Overview of Research Activities Infrastructure Field (1) Investigation Research on Internationalization of Technical Standards for Design, Construction and Maintenance of Structures, and on History of Structural Design Ken-ichi MAEDA and Hitoshi NAKAMURA a) Investigation Research on Overseas Standards for Design and Construction of Steel Structures In the WTO which Japan has also joined, the international matching of technical standards in all the countries of world is regulated in order to remove the technical failure on the trade. By receiving the regulation, in the ISO where the EU countries occupy a large number, the internationalization of technical standards is being attempted in close co-operation with the CEN (Committee on European Norm). Therefore, the countermeasure against this becomes the urgency for our country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the overseas standards mainly on the ISO/CEN standards for design and construction of steel structures. Also, it is intended to examine the appropriate countermeasures, and in future to propose a standard from Japan, which can match internationally. b) Integration of Guideline on Monitoring of Bridges and Viaducts, and Its Internationalization In the ISO, the deliberation is also advanced on the guideline on dynamic tests of bridges and viaducts at present, and Japan has charge of the integration of regulations on the evaluation method of test results. In the meantime, since the before several years, the necessity of guidelines on the monitoring of bridges and viaducts, including the application to maintenance, was cried even in our country, and the preparation has been advanced. The purpose of this study is to integrate a guideline on the planning, the measurement, the data operation, the analytical technique and the evaluation method for the vibration monitoring of bridges and viaducts. Also, it is intended to propose a new ISO standard on the basis of this guideline

from Japan, as a countermeasure for the internationalization. c) Investigation Research on History of Material, Structure and Design for Bridges, and Evaluation as Modern Cultural Heritages in Civil Engineering Recently, civil engineering structures, which were constructed between the age of civilization in the pre-Meiji era and the end of war in the Showa era, have been evaluated as the modern cultural heritage. Bridges are among the most important civil engineering structures. In order to prevent loss of valuable bridge records and to stimulate repair or preservation works, immediate results of evaluation are desired. The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of Japanese bridge technology, the character of bridge distribution in each river, and the change of material, structure and design for each bridge type, focusing on bridges in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Then, results of this study are used for the evaluation as modern cultural heritages and for the reflection in designing, repair and strengthening of today. (2) Analysis, Design and Construction of Cable-Supported Bridges, and their Computer Aided Systems Ken-ichi MAEDA and Hitoshi NAKAMURA a) Estimation of Ultimate Strength of Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges by Elasto-Plastic Finite Displacement Buckling Stability Analysis The development of cable-stayed bridges has been rapid, and the class with span of 1,000m is planned for construction in the near future. It is said that the critical span length is about 1,500m, mainly because the in-plane buckling stability is degraded with increasing axial compressive forces of main girders. The purpose of this study is to develop a computer program system for buckling stability analyses based on elastic or elasto-plastic finite displacement theory, which enables setting of load parameters to the prestress similar to those of the dead load, considering application to the limit state design method. Also, it is intended to compare with linearized buckling eigenvalue analyses, and to clarify effects of the loading condition, the support condition of main girders, the material properties of cables including the flexibility, the initial imperfection or the plasticity of members,

etc. on the ultimate strength, using trial-design cable-stayed bridges with center span of 1,000m and 1,500m. b) Out of Plane Ultimate Strength of Main Girders in Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges Varying Support Conditions As discussed above, the critical span length of cable-stayed bridges is said to be about 1,500m due to the in-plane buckling stability considerations. However, for sufficiently ensuring the economical efficiency, it is necessary to reduce out of plane bending moment under wind loads at the intermediate support. The first purpose of this study is to investigate the optimal support condition of main girders by applying elastic supports, in order to reduce the stress resultants which are dominant in the static design. The second purpose is to examine the out of plane ultimate strength under wind loads. For their purposes, elastic and elasto-plastic finite displacement analyses under design loads are employed to trial-design cable-stayed bridges with center span of 1,500m. (3) Development of New Type Ultra Long-Span & Super Ultra Long-Span Cable-Supported Bridges, and their Feasibility Ken-ichi MAEDA and Hitoshi NAKAMURA a) Applicability of Dischinger-Type Cable-Stayed Suspension Bridge as Ultra Long-Span Bridge Since the success of ultra long-span bridges with span of 2,000 to 3,000m depends on the aerodynamic stability, research on the new economical cable-supported bridges with high torsional rigidity have been attracting attention. Dischinger-type cable-stayed suspension bridges, which has been proposed as alternatives to cable-stayed bridges with critical span length of 1,500m, seem to have the torsional rigidity higher than ordinary suspension bridges by combining the advantage of cable-stayed bridges. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of applying Dischinger-type bridges as ultra long-span bridges compared with suspension bridges, using a trial-design cable-stayed suspension bridge with span of 2,500m in which ratios of suspended parts are used as variable, and considering roughly estimated results of a 3,000m span bridge.

