Overview of Forestry Measures in Rural Development

21/04/2321/04/23 DG Environment — Unit B1 Agriculture, DG Environment — Unit B1 Agriculture, Forests and SoilForests and Soil

11

Overview of Forestry Measures Overview of Forestry Measures in Rural Development in Rural Development

J. Van de VeldeJ. Van de Velde

EC – DG Environment B1EC – DG Environment B1


22

1992-99 : Forestry Regulation N° 2080/921992-99 : Forestry Regulation N° 2080/92

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• To accompany the changes linked to the 1992 CAP To accompany the changes linked to the 1992 CAP reforms (Mc Sharry / set-aside) by offering reforms (Mc Sharry / set-aside) by offering forestry forestry as an alternativeas an alternative to agricultural production to agricultural production

•To contribute to an To contribute to an improvement in forest resourcesimprovement in forest resources of the EU (forest products deficiency in 12 MS)of the EU (forest products deficiency in 12 MS)

• To contribute to forms of countryside management To contribute to forms of countryside management more compatible with more compatible with environmentalenvironmental requirements requirements

• To counter To counter greenhouse effectgreenhouse effect and sequester CO² and sequester CO²


33

Forestry Regulation N° 2080/92Forestry Regulation N° 2080/92

MAIN PRINCIPLES :MAIN PRINCIPLES :

““Modulation”Modulation” of the aid (broadleaves, conifers, fast of the aid (broadleaves, conifers, fast growing trees) as integral part of schemegrowing trees) as integral part of scheme

Introduction of a Introduction of a maintenancemaintenance premium over the first premium over the first 5 years (according to the type of plantation )5 years (according to the type of plantation )

Opening the aid to a wider range of beneficiaries, but Opening the aid to a wider range of beneficiaries, but compensationcompensation to farmers most important in budget to farmers most important in budget

Significant Significant increase in the budgetincrease in the budget available and available and eligible actions compared to previous schemes eligible actions compared to previous schemes


44


Total cost for the EAGGF Total cost for the EAGGF : 1 519 Mio € : 1 519 Mio € (1992-1999)(1992-1999)

Breakdown by species classesBreakdown by species classes :

Medium and long term broadleaves 56.8 % 562 142 haMedium and long term broadleaves 56.8 % 562 142 ha

Medium and long term conifers 32.1 % 317 467 haMedium and long term conifers 32.1 % 317 467 ha

Mixed plantations (broadleaves & con.) 7.1 % 70 175 haMixed plantations (broadleaves & con.) 7.1 % 70 175 ha

Fast growing trees (Euc./Pop./Pinus) 4.0 % 39 464 Fast growing trees (Euc./Pop./Pinus) 4.0 % 39 464 haha

Total planting 1992-99 approx. 1.000.000 Total planting 1992-99 approx. 1.000.000 haha


55


Afforestation by EU Member States (1993 -1999)Afforestation by EU Member States (1993 -1999)


66

2000-2006 : Rural Dev. Reg. 1257/992000-2006 : Rural Dev. Reg. 1257/99

Agenda 2000Agenda 2000 : : Creation of separate schemes for direct support Creation of separate schemes for direct support

(« pillar I ») and rural development (« pillar II ») (« pillar I ») and rural development (« pillar II ») Principles of Rural Development policy :Principles of Rural Development policy :

- Multifunctional agriculture and forestry- Multifunctional agriculture and forestry

- Multisectoral and integrated approach to rural - Multisectoral and integrated approach to rural economyeconomy

- - SUBSIDIARITY : MS to draw up own RD SUBSIDIARITY : MS to draw up own RD programmesprogrammes

RD = Most important vehicle for implementing EU RD = Most important vehicle for implementing EU Forestry Strategy (98) , new RDR with complete Forestry Strategy (98) , new RDR with complete chapter (VIII) on Forestry measureschapter (VIII) on Forestry measures


77

..

EU Common Agricultural PolicyEU Common Agricultural Policy(Including the 2003 reform in yellow)(Including the 2003 reform in yellow)

CAP

Common Market Organisations (1. pillar)

Direct support(payments to farmers)Indirect support remains

Indirect support(intervention, export

subsidies, import duties)

Fru

it a

nd

veg

.

