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11th LPR Network seminar
Oxana Sinyavskaya, High School of Economics (Moscow)
Use of Parental leave policies in the Russian
Federation
11th LPR Network seminar, Tallinn, September 18, 2014
11th LPR Network seminar
Maternity and parental leaves in Russia
Childbirth
Maternity leave
10 weeks 10 weeks
Paid Parental leave Unpaid Parental leave
Child 1.5 years old Child 3 years old
100% wage 40% wage
Extended to not employed women from 2007
Minimum differentiated by birth order – 2007+
11th LPR Network seminar
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Coverage of children by preschool institutions 9kindergartens)
urban rural
Formal childcare coverage by child’s age
2010 Census data
Paid leave
Unpaid leave
11th LPR Network seminar
Minimum and maximum parental leave benefits as a percentage of average wage and children subsistence minimum
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6
44
3840
66
59
5553
min 1st child min 2nd child max
% of average
wage
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
42.438.6 38.6 38.8
3538.3
35.8
84.8
77.2 77.1 77.6
70.1
76.6
71.6
for the 1st child for the 2nd+ child
% o
f child s
ubsis
tence m
inim
um
Rosstat data
11th LPR Network seminar
Average size of monthly benefits for care for a child under 18 months RUB EURO
In % to children
subsistence minimum
In % to average
wage
to insured women (paid parental leave benefits)
for the 1st child 6092 148.6 97.3 22.9
for the 2nd+ child 6477 158.0 103.5 24.3
to not insured women
for the 1st child 2326 56.7 37.2 8.7
for the 2nd+ child 4652 113.5 74.3 17.5
Average monthly benefits to care for children below 18 months, 2012
Social Insurance Fund data
11th LPR Network seminar
• Very limited statistical information– Social Insurance Fund data are not often
reliable• A small number of observations in a
limited number of sociological surveys– Russian Generations and Gender Survey, wave
3, 2011 (N=11,174)– Sample of female respondents 17-44 years old
with biological and adopted children from 0 to 35 months in the household (N=374)
– Examples from other data (source is indicated)
Use of leaves – data problems
11th LPR Network seminar
Duration of leave after the 1st birth
1965-1990 1991-2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
none 0-3 months 4-12 months 13-18 months 19-36 months 36+ months
Per
cent
of
all w
om
en w
ho h
ad o
ne c
hild
EES 2005
11th LPR Network seminar
2009 2010 2011 2012
Number of births 1 761 687 1 788 948 1 796 629 1 902 084
Number of lump-sum birth grants paid: 1 579 007 1 678 957 1 731 188 incl.: to employed women 1 157 920 1 248 041 1 277 993
to not employed women 421 087 430 916 453 195
Number of monthly benefits for care for a child under 18 months: 3 629 560 3 823 090 3 870 726
incl.: to insured women (paid parental leave benefits)
for the 1st child 1 107 662 1 180 634 1 167 794 for the 2nd+ child 925 811 1 041 967 1 107 852 to not insured women 1 595 080for the 1st child 820 018 789 014 for the 2nd+ child 776 069 811 475
Number of monthly benefits for care for a child under 18 months
Rosstat data, based on SIF
11th LPR Network seminar
Proportion of “paid parental leaves” in total number of benefits for care for a child under 18 months
2,010 2,011 51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
57.5
59.9
54.4
56.2
1st child2nd+ child
Author’s calculation based on Rosstat data, based on SIF
11th LPR Network seminar
Type of contract
Statutory arrangements
maternity leave
parental leave both sick leaves
Employees, 85.3 82.5 82.3 86.5
- by the type of contract:
permanent labor contracts 91.9 88.9 88.7 92.8
temporary labor contract or subcontract 73.5 70.1 69.3 74.6
verbal agreement 19.6 20.3 19.6 24.1
- by firm ownership:
Private firm / person 71.8 67.7 67.2 73.6
Public 98.4 97.1 97.0 98.9
Mixed 95.4 91.2 91.2 95.4
Total 81.1 78.4 78.2 82.2
Potential availability of certain statutory arrangements related to childbirth, by type of contract, 2007-2011
GGS 2007-2011 (from: Sinyavskaya, Billingsley 2014)
Does your job provide access to … ?
11th LPR Network seminar
Female activity status by the age of the youngest child, 2011
0-5
6-11
12-17
18-23
24-35
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1.8
9.7
7.4
17.1
46.0
67.3
72.6
67.9
55.3
28.0
studentemployedon leaveunemployeOLF
Age o
f th
e y
oungest
child,
month
s
GGS, 2011
11th LPR Network seminar
Proportion of women reported being on leave or receiving leave benefits by the age of the youngest child, 2011
0
20
40
60
80
14.6
47.5 41.4
78.3
9.6
32.623.5
57.5
0-180-36
%
GGS, 2011
11th LPR Network seminar
• Coverage – almost universal (at the expense of extending coverage to not employed)
• The biggest problem – level of compensation
• Potential availability of parental leaves – no effect on fertility intentions (due to the size?) (Sinyavskaya, Billingsley 2011)
• However, using of leaves (not too long) has positive effect on both subsequent fertility and return to employment (Gerber, Perelli-Harris 2012)
Conclusions