b) Realizability of Ultra Long-Span Suspension Bridge and Cable-Stayed Girder Bridge Using New Material (CFRP) Cables for Main Cable and Stay Cable The progress of the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) in recent years is remarkable, and they are spotlighted as new materials for the civil Engineering structures. Especially, by using CFRP cables for the main cable or the stay cable of a suspension bridge or a cable-stayed bridge instead of steel cables, it would have been indicated that the dead load can be drastically reduced, if a center span becomes longer than longer. However, the reduction of dead load mostly becomes disadvantageous to the aerodynamic stability. The purposes of this study are to investigate the static structural characteristics, the aerodynamic stability and the economical efficiency, and to discuss the prospect on the realizability of ultra long-span suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges, using trial-design bridges with span of 2,500m and 1,500m respectively, in which sag ratios and material properties of new material (CFRP) cables are applied as variable. c) Feasibility of Super Ultra Long-Span Suspension Bridge Made of All Plastics with Center Span of 5,000 m The progress of the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) in recent years is remarkable, and they are spotlighted as new materials for the civil Engineering structures because of the ultra light weight. Moreover, in the class with span of 5,000m, it is confirmed that CFRP must be also used in stiffening girders together with main cables, when sag ratios become lower by the constraint of tower height. However, such ultra lighting may remarkably lower the aerodynamic stability. The purposes of this study are to investigate the static structural characteristics and the aerodynamic stability, and to discuss the prospect on the realizability of super ultra long-span suspension bridges made of all plastics, using trial-design bridges with span of 5,000m in which sag ratios are 1/20. Still, in this design, tubular beams are used for stiffening girders, and composite columns with concrete are applied to towers. (4) Development of Innovative New Material Bridges, and Function,

Serviceability and Aesthetics of Bridges Ken-ichi MAEDA and Hitoshi NAKAMURA a) Repair and Reinforcement of Steel Members Using FRP Stripes Recently, the damage has been generated in many members of steel bridges by vibration, fatigue and corrosion under heavy traffic loads. The number of the steel bridge which requires repair and reinforcement increases. Fiber reinforced plastics, which are the light weight and are excellent in workability and weather resistance, have been applied for materials of repair and reinforcement in civil engineering structures. The purpose of this study is to clarify the feasibility of carbon fiber reinforced plastic stripes for repair and reinforcement of existing steel bridges, and to obtain basic data for establishing design and construction method. b) Applicability of New Hybrid FRP Composite Girders to Pedestrian Deck including Free Passage over Railway An innovative hybrid composite girder is being developed in Japan consisting of carbon and glass fibers. In addition the economic aspects such as initial cost and life cycle cost are being examined considering the environmental loading. The innovative feature of this girder is the optimum use of CFRP and GFRP in the flanges to maximize structural performance while reducing the overall cost by using glass fibers in the web section. In order to clarify the strength of the web-crippling and the effect of its shear deformation characteristics on the bending deflection, a series of I-shaped girders with two different flange widths have been tested by varying the amounts of GFRP and CFRP. Because it is well known that the deflection limitation and the shear stress often dominate the design of FRP girders. We are experimentally investigating with the emphasis on the appropriate composition of GFRP and CFRP for the potential application of such I-shaped girders to full scale pedestrian decks and footbridges. c) Design Guideline of FRP Bridges, and Applicability of Pulltruded Profiles to Footbridges The progress of the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) in recent years is remarkable, and they are spotlighted as new materials for bridges because of the ultra light weight and the high durability for the salt damage.

The purposes of this study are to integrate a design guideline of FRP bridges, and to examine the applicability of GFRP pulltruded profiles to footbridges. For the latter purpose, single span footbridges which have variable support conditions are trially designed, and cross sections required for satisfying the restriction of deflection are compared in order to confirm the possibility of production. Then, the vibration serviceability is also examined. As examination objects, truss bridges are also regarded in addition to plate girder bridges. d) Design Concept and Survey of Safe and Comfortable Footbridges as Universalized Pedestrian Space for all humans The aim of footbridges over roads is to separate pedestrians and cars in order to prevent traffic accidents, and at one time, the number of footbridges sharply increased accompanying the increment in motor traffic volume. Footbridges are superior to underground walkways in terms of public safety, but are far inferior in terms of serviceability. On the other hand, it has been required that nearby living environment and global environment are also sufficiently considered. The purpose of this study is to develop design concepts of safe and comfortable footbridges as universalized pedestrian space for all humans, and to survey the present condition of footbridges. (5) R & D of a more economical structural system for long-span suspension bridges Kuniei NOGAMI As the construction of long-span suspension bridges pushed forward into new territory, the emphasis of development was historically on financial integrity and safety. However, recent changes in the societal environment mean that more rational designs that provide better economy and durability are now required. Efforts to develop new structural forms and design methods that meet these new requirements are urgently needed. The aim of this research program is to pursue a more cost-efficient structural system for long-span suspension bridges. During the current year, research focused on the themes outlined below. a) Clarification of elasto-plastic behavior and ultimate strength

