1

UNEP-WCMC technical report

Overview of the conservation status of and trade in species currently subject to EU Reservations: Vulpes vulpes griffithi, Vulpes vulpes montana, Vulpes vulpes pusilla, Mustela altaica, Mustela erminea ferghanae, Mustela kathiah and Mustela sibirica

(Version edited for public release)

2

Overview of the conservation status of and trade in species currently subject to EU Reservations: Vulpes vulpes griffithi, Vulpes vulpes montana, Vulpes vulpes pusilla, Mustela altaica, Mustela erminea ferghanae, Mustela kathiah and Mustela sibirica

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional

Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium

Prepared September 2015

Copyright European Commission 2015

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2015. Overview of the conservation status of and trade in species currently subject to EU

Reservations: Vulpes vulpes griffithi, Vulpes vulpes montana, Vulpes vulpes pusilla, Mustela altaica, Mustela

erminea ferghanae, Mustela kathiah and Mustela sibirica. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity

assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental

environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific

research with policy advice and the development of decision tools.

We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and services to help decision-makers

recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that they do. To do this, we collate and

verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensive

assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for national and international level

decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to

build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can provide the same services at national and

regional scales.

The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory

organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of

any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations,

editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or

concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product

in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP.

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

(UNEP-WCMC)

219 Huntingdon Road,

Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK

Tel: +44 1223 277314

www.unep-wcmc.org

UNEP promotes

environmentally sound

practices globally and in its

own activities. Printing on

paper from environmentally

sustainable forests and

recycled fibre is encouraged.

3

Introduction Vulpes vulpes griffithi, Vulpes vulpes montana, Vulpes vulpes pusilla, Mustela altaica, Mustela erminea

ferghanae, Mustela kathiah and Mustela sibirica were listed in CITES Appendix III by India in 1989. Nearly

all EU Member States subsequently issued reservations against these listings and the taxa were included in

Annex D of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97, which contains "the species listed in Appendix III to the

Convention for which a reservation has been entered" (a notification filled in by the importer is sufficient

for Annex D specimens to be imported into and exported from the EU; no permits issued by the MA are

required).

The EU is now assessing whether the current EU treatment of these listings is still appropriate, with the

following options being available:

Option 1: Maintain the current EU approach against the implementation into EU law of the

CITES Appendix III listing for the seven taxa concerned

Arguments in favour: the rationale for opposing the Appendix III listing at the time remains valid.

Next steps: the six remaining EU Member States which have not yet done so, as well as the EU itself, would

need to enter reservations for the seven taxa concerned to ensure that they are not in situation of non-

compliance with CITES.

Option 2: Implement into EU law the CITES Appendix III listing

Arguments in favour: the EU and its Member States have a clear policy in support of CITES listings and

against the issuing of reservations, so reasons in favour of a reservation need to be particularly strong. The

reservations were issued more than 15 years ago and need to be revisited. In addition, if the export from EU

Member States takes place with CITES export permits or re-export certificates (see above), then in practice

the situation is not different from an Annex C listing, and it would be logical to withdraw the reservations.

Next steps: EU Member States would have to withdraw their reservations, and Regulation (EC) No 338/97

would have to be amended to transfer the seven taxa from Annex D to Annex C.

Option 3: Consultation with India and SRG consultation

Arguments in favour: clarify with India whether an Appendix III listing is still necessary and whether they

would consider a delisting from the CITES Appendices. This would negate the need for the EU to maintain

the reservations.

Next steps: Commission to launch consultation with India and table their reply at a future Scientific Review

Group meeting.

The following section provides overviews of the conservation status and trade levels in these seven taxa to

support the EU decision making process on the treatment of these reservations.

4

Overview of conservation status and trade levels

SPECIES: Vulpes vulpes griffithi Kashmir Fox

RANGE STATES: Afghanistan, Pakistan

IUCN: Least Concern (Vulpes vulpes), 2008

CONSERVATION STATUS: Vulpes vulpes griffithi was reported to occur in the Himalayas, northern

and western areas of Pakistan, including the mountains and valleys of

Bluchistan and North West Frontier Province (Awan et al., 2004). It was

reported to often occur in close association with humans and to avoid

dense forests (Awan et al., 2004).

Data on global population size or population trends were not found. In

Pakistan, it was reported to be commonly distributed throughout the

Machiara National Park from an altitude of 1500 to 3300m (Awan et al.,

2004). A study in 2003 confirmed the presence of V. v. griffithi in all

studied areas of Machiara National park, Pakistan, through trapping,

visual sightings and reports from local communities (Awan et al., 2004).