Pig

Po

ult

ry

Rural Development (2. pillar)

Modulation 9 + 2 measures

Farm advisory system

Decoupling:

Single farm payment

Cross compliance applies

Inve

stm

ents

Tra

inin

g

Les

s fa

v. a

reas

Ag

ri-e

nvi

ron

men

t

Ear

ly R

etir

emen

t

Fo

rest

ry

New

sta

nd

ard

s

Milk

Su

gar

RD Plans at national andregional level


88

Chapter VIIIChapter VIII : Possibilities for forestry support : : Possibilities for forestry support : art. 30 : art. 30 : investments in forestry activities, support for investments in forestry activities, support for

SFM and planting of non-agro landSFM and planting of non-agro land MS decide 40-50 % co-financing of real costsMS decide 40-50 % co-financing of real costs

art. 31 : art. 31 : plantings on agricultural landplantings on agricultural land planting costs 100 % supportedplanting costs 100 % supported maintenance premium/ ha during 5 yrs.maintenance premium/ ha during 5 yrs. compensation of income during 20 yrs (725 €/ha -185 €/ha) compensation of income during 20 yrs (725 €/ha -185 €/ha)

(public owners only planting costs)(public owners only planting costs) art. 32 : art. 32 : ecological functions & firebreaksecological functions & firebreaks

condition for support : costs > income condition for support : costs > income MS fix payments 40-120 € /ha , based on real costsMS fix payments 40-120 € /ha , based on real costs

RD Regulation N° 1257/99RD Regulation N° 1257/99

No detailed technical conditions but more general principles set the rules No detailed technical conditions but more general principles set the rules


99

9%

4%

1%

3%

12%

27%

8%

10%

26%

Investments in farms

Young farmers

Training

Early retirement

LFA

Agri-environment

Processing & marketing

Forestry

Adaptation of rural areas

12 649

4 807

3 760 13 480

6 128

4 682 1824

1 423

EAGGF Guarantee & Guidance expenditure by RD measures 2000-2006 (in % and million EUR)

344

Total € 49 billion


1010

RD Regulation N° 1257/99 : RD Regulation N° 1257/99 : uptake of forestry measures in EU 15 uptake of forestry measures in EU 15

Chapter VIII-Forestry measures - EU contribution (EAGGF- Chapter VIII-Forestry measures - EU contribution (EAGGF- guarantee + guidance) in Mio € - Total / afforestationguarantee + guidance) in Mio € - Total / afforestation

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

AT BE DE DK GR ES FI FR IR IT L NL PO SE UK


1111

2007-2013 : Rural Dev. Reg. 1698/2005 2007-2013 : Rural Dev. Reg. 1698/2005

”Agenda 2007””Agenda 2007”

Rural Development

2007-2013

Combined Programming for all sectors

Axis 1 Competi-tiveness

(>15%)

Axis 2Environment

+ Land Management

(>25%)

Axis 3 Diversif. Quality of

Life

(>15%)

Single set of programming, financing, monitoring, auditing rules

Single Rural Development Fund

Axis 4« Leader »


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RD Regulation 1698/200RD Regulation 1698/20055What’s newWhat’s new : : Simplification > only 1 fund : Simplification > only 1 fund : EAFRDEAFRD Three priority axes : competitivenessThree priority axes : competitiveness land managementland management

diversificationdiversification(+ axis 4 = LEADER small projects scheme)(+ axis 4 = LEADER small projects scheme)

ConsultationConsultation & partnership approach (6) & partnership approach (6) Wider use of advisory services & more training Wider use of advisory services & more training Community Strategy > National strategyCommunity Strategy > National strategy Designation of areas for measures by MS (50)Designation of areas for measures by MS (50) Agriculture & Forestry completely in parallel sets Agriculture & Forestry completely in parallel sets

of measures ( no more links required ) of measures ( no more links required )


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Justification of Forestry measuresJustification of Forestry measures

Treaty basis has changed over time : Treaty basis has changed over time :

Originally the basis was a strong link to CAP : Originally the basis was a strong link to CAP : > farm landscape structure / farmers as > farm landscape structure / farmers as preferential beneficiaries in 2080/92 & 1257/99 )preferential beneficiaries in 2080/92 & 1257/99 )

