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8/9/2019 Overview of Solar Energy - Protekan
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TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET
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SOLAR ENERGY
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I
NTRODUCTI
ONy Solar Energy can be defined as the utilization of
the sun¶s energy for space heating, lighting, water heating and electricity for homes, businesses andindustry.
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TYPES OF SOLAR ENERGYy Photovoltaic
y Solar water heating
y Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
y Others ± passive heating and lighting
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PHOTOVOLTAIC
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TECHNOLOGYy Semiconductor materials can transform solar
energy into electricity
y Most commonly used material for photovoltaic is
silicony Silicon by itself is resistant to electric current
y Process called doping makes it receptive toelectrical charges
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SI
LI
CON ATOMI
C STRUCTURE Contains 3 shells of electrons
First two shellshaving 8 electrons are
stable while the thirdor the outermost shellhaving 4 electron isunstable
Since all siliconatoms are looking for four electrons tobecome stable ,silicon atoms easilybond with each other to form a crystallinestructure
y ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF SILICON
y CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
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DOPING PROCESSy Silicon in its crystalline form is stable and is a
poor conductor of electricity
y When materials containing extra electrons or
materials lacking electrons are added, the siliconcrystal becomes a semiconductor.
y This process is known as doping.
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N-type silicon
Materials with 5 electrons inits outer shell (phosphorus) isadded
Each phosphorus atom
displaces a silicon atom ±four electrons of phosphorusbonds with silicon atoms
One electron is left over andthis forms a N type silicon
N- type silicon
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P- type silicon
Materials with 3 electrons in itsouter shell (boron) is added
Each boron atom displaces asilicon atom ± three electronsof boron bonds with siliconatoms
One gap/hole (lack of electron) is formed and thistype is known as the P typesilicon
P- type silicon
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CREATION OF ELECTRICFIELDN type and P type silicon areplaced against each other ±gaps and electrons on either side start reacting to eachother
Extra electrons in the N typesilicon are attracted to thepositive nature of the P type ±some electrons cross over andcreate a negative charge onthe surface of the p typesilicon
Similarly the gaps create apositive charge on the surfaceof the N type silicon
ELECTRIC FIELD
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UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OFELECTRONSy Electrons can now only flow from the P type material to the N type
material
y If electrons try to move in the other direction, they get repelled by thenegative charge on the surface of the P type
y This forms a solar cell
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ELECTRIC CHARGE ± SOLARENERGYy Photons pass through the n type material and bumps the electrons in
the atom present near the surface of P type material
y The free electrons moves into the n type material since they areattracted by the positive charge near the surface of the N type material
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ELECTRIC CIRCUITy Electrons after moving to the N type material have nowhere to go ± N
type has extra electrons ± cant form any bond
y Metal conductor strip is placed at the top and bottom of thesemiconductor to facilitate the movement of electrons.
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B AND GAPy Semiconductor material reacts to solar waves within a specific range of
wavelengths
y This range is represented by band gap
y Photons whose energy is equal to or greater than the band gap can freeelectrons
y Excess energy of photon will be converted to heat
y Materials with band gaps ranging from 1.1 eV (electron volt) and 1.8 eV aremost commonly used for PV, ideal ± 1.4 eV
Source: www.pvresources.com
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TYPES OF PV PANELS -COMMONy Monocrystalline silicon
y Multicrystalline silicon
y Thin film
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Monocrystalline silicony Crystalline silicon is used
y A silicon boule grown from a single crystal -grown in one plane
y Expensive than multicrystalliney 15-18% efficient
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Thin film No crystalline structure
Applied as a thin semiconductor film
Amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, Copper indium diselenide are examples of thin film
Low manufacturing cost
Versatile
Less time consuming to make
Efficiency 5-6%
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SOLAR WATER HEATING
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PARTS OF SOLAR WATERHEATING SYSTEM
y Solar thermal collectors
y Fluid system to carry the heat from the collector to the point of use
OPTIONALy Pump ± to move the fluid
y Tank for storage
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SYSTEM TYPESy Passive system
y Active system
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Passive systemy Rely on gravity to move the liquid from the
collector to the storage tank
y Tendency of water to circulate as it is heated
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Active systemy Rely on pump to move the fluid from the collector
to the storage tank
y The storage tank is usually well insulated
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TYPES OF SOLAR THERMALCOLLECTORS
y Flat plate collector
y Evacuated tube collector
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Flat plate collector y Mounted on roof
y Consists of thin flat rectangular box with a transparent cover facing thesun
y Tubes run through the box- carry the fluid and is connected to anabsorber plate
y Absorber plate is painted black to absorb the heat
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Evacuated tube collector y Each evacuated tube consists of glass tubes and absorber tubes and
are aligned parallel to one another
y Sunlight passes through the glass tube and heats the absorber tube
y Top of the tubes are sealed
y Absorber tube is sealed in vacuum ± for insulation