V. v. griffithi has been reported to kill poultry as well as feeding on

Royle’s pika and pheasant (Awan et al., 2004). Foxes were reported to be

subject to severe persecution and hunting pressure in Afghanistan, but

while V. vulpes was listed as a harvestable species, regular monitoring of

populations was reported to ensure that hunting does not qualify the

species for a protected status in the future (Macdonald and Reynolds,

2008).

TRADE: No trade was reported globally in V. v. griffithi over the period 2004-2013

(based on trade statistics in the CITES Trade Database).

5

SPECIES: Vulpes vulpes montana Tibetan Red Fox

RANGE STATES: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan

IUCN: Least Concern (Vulpes vulpes), 2008

CONSERVATION STATUS: Vulpes vulpes montana was reported to be common in the Himalayas

(Menon, 2014) and reported present in Sikkim and Punjab in India,

Yunnan and Tibet in China Kumao in Nepal and Gilgit in Pakistan

(Tiwari, 1999). In Nepal, the habitats of V. v. montana were reported to

include thorn bushes, willows, scrub along dry rivers and cultivated land

of subalpine zones between 300 and 5500m above sea level (Shrestha,

1997).

It was reported that V. v. montana pair for life and its diet was reported to

include rodents, grounds birds as well as fallen fruit and berries

(Shrestha, 1997). In India, the subspecies was reported to occasionally

predate young lambs (Namgail et al., 2007).

In Pakistan, within the northern areas of Khunjerab National Park, a

study in 1998 recorded 60 V. v. montana individuals, based on data from

shepherds and tourist guides (Shafiq and Ali, 1998). The authors

estimated the population size of the subspecies within the park to be 60

and reported that the population was gradually increasing (Shafiq and

Ali, 1998).

No further information on the global population status and trends, or

details on threats to the subspecies were identified.

TRADE: According to CITES trade statistics, the only direct trade globally in V. v.

montana over the period 2004-2013 comprised of one captive-bred

garment exported from the United States to the Netherlands in 2007, as

reported by the exporter only, and one ranched skin exported from China

to the United States in 2007, as reported by the importer only. All trade

was for commercial purposes.

The only indirect trade globally comprised one captive-bred garment

originating in Finland and re-exported by the United States to the

Netherlands in 2007 for commercial purposes, as reported by the

exporter only.

6

SPECIES: Vulpes vulpes pusilla Desert Fox

RANGE STATES: India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Pakistan

IUCN: Least Concern (Vulpes vulpes)

CONSERVATION STATUS: In India, Vulpes vulpes pusilla was reported to be distributed in the desert

of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan

(Sharma and Sharma, 2013). It inhabits desert habitats and reportedly

avoids dense forests (Sharma and Sharma, 2013).

Gajera and Dharaiya, (2011) reported that V. v. pusilla was recorded as

rare within the study area of north Gujarat, India and within this area,

the subspecies was restricted to arid saline desert. In the Rajasthan

desert, India, V. v. pusilla was considered to be rare (Sharma and Sharma,

2013).

In Pakistan, bounties were reported to be offered on V. v. pusilla to

protect valuable game birds such as Houbara Bustards Chlamydotis

macqueenii (Macdonald and Reynolds, 2008).

TRADE: According to CITES trade statistics, the only direct trade globally in V. v.

pusilla over the period 2004-2013 comprised of one ranched garment

exported for personal purposes from Canada to the United States in 2008,

as reported by the importer only.

The only indirect trade globally comprised of 49 captive-bred skin pieces

originating in China and re-exported by Canada to the United States for

commercial purposes in 2007, as reported by the importer only.

7

SPECIES: Mustela altaica Altai Weasel

RANGE STATES: China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (?), India, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan

IUCN: Near Threatened, 2008

CONSERVATION STATUS: The habitat of M. altaica includes alpine meadows, steppes and forests

from 1500 to 4000m (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). It feeds on small

mammals, birds, amphibians and insects (Wilson and Mittermeier,

2009), with its main prey item reported to be pika Ochotona spp.

(Hornskov and Foggin, 2007; Bischof et al., 2014). The species was

reported to have a gestation period of 35-50 days, with a litter size of two

to eight (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).

Very little appears to known about the ecology or conservation status of

M. altaica (Hornskov and Foggin, 2007; Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).

The species was reported to be in decline, at a rate of less than 30% over

10 years (Abramov et al., 2008). M. altaica was considered to be common

but not abundant throughout its range; the population density was

reported to fluctuate by 4 or 5 times, depending on prey abundance

(Abramov et al., 2008).