With new RDR 1698/2005, no more formal link With new RDR 1698/2005, no more formal link to agriculture exists > ENV as Treaty basisto agriculture exists > ENV as Treaty basis See considerants of new RDRSee considerants of new RDR Argument to defend environmental added value Argument to defend environmental added value

when negociating with MS when negociating with MS Compare to new State Aid rulesCompare to new State Aid rules


1414

AXIS 1 & 3 AXIS 1 & 3

AXIS 1AXIS 1: COMPETITIVENESS (20): COMPETITIVENESS (20)- vocational training (21)- vocational training (21)- setting up young farmers (22)- setting up young farmers (22)- early retirement (23)- early retirement (23)- use of advisory services (24)- use of advisory services (24)- setting up advisory services - setting up advisory services (25)(25)- farm modernisation (26)- farm modernisation (26)- improving economic value of - improving economic value of forests (27) forests (27)- adding value to products- adding value to products-co-operation (28)co-operation (28)- developing new products (29)developing new products (29)- infrastructure support (30)- infrastructure support (30)

AXIS 3AXIS 3: QUALITY OF LIFE/RURAL : QUALITY OF LIFE/RURAL ECONOMY (52)ECONOMY (52)

- diversification into non-ag - diversification into non-ag activitiesactivities- micro-enterprises- micro-enterprises- tourism activities- tourism activities- basic services for economy- basic services for economy- village renewal- village renewal- conservation & rural heritage- conservation & rural heritage- training- training- skills acquisition & animation- skills acquisition & animation

- > - > mainly agro-specific measuresmainly agro-specific measures- > - > some forest specific measuressome forest specific measures


1515

AXIS 2 : land management (36)AXIS 2 : land management (36)

> Agro & For. are now “at par” > Agro & For. are now “at par”

Agricultural land (36a)Agricultural land (36a) support for mountain support for mountain

areas (i)areas (i) LFA support (ii)LFA support (ii) Natura 2000 & Water Natura 2000 & Water

FD payments (iii) FD payments (iii) agri-environment (iv)agri-environment (iv) animal welfare (v)animal welfare (v) non-productive non-productive

investments (41)investments (41)

Forest land (36b i-vii)Forest land (36b i-vii) afforestation on agr. afforestation on agr.

Land (43) Land (43) Agroforestry (44)Agroforestry (44) afforestation on non afforestation on non

agri-land (45)agri-land (45) Natura 2000 (46)Natura 2000 (46)

( but no WFD ! )( but no WFD ! ) forest environment (47) forest environment (47) restoring forestry restoring forestry

potential (48)potential (48) non-productive non-productive

investments (49)investments (49)


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What’s new for forestry ?What’s new for forestry ? NewNew

Establishment support for agro-forestry (axis 2)Establishment support for agro-forestry (axis 2) creation and development of micro-enterprisescreation and development of micro-enterprises

(axis 1(axis 1 ChangedChanged

afforestation restricted to ‘first’ afforestationafforestation restricted to ‘first’ afforestation broadened support measures for maintaining and broadened support measures for maintaining and

improving environment to focus on Natura 2000 improving environment to focus on Natura 2000 and forest environment paymentsand forest environment payments

No more support for the establishment of No more support for the establishment of associationsassociations

Reduction in support rate for afforestation costs Reduction in support rate for afforestation costs and period of compensation of incomeand period of compensation of income


1717

Support levels : RD Reg. 1648/200Support levels : RD Reg. 1648/20055Annex : Annex : Axis 1 : Axis 1 :

80 % co-financing of advisory services , max. 1500 €/unit (24) & (25)80 % co-financing of advisory services , max. 1500 €/unit (24) & (25) 50 % or more co-financing of investments (27) & (28) 50 % or more co-financing of investments (27) & (28)

Axis 2 :Axis 2 : lower levels of support for plantations (43/45) :lower levels of support for plantations (43/45) :

- co-financing 40 / 50 / 75 % (all types of land)- co-financing 40 / 50 / 75 % (all types of land)- maintenance 5 yrs. (agro benef.)- maintenance 5 yrs. (agro benef.)- compensation of income 500/150 €/ha, max. 15 yrs. - compensation of income 500/150 €/ha, max. 15 yrs.

