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U.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy
JoAnn
MillikenProgram Manager
U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Program
Overview of the DOE Hydrogen Program
DOE Fuel Cell Pre-Solicitation Workshop
January 23, 2008 •
Golden, Colorado
2
Challenges & Barriers
Technology Barriers
Economic & Institutional Barriers
•Delivery Infrastructure
•Safety, Codes & Standards Development
•Public Awareness & Acceptance
•Domestic Manufacturing and Supplier Base
Technologies must be validated under real-world conditions.
•Hydrogen Cost(target: $2 –
$3/gge)
•Hydrogen Storage Capacity & Cost(targets: 2.7kWh/L, 3kWh/kg, and $2/kWh)
•Fuel Cell Cost and Durability (targets: $30 per kW, 5000-hour durability)
3
Funding ($ in thousands)FY 2004
Approp.FY 2005
Approp.FY 2006
Approp.FY 2007
Approp.FY 2008
Approp.TOTAL
(FY 04 –
FY 08)
HYDROGEN FUEL INITIATIVEEERE Hydrogen (HFCIT) 144,881 166,772 153,451 189,511 211,062 865,677
Fossil Energy (FE) 4,879 16,518 21,036 22,997 24,773 90,203
Nuclear Energy (NE) 6,201 8,682 24,057 18,855 9,909 67,704
Science (SC) 0 29,183 32,500 36,388 36,388 134,459
DOE Hydrogen TOTAL 155,961 221,155 231,044 267,751 282,132 1,158,043
Department of Transportation 555 549 1,411 1,420 1,425 5,360
Hydrogen Fuel Initiative TOTAL 156,516 221,704 232,455 269,171 283,557 1,163,403
Hydrogen Fuel Initiative Budget FY 2004 –
FY 2008
4
ActivityFunding ($ in thousands)
FY 2004Approp.
FY 2005Approp.
FY 2006Approp.
FY 2007Approp.
FY 2008Approp.
Hydrogen Production & Delivery 10,083 13,303 8,391 33,702 39,636
Hydrogen Storage R&D 13,628 22,418 26,040 33,728 43,501
Fuel Cell Stack Component R&D 24,551 31,702 30,710 37,100 43,600
Technology Validation 15,648 26,098 33,301 39,413 29,727
Transportation Fuel Cell Systems 7,317 7,300 1,050 7,324 7,927
Distributed Energy Fuel Cell Systems 7,249 6,753 939 7,257 7,630
Fuel Processor R&D 14,442 9,469 637 3,952 2,973
Safety, Codes & Standards 5,755 5,801 4,595 13,492 15,854
Education 2,417 0 481 1,978 3,865
Systems Analysis 1,429 3,157 4,787 9,637 11,395
Manufacturing R&D 0 0 0 1,928 4,954
Technical/Program Management Support 395 535 0 0 0
Congressionally Directed Activities 41,967 40,236 42,520 0 0
TOTAL 144,881 166,772 153,451 189,511 211,062
EERE Hydrogen Program Budget FY 2004 –
FY 2008
5
GOAL: Diverse, domestic pathways to hydrogen productionGOAL: GOAL: Diverse, domestic pathways to hydrogen productionDiverse, domestic pathways to hydrogen production
KEY OBJECTIVE:
Reduce the cost to $2.00 –
$3.00/gge (gallon gasoline equivalent) at the pump
KEY OBJECTIVE:
Reduce the cost to $2.00 –
$3.00/gge (gallon gasoline equivalent) at the pump
Hydrogen Production & Delivery
6
The Program has reduced the cost of producing hydrogen from multiple pathwaysThe Program has reduced the cost of producing hydrogen from multThe Program has reduced the cost of producing hydrogen from multiple pathwaysiple pathways
Hydrogen Production — Cost Status
Cost of Hydrogen — Status & Targets(in $/gallon gasoline equivalent (gge), delivered, untaxed)
Cost Target ($2–3/gge)
Cost Target ($2–3/gge)
LONGER TERM: Centralized Production
Large investment in delivery infrastructure needed
NEAR TERM: Distributed Production Hydrogen is produced at station to enable low-cost delivery
7
Hydrogen Production —
Technology Progress
The capital cost of electrolyzers
is being reduced
The energy efficiency of electrolyzers
is being improved
Progress is being made in biological productionElectrolyzer Efficiency
62%67% 69%
74%
50
60
70
80
2006 2012 Target
2017 Target
2007 Status
2006 2012 Target
2017 Target
2007 Status
10%15% 15%
20%
0
5
10
15
20
25
Biological Production: Light Utilization Efficiency
$700/kW $665/kW
$400/kW
$125/kW
0100200300400500600700800
2003 2012 Target
2017 Target
2006 Status
Electrolyzer Cost* (in $/kW)
* Small-scale electrolyzers
(for distributed production)
8
GOAL:
On board storage with > 300-mile driving range
(while meeting all requirements for safety, cost, and performance)
GOAL:
On board storage with > 300-mile driving range
(while meeting all requirements for safety, cost, and performance)
Hydrogen Storage —
Status
~ 103-