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CONCENTRATED SOLARPOWER
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TYPES OF CSPy Parabolic trough
y Linear Fresnel
y Dish engine
y Solar chimneyy Solar power tower
y Concentrated photovoltaic
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Parabolic troughy Consists of a linear parabolic reflector
y Concentrates solar energy onto a receiver positioned at the reflector¶s focalpoint
y Tracking mechanism is used
y Working fluid is heated as it flows through the receiver and is used as a heatsource at the power generating system
Source: www.energylan.scandia.gov
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Linear Fresnely Uses mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to
concentrate sunlight onto the receiver carrying the workingfluid
y Cheaper than using parabolic mirrors
Source: www.energylan.scandia.gov
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Dish Enginey Consists of parabolic reflectors
y Concentrates sunlight onto the receiver positioned at the reflector¶sfocal point
y The reflector tracks the sun
y Uses stirling engine to generate power
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SOLAR CHIMNEYy Consists of a large transparent room (greenhouse)
y Sloped to a hollow tower or chimney
y The sun heats the air in the greenhouse structure which rises up thechimney ± drives the air turbine
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SOLAR POWER TOWERy Tracking reflectors (heliostats) concentrates sunlight onto a central
receiver positioned at the top of a tower
y The receiver contains the working fluid (sea water) which becomesheated
y Heat source is used for power generation and energy storage
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CONCENTRATED PVy Tracking mechanism is used
y Reflectors directs the sunlight onto a PV surface positioned at the focalpoint of the reflector
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PHOTOVOLTAIC
MARKET OVERVIEW
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WORLD PV MARKETy Record high installations of 5.95 GW in 2008, growth of 110% over the
previous year
y Europe accounted for 82% of the world demand in 2008
y Spain 285% growth pushes Germany into second place, followed byUS, Korea, Italy and Japan
y Thin film production grew by 123%
y PV industry generated $37.1 billion in global revenues in 2008
y Largest Solar PV power plant ± 60 MW in Spain
y Total capacity ± 15.2 GW (2008)
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DISTRIBUTION OF PV
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INCENTIVES FOR SOLAR PV
Source: European Commission
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Concentrated Solar Power
MARKET OVERVIEW
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CSP MARKET WORLDWIDEy Installed CSP capacity at 679 MW
y More than 2000 MW are under construction
y US holds 63% of the market share
y Spain 32%
y
Total capacity could reach 25 GW by 2020y Dominated by parabolic trough technology
y Parabolic trough -88% of operating plants and 97.5% of the projectsunder construction
y Parabolic trough technology is proven to perform after 20 years ±testified by SEGS parabolic troughs installed in the 1980s.
y Power Tower is making headway
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INDI A
SOLAR ENERGY
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OVERVIEWy PV generation capacity ± 100MW
y 2.12 MW is grid connected
y Cost per MW ± in the order of 20 crores (10 to 25crores for solar thermal)
y Abundant irradiation ± 5000 trillion kWh/year
y 7th place worldwide in Solar cell PV production
y 9th place in solar thermal production
y 300 sunny days a year
y Approx 2000 kWh could be generated per KWpy Irradiation range ± 4 to 7 kWh per day per sq.m
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NATIONAL SOLAR MISSIONy 20 GW solar power by 2022
y GRID CONNECTED ± 1000 MW by 2013, additional 3000 MW by2017 through renewable purchase obligation and GBI
y Expect capacity to double by 2017 to 10 GW based on internationalfinance and technology transfer
y Favorable conditions for solar manufacturing ± particularly for solar thermal
y Off grid ± 1000 MW by 2017 and 2000 MW by 2022
y 15 million sq.m of solar thermal collector area by 2017 and 20million by 2022
y 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022
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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVESy 2007 Semiconductor Policy and SpecialIncentives Package Schemes (SIPS)
y Generation Based Incentive
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Semiconductor Policy and SIPSy For setting up and operating semiconductor fabrication and
manufacturing units in the country
y Incentives included capital investment subsidies of 20% to 25% throughgrants and interest subsidy or alternatively through government equityparticipation
y Attracted total investment of $18 billiony Special Economic Zones for manufacturing facilities exclusively for
exports
y Incentives include tax and duty waivers
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Generation Based Incentivey Cap of 50 MW of cumulative installations by 2012
y Applicable only to non captive solar PV with minimum generatingcapacity of 1 MW in a given location
y Accelerated depreciation is not allowed in conjunction with this incentive
y Tariff ± Rs 12/kWh in addition to the tariff fixed by the state utility-
subject to a maximum combined price of Rs15/kWh (Rs 12/kWh for solar thermal)
y Duration: 10 years
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PV INSTALLATIONS IN INDI Ay Solar street lighting ± 54,795 installations
y No. of Home lighting systems ± 434,692
y No. of Solar lanterns ± 697,419
y No. of PV pumps ± 7,148
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COST & SUBSIDIES OF OTHERSOLAR PRODUCTSy Solar lantern, 10 Wp capacity module, CFL 5W ± Rs 3000, no subsidy
but soft loan available
y Home lighting ± offered in different configurations (light and fanconfiguration) ± cost range ± Rs 8000 to 25000, subsidy of 50% of cost ,subject to a cap for different configurations
y Street lights ± 74W solar module ± CFL 11 W, cost ± Rs 25000 to35000, subsidy of 50% of cost subject to a max of Rs 9600 for noncommercial institutions in rural areas.
y BIPV ± 3 Lakhs per KWp, subsidy available for PV panels (battery costnot included)
y Solar pumps, cost range from Rs 2.10 lakhs to 5.10 lakhs depending on
type and capacity (0.75 to 2 HP pumps), subsidy at Rs 30 per Wpsubject to a max of Rs 50,000 per system and soft loans availableprovided by IREDA.
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