The species was reportedly occasionally hunted, but was not considered

important in the fur trade (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). However,

habitat conversion was noted to contribute to the decline of the species

(Abramov et al., 2008), as was eradication of prey items through pika-

control (Hornskov and Foggin, 2007).

Within Nepal, M. altaica was recorded within just a few localities,

including the Annapurna Conservation Area (Ghimirey et al., 2014),

Sagarmatha National Park and Kanchenjunga Conservation Area

(Katuwal et al., 2013 in Ghimirey et al., 2014) and from Thadodhunga,

Humla district (Ghimirey & Acharya in prep. in Ghimirey et al., 2014).

The population size in Nepal is unknown (Ghimirey et al., 2014).

In China, based on incidental reports by Hornskov and Foggin (2007)

between 1995 and 2006 on the Tibetan plateau, the authors reported that

the species was fairly common within this area.

TRADE:

Direct global trade in M. altaica in the period 2004-2013 comprised of plates, skin pieces, and skins

exported from China to Italy (Table 1). No direct trade has been recorded since 2007 and no trade was

reported to countries other than the EU-28. Indirect global trade in M. altaica comprised primarily of

small numbers of wild-sourced garments traded for commercial purposes originating in China and re-

exported via the EU-28 (Table 2).

8

Table 1: Direct global trade in Mustela altaica, 2004-2013. No trade was reported 2008-2013.

Importer Exporter Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007

EU28 China plates (m2) T W Importer 108

Exporter

plates T W Importer 314

Exporter 268

- - Importer 304

Exporter

skin pieces - - Importer 40

Exporter

skins - - Importer 268 227

Exporter

Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015

Table 2: Indirect global trade in Mustela altaica, 2004-2013. No trade was reported in 2006, 2009, 2010 or 2012. Importer Origin Term Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2007 2008 2011 2013

EU28 China garments T W Importer

Exporter 1

France garments T R Importer

Exporter 2

RoW China derivatives T W Importer 3

Exporter

garments P W Importer 1

Exporter

T C Importer 1

Exporter

W Importer 9 8 4 5

Exporter 10 7 2

leather products (small) T W Importer 3

Exporter 1

skin pieces T W Importer 5

Exporter

unspecified T W Importer 1

Exporter

France garments T R Importer 2

Exporter

Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015

9

SPECIES: Mustela erminea ferghanae Stoat (subsp.)

RANGE STATES: Afghanistan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

IUCN: Least Concern (Mustela erminea), 2008

CONSERVATION STATUS: Mustela erminea ferghanae was reported to occur at altitudes of 3000-

4000m (Kotia et al., 2011). Its diet was thought likely to include voles,

hares and pikas (Kotia et al., 2011).

At a species level, females of M. erminea produce only one litter per year;

females delay implantation of the fertilized eggs for nine to ten months

(Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). Females become sexually mature at two

to three months while males become sexually mature after a year (Wilson

and Mittermeier, 2009). M. erminea is solitary and the population density

depends on prey abundance, with 2-6 individuals/km2 (Wilson and

Mittermeier, 2009). The species was considered to be abundant with a

stable population, which, however, fluctuates strongly depending on prey

supply (Reid and Helgen, 2008). No data on population status or trend

for the subspecies were found.

This sub-species was reported to be rare in Ladakh, India (Kotia et al.,

2011); its presence has also been reported from Kaghan Valley, Chitral and

northern Swat up to 4000m in Pakistan (Roberts 1977 in Kotia et al.,

2011).

No threats specific to the subspecies were identified, but the species was

reported to be locally threatened by unrestricted trapping and habitat

loss or disturbance (Reid and Helgen, 2008).

TRADE:

Direct global trade in M. e. ferghanae in the period 2004-2013 comprised very small numbers of skins and

manufactured items primarily of pre-Convention sources exported from Canada and Russia (Table 3).

Indirect global trade in M. e. ferghanae comprised primarily of small numbers of pre-Convention

manufactured items (Table 4).

