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What is it?
Staph infection:Commonly formed bacteriaLives on your skin and in nose.Problematic when it gets in the body.
(sepsis)One of the most common causes of skin
infectionsTreated with antibiotics
MRSA is Resistant to antibiotics.
Superbug
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Resists β-lactam antibiotics PenicillinCephalosporinesMonbactamsCarbapenemsβ-lactam inhibitors
Leading cause of Sepsis, pneumonia, Surgical site infection.
The Resistance
Unnecessary antibiotic use:Used to treat viral infections (flu, cold)Used for minor bacterial infectionUse of antibacterial soap?
Antibiotics in food and water:Found in livestockWater run off of farms then into water
systems
The Resistance
Germ mutation:Not all bacteria is killed with use of
antibioticsBacteria change and adapt to survive the
presence of antibiotics.Evolve and mature“What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”
History
Discovered in 1961 in the United Kingdom
U.S. in 1981 In I.V. Drug users
CDC report in 2005
127,000 infections in 1999 to 278,000
11,000 deaths to more than 18,650
Responsible for 94,360 serious infections
18,000 MRSA Deaths vs. 16,000 died from AIDS (2005)
What does it look like
Insect or spider bite Folliculitis or Pustular lesions Furuncle, carbuncles (Boils) Abscess ( Esp. with tissue necrosis) Cellulites Impetigo Infected wound
Two Types
HA-MRSAHospital or other heath care settings
CA-MRSACommunity AssociatedLocker roomsPrisonsSoldiers
High Risk Factors
HA-MRSA:Pts. With open woundsInvasive devisesWeakened immune systemElderly/ChildrenLong- term healthcareDialysis pts.Recent use of antibiotics
High Risk Factors
CA-MRSAContact sportsSharing equipmentLocker roomsPrisonersConfined space with lots of peopleHealthcare workersHomosexual Men
Treatment
Incision and drainage of abscess Nasal and tissue swab/ Urine sample Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility Treat with appropriate antibiotics IV; Vancomycin (antibiotic)
Prevention
Good HygieneWash handsTake shower after exerciseKeep open wounds clean and coveredAvoid direct contact with woundsAvoid sharing personal hygiene equipmentClean soiled linens with bleach, hot water,
and hot dryer when available.
Prevention
Silver sulfadiazineUsed primarily on burn patientTreatment for MRSA
Handheld bacteria tester (UK)Tests for bacteria found around hospitalInsured good cleaning practices
Refrences Boyles, Salynn. “More U.S. Deaths From MRSA Than AIDS.” WebMD health News. 16 Oct. 2007 Reviewed by Chng
Louise, MD <http://www.webmd.com/news/20071016/more-us-deaths-from-mrsa-than-aids>
Boyles, Salynn. “Plain Soap as Good as Antibacterial” WebMD Health News. 17 Aug. 2007. <
http://www.webmd.com/news/20070817/plain-soap-as-good-as-antibacterial>
Elaine Larson RN PHD; Allison Aiello, MS; Lillian V, Lee, MS; Phyllis Delta-Latta, PhD; Cabilia Gomez-duarte, MD; Susan Lin,
DrPH. “Short-and Long-term effects of hand washing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community”. Journal of Community health, vol. 28, No. 2, April 2003. (Copyright 2003)
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Last
updated 18, Oct. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2009. http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/antimicrobialResistance/Examples/mrsa/
“Healthcare-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA).” Center for Disease Control. Last updated 8
Oct. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2008. <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_MRSA.html>
Hoffmann S. Silver sulfadiazine: an antibacterial agent for topical use in burns. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;18(1):119-26.
Klevens, R. Monina, DDS, MPH; Morrison, Melissa A. MPH; Nadle, Joelle, MPH; Petit, Susan MPH; Gershman, Ken MD, MPH;
Ray, Susan MD; Harrison, Lee H. MD; Lynfield, Ruth MD; Dumyati, Ghinwa MD; Townes, John M. MD; Craig, Allen S. MD; Zell, Elizabeth R. MSTAT; Fosheim, Gregory E. MPH; McDougal, Linda K. MS; Carey, Roberta B. PhD; Fridkin, Scott K. MD. “Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States” JAMA. 17 Oct. 2007; 298(15):1763-1771.
”What Everyone Should Know and Do Snort. Sniffle. Sneeze. No Antibiotics Please!” Center for Disease Control. Last Updated
18 Aug. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community/know-and-do.htm
Zarpellon MN, Soares VS, Albrecht NR, Bergamasco DR, Garcia LB, Cardoso CL. “Comparison of 3 alcohol gels and 70% ethyl
alcohol for hand hygiene.” Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 29 Oct. 2008(10):960-2