characteristics of ultra-long four-span suspension bridges Taking a four-span structure as an example of an ultra-long multi-span suspension bridge, parametric analysis was carried out to study the effects of adopting a cross-sectional form consisting of two boxes and a grating for the stiffening girder and of using high-strength main cables on the elasto-plastic behavior and ultimate strength characteristics of the structural system as a whole. b) Clarification of elasto-plastic behavior and load-carrying capacity of the main towers in long-span suspension bridges The ultimate in-plane behavior in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the main towers for a 1,500 m suspension bridge was clarified, focusing particularly RC towers but also considering steel and composite structures. Trial design was carried out for steel, RC and composite main towers for a 3,000 m suspension bridge. The applicability of composite main towers was studied by comparing weights. (6) R & D of long-span cable-supported bridges for urban areas Kuniei NOGAMI When considering the construction of long-span cable-supported bridges in coastal urban areas, lightweight steel construction is economically advantageous because poor ground conditions and other factors are often encountered. Such bridges are often subject to aircraft flight path restrictions because of the vicinity of an airport or projected airport, while consideration of the natural environment, such as wind and sunlight, is important if buildings surround the site. This research program aims at developing a long-span cable-stayed bridge with greatly reduced tower height compared with the conventional optimum. The research focused on the themes outlined below during the current year. a) Clarification of ultimate strength of cable-stayed bridges where the tower height is one-tenth of the center span Focusing on cable-stayed bridges with a center span of 400 m and 600 m, the elasto-plastic behavior and ultimate strength characteristics of bridges with the conventional tower height (one-fifth of the center span) and the tower

height reduced to one-tenth of the center span were studied comparatively. b) Trial design of a 200 m long cable-stayed bridge with a tower height one-tenth of the center span and clarification of ultimate strength An optimum design was developed for cable-stayed bridges with a center span of 200 m and with box, edge and composite girders. Then trial design was carried out for cable-stayed bridges with box and edge girders where the tower height was reduced to one-tenth of the center span. Changes resulting from differences in stiffening girder cross section and tower height on the total weight, elasto-plastic behavior and ultimate strength characteristics of the bridges were studied. (7) Research on durability (remaining ultimate strength) evaluation method for existing structural members in steel and composite structures Kuniei NOGAMI Typical causes of deterioration and damage in structural members and in steel structures are corrosion and deformation. As deterioration and damage progress in a structure, the cross-sectional area of structural members falls and the structure loses load-carrying capacity. This means that it is extremely important to accurately evaluate the remaining ultimate strength of structural members and structures after corrosion and deformation have progressed so as to determine future durability and study maintenance and/or replacement. For the purpose of establishing a method for evaluating the remaining ultimate strength of deteriorated or damaged structural members, this research program aims to clarify experimentally and analytically the ultimate strength characteristics and the corrosion parameters that lead to decreases the load-carrying capacity. It also includes a basic study aimed at proposing a method of evaluating remaining ultimate strength. The research focused on the themes outlined below during the current year. a) Experimental determination of the remaining load-carrying capacity of corroded columns and elasto-plastic finite displacement analysis using the FEM Focusing on the upper and lower cross beams and lateral members of truss

bridges constructed during the third decade of the Showa era, an experimental determination of the remaining load-carrying capacity of the bridge columns. In addition, the load-carrying capacity was evaluated using the FEM. The relationship between corrosion pattern and changes in load-carrying capacity was clarified. Parameters affecting load-carrying capacity were identified. An equation for evaluating remaining load-carrying capacity was proposed. b) Measurement of corroded profile of exposed steel angles and accuracy of the measurement Exact measurements were taken from the corroded surface of steel angle that had been subjected to an exposure test in seawater for 20 years. Together with previous experimental data, the shape distribution of steel surface corrosion and the corrosion rates of steel in the atmosphere, the splash zone, the tidal zone and submerged in seawater were determined. A measurement pitch suitable for accurately gauging the corroded surface was proposed. (8) Modeling of the hybrid structure used for continuous composite-girder bridges and research into methods of safety verification during erection Kuniei NOGAMI Continuous composite steel girder bridges of medium span have recently been constructed in Japan. With a longer distance between main girders and reduced main girder count, these bridges yield labor saving advantages. However, the mechanical behavior of the joints in the composite structure has yet to be clarified. Further, the methods used to verify safety during erection are based on the premise of a structure with multiple girders and the design of the bridges is not necessarily rational. In this research program, the frictional and bonding behavior of the joints in the ultimate state is investigated. A model for analyzing the connected state using studs has been proposed. In addition, a means of verifying the safety of the web plates applied patch loading and a method of reinforcing the web plates have been proposed. The research focused on the themes outlined below during the current year.