Table 3: Direct global trade in Mustela erminea ferghanae, 2004-2013. No trade was reported in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 or 2011. Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2008 2009 2012 2013

EU28 carvings Q O Importer

Exporter 1

leather products (small) - O Importer

Exporter 2

skin pieces Q O Importer

Exporter 1

skins T - Importer 1

Exporter

RoW carvings Q O Importer 1

Exporter

garments E O Importer 1

Exporter

leather products (small) E W Importer

Exporter 1

unspecified - O Importer

Exporter 1

Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015

10

Table 4: Indirect global trade in Mustela erminea ferghanae, 2004-2013. No trade reported in 2006 or 2011. Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013

EU28 derivatives Q O Importer

Exporter 1

hair Q O Importer

Exporter 2

trophies - O Importer

Exporter 1

RoW bodies T W Importer

Exporter 1

carvings T O Importer

Exporter 0.67

garments E O Importer

Exporter 1

Q O Importer

Exporter 1 1

T O Importer

Exporter 1

hair Q O Importer 2

Exporter 2

leather products (small) E W Importer 1

Exporter

Q O Importer

Exporter 2

T O Importer 1 1

Exporter 1

Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015

11

SPECIES: Mustela kathiah Yellow-bellied Weasel

RANGE STATES: Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Lao People’s Democratic Republic,

Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam

IUCN: Least Concern, 2008

CONSERVATION STATUS: Mustela kathiah is a small carnivore (Phan et al., 2014) feeding on

rodents, birds, eggs, lizards, amphibians and insects (Wilson and

Mittermeier, 2009). It occupies habitats including montane evergreen

forest, scrub and grassland, generally over 1000m above sea level (Phan et

al., 2014) and up to 4000m (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). Within the

Himalayas, it was found between 3000 and 5200m altitude, but occupied

altitudes of 200m down to close to sea level in Hong Kong (Wilson and

Mittermeier, 2009). Little was considered to be known about its

reproduction or activity patters (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).

The species was presumed to have large population due to its wide

distribution, its presence within a number of protected areas and absence

any major threats (Duckworth et al., 2008). It is also reported that “there

is no reason to assume that this species is rare” (Duckworth et al., 2008).

No information on the global population size, trends or threats facing

M. kathiah was identified.

M. kathiah was first record in Cambodia in 2014 using camera traps

(Phan et al., 2014). In Thailand, the majority of records are from the

northern highland, but given the small number of reported records, the

conservation status of the species within Thailand was considered to be

unknown (Supparatvikorn et al., 2012).

TRADE: No trade was reported globally in M. kathiah over the period 2004-2013

(based on trade statistics in the CITES Trade Database).

12

SPECIES: Mustela sibirica Siberian Weasel

RANGE STATES: Bhutan, China, India, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India, Japan,

Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Myanmar,

Nepal, Pakistan, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Taiwan, Province

of China, Thailand, Viet Nam

IUCN: Least Concern, 2008

CONSERVATION STATUS: Mustela sibirica occupies a wide variety of habitats including forests, forest

steppe, mountains, villages and areas near swamps from 1500-5000m

above sea level (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009). M. siberica predominately

feeds on small mammals, including pikas (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009),

but also on pine nuts in the summer (Duckworth and Abramov, 2008).

M. sibirica is mainly nocturnal or crepuscular and individuals travel up to

8km a night; individuals remain solitary (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).

Mating is reported to occur in winter and early spring, with a gestation

period of 33-37 days (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2009).

The population of this species was presumed to be large and the

population status was thought to be stable (Duckworth and Abramov,

2008).

The species was reported to be widespread and common in Siberia and

China, and common in northern central Korea (Duckworth and

Abramov, 2008). The species was assessed as ‘Least Concern’ in Nepal,

although information on the population size and potential threats in the

country were considered to be unknown (Jnawali et al., 2011).

No major threats were reported (Duckworth and Abramov, 2008),

although in China there was a reported market for pelts and heavy

exploitation was considered a threat (Lau et al., 2010). The IUCN noted

that population monitoring may be warranted to establish sustainable

harvest levels for this species (Duckworth and Abramov, 2008).

In China, wild caught individuals were recorded in Chatou wildlife market

in Guangzhou between 2002 and 2003, with fewer than ten individuals

noted on each visit (Lee et al. 2004 in Lau et al., 2010).

TRADE:

Direct global trade in M. sibirica in the period 2004-2013 comprised relatively high numbers of plates and

other terms primarily of wild sources exported from China and Russia (Table 5). Indirect global trade in

M. sibirica comprised relatively high numbers of hair and hair product primarily of wild sources

originating in China (Table 6).