(agro benef.)(agro benef.) agroforestry establishment costs, co-fin. 70-85 % (44)agroforestry establishment costs, co-fin. 70-85 % (44) ““Natura 2000 payment” 40-200 €/ha (46)Natura 2000 payment” 40-200 €/ha (46) ““forest environment payment” 40-200 €/ha (47)forest environment payment” 40-200 €/ha (47) Support for “non-productive” investmentsSupport for “non-productive” investments

(+ reduced eligibility for state forests , 44/46/47 excluded)(+ reduced eligibility for state forests , 44/46/47 excluded)

Axis 3 : Axis 3 : “setup costs” covered , no co-fin % or max. specified“setup costs” covered , no co-fin % or max. specified


1818

Plantations (43-44-45)Plantations (43-44-45)

Afforestation of agricultural landAfforestation of agricultural land Establishment / maintenance / compensationEstablishment / maintenance / compensation Public owners only establishment costsPublic owners only establishment costs Fast growing trees only estabishment ( see IR)Fast growing trees only estabishment ( see IR) Avoid concentration on this (classical) measureAvoid concentration on this (classical) measure

AgroforestryAgroforestry Most interesting for MED zone (cork / fruit trees)Most interesting for MED zone (cork / fruit trees) See IR on « local conditions » and spp. choiceSee IR on « local conditions » and spp. choice

Afforestation of non-agro landAfforestation of non-agro land Mostly non cultivated open landMostly non cultivated open land Biodiv. Implications to be carefully screened , e.g. for Biodiv. Implications to be carefully screened , e.g. for

wetlands / bogs / semi-natural grasslands (wet/dry)wetlands / bogs / semi-natural grasslands (wet/dry)


1919

Environment (46-47)Environment (46-47)

Forests & Natura 2000 paymentForests & Natura 2000 payment

« Costs incurred » & « income foregone » to be specified « Costs incurred » & « income foregone » to be specified N2000 designations to be specifiedN2000 designations to be specified N2000 management plans or equivalentN2000 management plans or equivalent

Forest Environment paymentForest Environment payment No set of conditions comparable to CC in agroNo set of conditions comparable to CC in agro « Relevant mandatory requirements » to be specified« Relevant mandatory requirements » to be specified « Additional costs » & « Income foregone » to be specified « Additional costs » & « Income foregone » to be specified 5-7 yrs. commtiment period is short for forestry5-7 yrs. commtiment period is short for forestry

For both measures , a reasoned explanation of the For both measures , a reasoned explanation of the support levels chosen can be expected from MSsupport levels chosen can be expected from MS


2020

Additional (48-49)Additional (48-49)

Restoration & preventionRestoration & prevention Replanting after windfall and forest firesReplanting after windfall and forest fires Potential for important ecological added value Potential for important ecological added value Allows to avoid repetition of disastersAllows to avoid repetition of disasters Possibly high demands of Med. Zone for fire Possibly high demands of Med. Zone for fire

prevention – balance with other measures ?prevention – balance with other measures ?

Non-productive investmentsNon-productive investments Can be linked to forest-environment , focussing on Can be linked to forest-environment , focussing on

biodiversitybiodiversity Mainly intended for public access, all owners eligibleMainly intended for public access, all owners eligible Avoid concentration on infrastructureAvoid concentration on infrastructure


2121

Implementing RulesImplementing Rules Axis 1 rulesAxis 1 rules

Advisory services : degressive support (16) Advisory services : degressive support (16) Investment support : art. 18&19Investment support : art. 18&19

Forest holding levelForest holding levelAvoid run on machineryAvoid run on machineryNo support for industrial processing (« no downstream « )No support for industrial processing (« no downstream « )

Axis 2 definitions : (29-30-31-32-33-34)Axis 2 definitions : (29-30-31-32-33-34) Forest & OWL definitionsForest & OWL definitions Eligibility criteria for ownersEligibility criteria for owners AgroforestryAgroforestry Restoration / prevention / non-productiveRestoration / prevention / non-productive Designation of areas Designation of areas

Axis 3 : partnership criteria (36)Axis 3 : partnership criteria (36)


2222

Challenges / Issues (I)Challenges / Issues (I)

Lower Support for Afforestation (also env. Plantations)Lower Support for Afforestation (also env. Plantations) Maximum public support for establishment costs Maximum public support for establishment costs

capped at 50% (60% for LFAs and mountain capped at 50% (60% for LFAs and mountain regions), see annex 1regions), see annex 1