to 190-mile rangeverified in Gen-1 vehicles(DOE Tech Val Program)
The Program has identified materials with > 50% improvement in cThe Program has identified materials with > 50% improvement in capacity since 2004apacity since 2004
* System capacity estimates include materials, tanks, and balance of plant
Storage SYSTEM*
Capacity: Status vs. Targets
9
0
4
8
12
16
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
Temperature for observed H2 release (deg C)
Obs
erve
d H
2 wei
ght f
ract
ion
(%)
LiBH4/CA
Ca(BH4)2
Mg(BH4)2
LiNH2/MgH2
MgH2
LiMn(BH4)3
NaAlH4
Li3AlH6/LiNH2
solid AB
AB/LiNH2
AlH3
liq. AB/cat.1,6 naphthyridine
AB ionic liq.IRMOF-177
PANI
metal-doped CA
C aerogel
bridged cat./AX21
bridged cat./IRMOF-8
DOE system targets metal hydrides
adsorbents
chemical hydrides
carbide-derived C
M-B-N-H
AB/AT/PS
PANI
H2 Sorption Temperature (deg C)0-100-200
Mg(BH4)2(NH3)2
Mg(BH4)2(AlH4)
Mg(BH4)2(NH3)2
Li3AlH6/Mg(NH2)2
Hydrogen Storage —
Progress
Storage materials must meet capacity and temperature requirements to effectively integrate with an automotive fuel cell system.
R&D will continue to focus on new materials and their operating characteristics.
Storage materials must meet capacity and temperature requirements to effectively integrate with an automotive fuel cell system.
R&D will continue to focus on new materials and their operating characteristics.
DOE’s 2010 System Targets
10
PRIMARY FOCUS
SECONDARY FOCUS KEY TARGETS:•
Distributed Power: $750/kW and 40,000-
hour durability (with 40% efficiency) by 2011
•
APUs: Specific power of 100 W/kg and power density of 100 W/L by 2010
•
Portable Power: Energy density of 1,000 W-h/L by 2010
KEY TARGETS: •
$45/kW by 2010; $30/kW by 2015•
5,000-hour durability by 2015•
60% efficiency
•
Primary focus is on fuel cells for transportation applications
•
R&D is focused on components rather than systems
Stationary and other early-market fuel cells to establish the manufacturing base
MAJOR RESEARCH AREAS:
Catalysts & SupportsMembranes Water Transport Characterization & Analysis
Fuel Cell R&D
11
0
100
200
300
2000 2005 2010 2015
$275/kW*
$110/kW *
$30/kW $45/kW
0
100
200
300
2000 2005 2010 20150
100
200
300
2000 2005 2010 20150
100
200
300
2000 2005 2010 2015
$275/kW*
$110/kW *
$30/kW $45/kW
Fuel Cells —
Status & Progress
Laboratory Stack Durability (automotive fuel cell)
Laboratory Stack Durability (automotive fuel cell)
Fuel Cell System Cost (80kW Direct H2
automotive fuel cell)
Fuel Cell System Cost (80kW Direct H2
automotive fuel cell)
* Projected to high-volume manufacturing of 500,000 units/year
10002000
5000
2003 2006 Status
2015 Target
Ho
urs
*
* 5000 hours corresponds to roughly 150,000 miles of driving
12
Fuel Cells for Transportation —Status & Progress
Improvements in membrane durability
Reductions in Platinum Loading
2000
50005000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2005 2010 Target
2007 Status
Membrane Durability — for Automotive Fuel Cells
Hou
rs
~
Membrane Durability
0.6
0.30.2
1.1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Platinum Loading — for Automotive Fuel Cells
2006 2010 Target
2015 Target
2007 Status
g P
t/kW 0.6
0.30.2
1.1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Platinum Loading — for Automotive Fuel Cells
2006 2010 Target
2015 Target
2007 Status
g P
t/kW
13
FUEL CELLS for DISTRIBUTED STATIONARY POWER:
Improvements in efficiency and durability
FUEL CELLS for PORTABLE APPLICATIONS:
Improvements in energy density
Fuel Cells for Stationary & Portable Power —Status & Progress
2003 2011 Target
2005
15,00020,000
40,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
Hou
rs
30% 32% 34%40%
0
10
20
30
40
50 Stationary Fuel Cell Efficiency
2003 2011 Target
2005 2007 Status
Stationary Fuel Cell Durability
300500
1000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2005 2010 Target
2006 Status
Portable Fuel Cell Energy Density
Watt
-hou
rs /
Lit
er
14
DOE Vehicle/Infrastructure Demonstration
DOT is
demonstrating fuel cell buses and providing data to DOE for analysis
Technologies are validated & progress evaluated through learning
demonstrations. (Four teams in 50/50 cost-shared projects, operating 77 fuel cell vehicles and 14 stations.)
