EBS) under heat and moisture and their

coupling with geological barrier.

• Simulated overpack test (waste form is simulated by a

heater) to understand behavior of buffer, backfill and

rocks under thermal loading

• Tunnel scale test to evaluate supports and seals at

elevated temperature.

• Microbiological degradation of barriers

• Gas migration test through EBS and fractures

Objectives of an Underground Research Laboratory

3. Development of suitable seal, grouts, lining

and support and test their behavior under

repository conditions.

• Methodology development for fracture sealing

• Methodology, technology and instrumentation

for disposal tunnel sealing

4. Development of technology and

instrumentation for waste transfer,

emplacement and remote handling systems

Objectives of an Underground Research Laboratory

5. To validate models for safety assessment

• Hydrogeological models for estimation of thewater ingress

• Solute transport and radionuclides migrationthrough EBS and fractures

• Performance assessment and Service lifeprediction for various components of EBSunder repository conditions

6. To demonstrate feasibility and safety ofgeological disposal including publicacceptance and regulatory aspects

Knowledge Management Group

1. To create sustainable pool of technocrats in all fields of nuclear energy programme

2. To upgrade necessary infrastructure in conventional industries to meet future challenges from nuclear industry

3. To transfer state of art technologies developed in house for betterment of conventional industries

4. To accelerate public awareness programme

• Universities and Academic Institutions

• Journalists & Media Representatives

• General Public - Rural / Urban

Thank

You