Income foregone payments reduced to 15 yearsIncome foregone payments reduced to 15 years

No more support for owner co-operation or No more support for owner co-operation or establishment of forestry associations Investment establishment of forestry associations Investment support restricted to micro businessessupport restricted to micro businesses

No comprehensive set of rules for environmental No comprehensive set of rules for environmental conditionality on forestry support that compares to conditionality on forestry support that compares to cross compliancecross compliance


2323

Challenges / Issues (II)Challenges / Issues (II)

Consultation & partnership approach (6)Consultation & partnership approach (6)

Eligibility for forestry measures (42.1)Eligibility for forestry measures (42.1) All forest owners eligible : (43) , (45), (48) , (49) All forest owners eligible : (43) , (45), (48) , (49) Private & Municipal only : (44) , (46) , (47)Private & Municipal only : (44) , (46) , (47) State forests not eligible : (44) , (46) , (47)State forests not eligible : (44) , (46) , (47)

Designation of areas (50.1 / 50.6-7-8)Designation of areas (50.1 / 50.6-7-8) Applies to 34 b (i) , (iii) , (iv) , (vi) / (43-45-46-48)Applies to 34 b (i) , (iii) , (iv) , (vi) / (43-45-46-48) Important planning measure to give owners security Important planning measure to give owners security

about what is / is not possible on their landabout what is / is not possible on their land


2424

Cross compliance in forests?Cross compliance in forests?

• Existing Annex III & IV approach of 1782/2003 for Existing Annex III & IV approach of 1782/2003 for the agricultural sector applies in theory … to the agricultural sector applies in theory … to forests.forests.

• EU legislation : EU legislation : - Habitats directive- Habitats directive- Birds Directive- Birds Directive- Water Framework Directive- Water Framework Directive- EIA / SEA- EIA / SEA

• ““Good Woodland Condition” or “ Good Forestry Good Woodland Condition” or “ Good Forestry Practice” concept was refused by MS & AGRIPractice” concept was refused by MS & AGRI

This meansThis means : :Less specific framework conditions than under Agenda 2000Less specific framework conditions than under Agenda 2000More decision power to Member States More decision power to Member States Less direct prescriptions from BrusselsLess direct prescriptions from Brussels


2525

Forests in transition … 2007-2013Forests in transition … 2007-2013

A very diverse set of interests …A very diverse set of interests … Forest + woodland covering 165 M ha , still extending Forest + woodland covering 165 M ha , still extending

(500 000 ha/yr in EU 25 – plant. / NR = 50/50 )(500 000 ha/yr in EU 25 – plant. / NR = 50/50 ) Forest expansion can be problematic (debate in several Forest expansion can be problematic (debate in several

MS : landscape , natural habitats … )MS : landscape , natural habitats … ) Energy Policy : White Paper/RES directives >Energy Policy : White Paper/RES directives >biomass biomass

action plan > biofuel strategy action plan > biofuel strategy Forest policy will increasingly respond to broader issues Forest policy will increasingly respond to broader issues

(climate/water/biodiv./landscape)(climate/water/biodiv./landscape) Will importance as economic resource decline, and Will importance as economic resource decline, and

reliance on imported raw material rise, notwithstanding reliance on imported raw material rise, notwithstanding policy to expand the resource base since over 25 yrs. ?policy to expand the resource base since over 25 yrs. ?


2626

What What toto avoid ? avoid ?

Environmental damage from forestry :Environmental damage from forestry : loss of undisturbed forest habitatsloss of undisturbed forest habitats loss of semi-natural woodlands loss of semi-natural woodlands decline of existing forest biodiversitydecline of existing forest biodiversity intensification of forest managementintensification of forest management increasing uniformity of stand structuresincreasing uniformity of stand structures unwise use of exotic species (fire/wind)unwise use of exotic species (fire/wind) introduction of animals for huntingintroduction of animals for hunting large scale drainage (peat soils / wetlands)large scale drainage (peat soils / wetlands) acidification / eutrophication (plantations)acidification / eutrophication (plantations)

- > see “DOBRIS +3 Report” (EEA - 1998)- > see “DOBRIS +3 Report” (EEA - 1998)


2727

What to look for ?What to look for ? Forest products and public benefits :Forest products and public benefits :- timber as an enviromentally friendly materialtimber as an enviromentally friendly material