Table 5: Direct global trade in Mustela sibirica, 2004-2013. Values rounded to the nearest whole number, where applicable. Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

EU28 derivatives - - Importer 15

Exporter

garments T U Importer 6

13

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

EU28 garments Exporter

(cont.) (cont.) W Importer 168 431 236 202 471 640 2973 587 514 410

Exporter

- - Importer 2 3

Exporter

hair T W Importer 3506 490 211 504 243 154 236 161 93 81

Exporter 96

- Importer 331

Exporter

- - Importer 30 110 141

Exporter

leather products (small)

- O Importer

Exporter 1

live T U Importer 2

Exporter

plates T W Importer 19754 22136 24501 12620 12673 9328 10554 7724 6604 3818

Exporter

- U Importer 150

Exporter

- Importer 400 3736 170 931 20 10

Exporter

skin pieces - - Importer 700

Exporter

skins Q O Importer

Exporter 4

T W Importer 882

Exporter

- - Importer 1030 49 100 2200

Exporter

tails T W Importer 7021 11027 6230 3034 9000 9000 5200 7521 9500

Exporter 16000

unspec. - O Importer

Exporter 1

RoW garments T W Importer 1

Exporter

hair T C Importer 1 4 4 18400

Exporter 5 53500

I Importer 1220 1500 6 1320 130

Exporter

U Importer 135

Exporter

W Importer 22

Exporter 5

hair prod. P W Importer 1

Exporter

T I Importer 18 3 29 8 3 1120 4225 542

Exporter

W Importer 27922 31338 13006 27311

Exporter 29518 30782 31979

live T C Importer 7

Exporter 3

I Importer 7

Exporter

Z C Importer 3

Exporter

- - Importer 9

Exporter 7

plates T I Importer 200

Exporter

W Importer 350

Exporter

skin pieces T W Importer 1

Exporter

specimens S W Importer 21

Exporter

- - Importer 24

Exporter

trophies H W Importer 1

Exporter

Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015

14

Table 6: Indirect global trade in Mustela sibirica, 2004-2013. Values rounded to the nearest whole number, where applicable. Importer Term Purpose Source Rep. by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

EU28 derivatives Q U Importer 1

Exporter

garments T W Importer 13 4

Exporter 42 4 2 1

- - Importer 1 1 1

Exporter

hair T W Importer 10 1 30 42 73

Exporter 45

leather prod. (S) Q O Importer

Exporter 1

plates T W Importer 19

Exporter 27 44

- - Importer 300 22

Exporter

skin pieces T W Importer

Exporter 12

tails - - Importer 3000

Exporter

RoW carvings T W Importer 193

Exporter

cloth T W Importer 1

Exporter 190

derivatives T W Importer 73 2375 3377 2172

Exporter

garments P C Importer

Exporter 1

O Importer

Exporter 2

W Importer

Exporter 1 1 1

Q O Importer

Exporter 1

T C Importer 1 7 1 6

Exporter 3

F Importer 1

Exporter

I Importer 10 16 2 3 2 70 68

Exporter

R Importer 1 262

Exporter

U Importer 2 1

Exporter

W Importer 119 110 112 72 31 206 13 17 38 21

Exporter 401 154 196 89 69 45 35 38 37 57

hair P I Importer 5

Exporter

S W Importer

Exporter 2

T C Importer 678 17

Exporter

I Importer 350 44150 2503 1656 409 5104 10509 1

Exporter

O Importer

Exporter <1

W Importer 10399 12010 122 24018 17060 26448 29434 311882 83412 28345

Exporter 59109 58150 48405 37196 27519 110026 57185 141966 207381 22397

- Importer

Exporter <1 <1

hair prod. H W Importer 1

Exporter

P I Importer 2 4

Exporter

W Importer 11

Exporter

Q W Importer 1810

Exporter

T C Importer 1248 4549 186 1434 128

15

Importer Term Purpose Source Rep. by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

RoW hair prod. (cont.)

Exporter

(cont.) I Importer 4843 4820 2068 8495 12340 7691 10279 19399

Exporter 8

W Importer 104889 96715 66946 130288 291736 258252 283904 214885 65508

Exporter 38565 27605 17462 265657

leather products (large)

T W Importer 1

Exporter

leather products (small)

P W Importer

Exporter 2

Q W Importer 1

Exporter

T I Importer 12 2

Exporter

W Importer 200

Exporter 9228 2000

plates T I Importer 102

Exporter

W Importer 105 256 196 45 134 15 6

Exporter 758 340 884 399 435 374 75 61 78 30

shoes P W Importer 2

Exporter

T W Importer 264

Exporter

skin pieces P I Importer 1

Exporter

T C Importer 2

Exporter

I Importer 1

Exporter

W Importer 65 1

Exporter 358 54 117

skins Q O Importer

Exporter 1

T W Importer 500 4

Exporter 2 42 131 5

skulls T U Importer 16 5

Exporter

tails T W Importer 26

Exporter

unspec. T W Importer 5871

Exporter

Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 03/09/2015

16

References

Abramov, A., C, W. and Ying-xiang, W. 2008. Mustela altaica . Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41653/0. [Accessed: 3/09/2015].