Technologies are validated & progress evaluated through learning
demonstrations. (Four teams in 50/50 cost-shared projects, operating 77 fuel cell vehicles and 14 stations.)
Eight buses in California, Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, and Washington, DC
Verified fuel cell vehicle performance:•
EFFICIENCY: 53 –
58% (>2x higher than internal combustion gasoline engines)
•
RANGE: 103 –
190 miles•
FUEL CELL SYSTEM DURABILITY: 1600 hours
(~48,000 miles)
Demonstrated Fuel Cost: $3/gge, from natural gas
Verified fuel cell vehicle performance:•
EFFICIENCY: 53 –
58% (>2x higher than internal combustion gasoline engines)
•
RANGE: 103 –
190 miles•
FUEL CELL SYSTEM DURABILITY: 1600 hours
(~48,000 miles)
Demonstrated Fuel Cost: $3/gge, from natural gas
Technology Validation: Vehicles & Infrastructure
15
DTE Energy (ongoing)Hydrogen production using water electrolysis with on-site solar energy (Southfield, Michigan).
Xcel/NREL Wind/Hydrogen Project (ongoing)Integrates electrolyzers and wind turbines to understand the benefits and impacts of adding hydrogen production facilities to the electric power grid (NREL wind site
at Golden, Colorado).Hawaii (planned)
Hydrogen production using curtailed wind and geothermal energy to generate electricity and to fuel hydrogen buses at national parks.
Wind Turbine100kW
AC-DC Converter
Alkaline and PEM Electrolyzers
Compressor150psi-3,500psi
H2 Storage (85kg)
Utility Grid
H2 Fuel Cell
H2 Fueling Station
Xcel-NREL Wind2H2 Project
Three Demonstration Projects
Technology Validation Integrating Renewable Power & Hydrogen Production
16
Safety, Codes & Standards
••
Lack of technical data to support codes & standards development;Lack of technical data to support codes & standards development;
need for domestic need for domestic and international consistency; delayed adoption of approved codeand international consistency; delayed adoption of approved codes & standardss & standards
••
Need to streamline and standardize the permitting process for hyNeed to streamline and standardize the permitting process for hydrogen facilitiesdrogen facilities••
Need to compile and disseminate hydrogen safety informationNeed to compile and disseminate hydrogen safety information
CHALLENGESCHALLENGES
•
Facilitate the development of safe hydrogen systems by increasing understanding of hydrogen behavior and material compatibility
•
Promote the safe use of hydrogen industry-wide, through safety education activities and the development of safety information tools
•
Conduct research to enable codes and standards to be developed for hydrogen in all applications
•
Facilitate the development and harmonization of domestic and international codes and standards
SAFETY
CODES &
STANDARDS
STRATEGY
•
Developed Technical Reference for Hydrogen Compatibility of Materials•
Developed Web-based Hydrogen Safety Best Practices Manual
(released for limited review)
•
Developed the Hydrogen Fueling Station Permitting Compendium
(due for release in 2Q of FY08)
PROGRESS
17
STRATEGYEducate target audiences about hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to facilitate near-term demonstration, commercialization, and long-term market acceptance.