- non-wood products, responsible hunting , foodnon-wood products, responsible hunting , food

- renewable energy from forest biomassrenewable energy from forest biomass

- environmental forest services :environmental forest services :- habitats and species- habitats and species- landscape - landscape - soil and water protection- soil and water protection- flood management- flood management- carbon sequestration- carbon sequestration

- public access , recreation infrastructurepublic access , recreation infrastructure


2828

About EU forests About EU forests

Major form of land use : Forest + woodland Major form of land use : Forest + woodland cover = total UAA ( 165 M ha / 33 % cover )cover = total UAA ( 165 M ha / 33 % cover )

Actual forest estate is mostly semi-natural and Actual forest estate is mostly semi-natural and sector has low ecological footprint but “Virgin” sector has low ecological footprint but “Virgin” sites are very raresites are very rare

Large variety of natural forest types and forest Large variety of natural forest types and forest use, with many transitions and regional use, with many transitions and regional combinations (N/S – E/W) combinations (N/S – E/W)

Large variety in forest cover ( <10 to > 70 %) Large variety in forest cover ( <10 to > 70 %) See For. Strat. Report Staff WP See For. Strat. Report Staff WP COM(2005)84COM(2005)84


2929

ForestForest « clusters » (I) « clusters » (I)

« The Nordics « « The Nordics «

Austria, Finland, Sweden and the three Baltic states Estonia, Latvia Austria, Finland, Sweden and the three Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuaniaand Lithuania : heavily forested and have substantial forest products : heavily forested and have substantial forest products industries based predominantly on coniferous forest and a high industries based predominantly on coniferous forest and a high utilisation rate;utilisation rate;

““The South”The South”

France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal and CyprusFrance, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Cyprus : :

Mediterranean woodland, managed primarily for protection and Mediterranean woodland, managed primarily for protection and where fire is potentially a serious threat. France and Italy in where fire is potentially a serious threat. France and Italy in particular also have large areas of temperate forest and mountain particular also have large areas of temperate forest and mountain forests, including coppice areas, farm woodlots and community forests, including coppice areas, farm woodlots and community forests; utilisation rate of Med. Forests is generally low;forests; utilisation rate of Med. Forests is generally low;


3030

Forest « clusters » (II)Forest « clusters » (II)

“ “ Old and new classics “Old and new classics “ Belgium/Luxembourg, N. France and Germany Belgium/Luxembourg, N. France and Germany have a mixed have a mixed

ownership structure and a wide range of semi-natural forest types ownership structure and a wide range of semi-natural forest types with timber production being significant but forest output is generally with timber production being significant but forest output is generally below sustainable capacity;below sustainable capacity;

Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and SloveniaPoland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia have have coniferous, broadleaved and mixed forests which have mostly been coniferous, broadleaved and mixed forests which have mostly been subject to age class management with a stocking rate generally subject to age class management with a stocking rate generally higher than in W. Europe, and the tree species generally closer to higher than in W. Europe, and the tree species generally closer to the natural habitats than in the EU 15.the natural habitats than in the EU 15.

“ “ Man-made forests “Man-made forests “ Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Hungary and UKDenmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Hungary and UK have have

predominantly artificial forest, based on plantations, the objects of predominantly artificial forest, based on plantations, the objects of management have been widened in the last decade to encompass management have been widened in the last decade to encompass service values, leaving productive functions in the background; service values, leaving productive functions in the background;

SW France, N Spain and parts of PortugalSW France, N Spain and parts of Portugal have large areas of have large areas of industrial wood plantations, mainly destined for pulping and a high industrial wood plantations, mainly destined for pulping and a high utilisation rate.utilisation rate.


3131

About EU ENLARGEMENTAbout EU ENLARGEMENT

25 % increase in forest area25 % increase in forest area 30 % increase in no. of forest holdings30 % increase in no. of forest holdings 47 % increase in standing stock47 % increase in standing stock large potential for employment in forest large potential for employment in forest

sectorsector increased self reliance for forest productsincreased self reliance for forest products large increase in protected forest areas large increase in protected forest areas


3232

Business as usualBusiness as usual


3333

No interventionNo intervention


3434

Wet ForestsWet Forests


3535

MultifunctionalMultifunctional

Documents

Overview of Forestry Measures in Rural Development