Awan, M.S., Minhas, R.A., Ahmed, K.B. and Dar, N.I. 2004. Distributuion, food and habitat preferences of small mammals in Machiara national park, district Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Punjab Univ. J. Zool, 19: 17–31.

Bischof, R., Ali, H., Kabir, M., Hameed, S. and Nawaz, M.A. 2014. Being the underdog: an elusive small carnivore uses space with prey and time without enemies. Journal of Zoology, 40–48.

Duckworth, J.W. and Abramov, A. 2008. Mustela sibirica. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41659/0. [Accessed: 3/09/2015].

Duckworth, J.W., Timmins, R.J., Robertson, S., Choudhury, A. and Lau, M.W.N. 2008. Mustela kathiah. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41655/0. [Accessed: 3/09/2015].

Gajera, N. and Dharaiya, N.A. 2011. Status, Occurrence, Distribution of Some Mammals of North Gujarat, India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 64(1): 46–53.

Ghimirey, Y., Acharya, R., Chaudhary, A. and Prajapati, A. 2014. Observations of Mountain Weasel Mustela altaica and Siberian Weasel M. sibirica in Nepal. Small Carnivore Conservation, 50: 64–65.

Hornskov, J. and Foggin, M. 2007. Brief notes on the Altai Weasel Mustela altaica on the Tibetan plateau. Small Carnivore Conservation, 36: 48–49.

Jnawali, S.R., Baral, H.S., Lee, S., Acharya, K.P., Upadhyay, G.P., Pandey, M., Shrestha, R., Joshi, D., Lamichhane, B.R., Griffiths, J. et al. 2011. The status of Nepal mammals: the national red list series. Available at: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/the_status_of_nepal_s_mammals_the_national_red_list_series.pdf.

Katuwal, H.B., Khanal, B., Basnet, K., Rai, B., Rai, S.K., Nobis, M. and Scheiddeger, C. 2013. The mammalian fauna from the Central Himalaya, Nepal. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, 2: 21–29.

Kotia, A., Angmo, K., Bharti, R.R., Adhikari, B.S. and Rawat, G.S. 2011. A record of the little-known Stoat Mustela erminea ferghanae from Ladakh, India. Small Carnivore Conservation, 44: 42–43.

Lau, M.W.-N., Fellowes, J.R. and Chan, B.P.L. 2010. Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) in South China: A status review with notes on the commercial trade. Mammal Review, 40(4): 247–292.

Macdonald, D.W. and Reynolds, J.C. 2008. Vulpes vulpes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. [Accessed: 2/09/2015].

Menon, V. 2014. Indian Mammals. Hatchette India. Namgail, T., Fox, J.L. and Bhatnagar, Y. V 2007. Carnivore-caused livestock mortality in Trans-Himalaya.

Environmental Management, 39(4): 490–496. Phan, C., Kamler, J.F. and MacDonald, D.W. 2014. The first records of Yellow-bellied Weasel Mustela

kathiah from Cambodia. Small Carnivore Conservation, 50: 39–41. Reid, F. and Helgen, K. 2008. Mustela erminea. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/29674/0. Shafiq, M.M. and Ali, A. 1998. Status of large mammal species in Khunjerab national park. The Pakistan

Journal of Forestry, 48: 1–4. Sharma, S.. and Sharma, B.. 2013. Major Canids of Rajsthan in: Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India. General

background and ecology of vertberates Vol 1. In: Sharma, B.K., Kulshreshtha, S. and Rahmani, A.R. (Eds.). Springer. 491–498.

Shrestha, T.K. 1997. Mammals of Nepal. Bimala Shrestha. Supparatvikorn, S., Sutasha, K., Sirisumpun, T., Kunthawong, N., Chutipong, W. and Duckworth, J.W. 2012.

Discovery of the yellow-bellied weasel Mustela kathiah in Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam SocietyNatural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 58: 19–30.

Tiwari, S.K. 1999. Animal Kingdom of the world Vol. 1. Sarap & Sons. Wilson, D.E. and Mittermeier, R.A. 2009. Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. I. Carnivores.

Wilson, D.E. and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.