FOCUS on near-term high-priority target audiences:•
Safety and code officials•
Local communities•
State and local government officials•
End-users/early adopters(other audiences include schools and universities)
EducationCHALLENGE:
Lack of public awareness and understanding of H2
and fuel cell technologies
PROGRESS•
Developed “Introduction to Hydrogen Safety for First Responders”
educational tool•
Launched “Increase Your H2IQ Public Information Program”
(includes radio spots, podcasts, and book about hydrogen)
•
Held pilot “Hydrogen 101”
workshops for state and local governments in six states
•
Launched middle school and high school curricula and teacher professional development programs
18
Market Transformation — From Early Markets to Fuel Cell Vehicles
Early markets in stationary, portable, and niche applications will lower cost and establish a supplier base—paving the way for fuel cell vehicles
Early markets in stationary, portable, and niche applications will lower cost and establish a supplier base—paving the way for fuel cell vehicles
Space Applications
Portable Devices
(1W – 3kW)
Stationary Power
(5kW – 1MW)
Forklifts (2kW – 12kW)
Fuel Cell Vehicles(35kW – 100kW)
Dec
reas
ing
Cos
t
1980 1990 2010 2015 – 2020 2015 –
2020 +
19
DOE is actively promoting commercialization
of PEM fuel cell technologies by supporting early adoption, and by building partnerships with the
public and private sectors DOE is actively promoting commercializationDOE is actively promoting commercialization
of PEM fuel cell technologies by of PEM fuel cell technologies by supporting early adoption, and by building partnerships with thesupporting early adoption, and by building partnerships with the
public and private sectors public and private sectors
Market Transformation
CHALLENGES
•
Resistance to new technologies
•
Lack of information on life-cycle costs
•
Lack of user confidence related to reliability
•
High capital cost
CHALLENGES
•
Resistance to new technologies
•
Lack of information on life-cycle costs
•
Lack of user confidence related to reliability
•
High capital cost
Fuel Cells for Backup Power:
Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipment:
•
Longer continuous run-time, greater durability than batteries
•
Require less maintenance than batteries or generators
•
Potential cost savings over batteries and generators
•
Allow for rapid refueling —
much faster than changing-out or recharging batteries
•
Provide constant power —
without voltage drop•
Eliminate need for space for battery storage and chargers
A1-kW fuel cell system has been providing power
for this FAA radio tower near
Chicago for more than three years.
Photo courtesy of ReliOn
Photo courtesy of Hydrogenics
EARLY MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
20
2008 Solicitation included four hydrogen-related subtopics. Closed Nov. 2007H2 from Waste; Development of a Sulfur Dioxide Electrolyzer for the Hybrid Sulfur H2 Production Process; Bio-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell; Manufacturing of Bipolar Plates
Funding Opportunities
—
recent & upcoming
SBIR/ STTR
H2 Storage Engineering Center of Excellence (CoE): To address onboard systems engineering. Planned $35 – 40M over 5 – 6 years for one team. Planned issuance: Jan. ‘08H2 Storage New Ideas: Annual small solicitation to introduce new materials and concepts into portfolio. Planned $3 – 6M over 2 – 5 years for 3 – 6 projects. Planned issuance: Jan. ‘08
H2 Storage
2008 Solicitation/Lab Call: Request for Information released in November 2007 (www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html)Fuel Cell Pre-Solicitation Workshop to be held in January 2008.Ideas from the RFI and workshop will be taken into consideration for the solicitation/lab call to be released in April 2008
Fuel Cells
Three topics, closed January 3, 2008: State and Local Government Outreach; Early Deployment and Education; and University Programs
H2 Education Development
Manufacturing R&D For Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Systems. Closed October 15, 2007.Focuses primarily on technologies that are near commercialization. Topics include: Alternative Electrode Deposition Processes; Gas Diffusion Layer Fabrication; Novel MEA Manufacturing; Process Modeling for Fuel Cell Stacks; Process and Device for Cost Effective Testing of Cell Stacks; and Manufacturing Technologies for High Pressure Composite Tanks
Manufacturing
R&D
21
For more information visit: www.hydrogen.energy.gov For more information visit: www.hydrogen.energy.gov
Questions?
Hydrogen Posture PlanFor more information on the Hydrogen Programwww.hydrogen.energy.gov/roadmaps_vision.html
Learning Demonstration Interim Progress ReportFor more information on the vehicle/infrastructure demonstrationwww.hydrogen.energy.gov/news_learning_demo.html
Hydrogen Overview BookFor more information on hydrogen and fuel cell technologieswww1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/h2iq.html