a) Modeling of load transmission mechanism between steel and concrete and clarification of the model's applicability to beams Based on the results of a push-out test, a model using springs is proposed for the stud joint between concrete and steel. Analysis of the deformation behavior of a composite girder was carried out using the model. The accuracy of the model was studied analytically. b) Proposal for method of verifying the buckling stability of web plates subjected to patch loading The representative standards for bridge design, such as the Japan Road Association's Erection Design Manual and the Japan Society of Civil Engineers' Erection Design Guidelines, provide verification equations for checking the safety of the web plates in rationalized composite girder bridges applied patch loading. Differences between these equations were clarified. Ultimate strength characteristics were elucidated analytically. A method of reinforcing the plates was proposed. (9) Development of monitoring method for corrosion-deteriorated steel and composite structures Kuniei NOGAMI As monitoring object, Bridge “HBB” (H-shaped steel girder bridge) is selected which has been served for about 30 years ever since its opening and which has noticeably deteriorated due to corrosion. Its corrosion patterns are measured by an ultra-sonic plate thickness measuring gauge, and its strains and vibration frequency are measured by an optical-fiber sensor through loading tests using static and dynamic loads by, for instance, cars. Furthermore, Bridge HBB having corrosion-deteriorated sections and design sections is numerically analyzed by FEM method. The analysis results are compared with the test results in an attempt to establish highly exact numerical analysis model, and consequently develop an effective service life evaluation method. Through all these efforts, a monitoring system is to be developed by which existing bridges can be evaluated for their remaining ultimate strength. This year, static structural analysis has been made for the bridge above to know its static behavioral property, such as stress and

deformation. Then, the analysis results have been compared with the measurement results on the loading test as a process of establishing a FEM model. (10) Analysis of Influence of Road Environment on Drivers with Dynamic Scenery Picture Proposing and Controlling System Hiroyuki ONEYAMA, Takashi OGUCHI and Shigenori SHIKATA Dynamic Scenery Picture Proposing and Controlling System is developed, which enables to measure driving behavior and to have good number of experiment under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics (3D-CG) animation image is introduce for this system, and virtual road environment can be produced for subjects who drive a virtual vehicle with simulated driver's sheet. Simulated driving behavior with video images played back with modified speed and 3D-CG simulated sceneries is validated with that on real roadway, and simulated experiment technique is applied for evaluation of the effects of variable deformed-pictured graphical information boards on Expressways on drivers' route choice behavior. In this year, effects of individual variation of evaluation value on the legibility of graphical information boards were analyzed in detail. (11) Develpment of road planning and designing theory harmonized with traffic operations in urban area Takashi OGUCHI and Hiroyuki ONEYAMA Conventional highway and street network planning concept is based on the prediction of traffic demand in the future. In the case of traffic congestion is prevailed around an urban area presently, the prediction of future traffic becomes very difficult because the potential demand cannot be predicted. In addition, the environmental problem in an urban area and sustainability concepts would raise the needs for entirely novel 'planning concept' should be introduced, instead of conventional 'planning concept with predicted demand (following-demand concept)'. The way of harmonization of highway planning and design procedure with traffic operation measutres is discussed.

(12) A Study on an Estimation Method of Vehicle Emission Considering Dynamic Traffic Condition Hiroyuki ONEYAMA and Takashi OGUCHI Air quality such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particle matters (PM) caused by road traffic is severe especially in the vicinity of intersection and congested section. In order to evaluate such an effect appropriately, dynamic change of traffic flow should be described and the emission level under these traffic conditions should be estimated by the emission model that can take into account the effect of speed variation of vehicles on the emission. In this year, a comparison analysis was carried out on the emission estimation by a combination of two traffic simulations and five emission models, and the differences of the ability and characteristic of emission value by the combination of the two models are clarified. (13) Analysis of Capacity at Signalized Intersections Shigenori SHIKATA Capacity of kerb lanes at signalized intersections is affected by conflicts between left-turn vehicles and pedestrians. The flow rate of pedestrians who discharge at the beginning of green period and the diffusion characteristics of platoon of pedestrians are analyzed from the observed data. Using the results, the model for estimating the capacity of kerb lanes has been developed. Furthermore our attention was focused on capacity affected by the imbalance of lane use at signalized intersection approaches. Based on the observed data, it has been found out that the capaciy of the approaches is strongly affected because of the imbalance of lane use. (14) Study on Highway Traffic Performance of Ordinary Sections on Freeways Takashi OGUCHI and Shigenori SHIKATA The bottlenecks of traffic capacity on sag sections and entrances of tunnels are widely known in Japan. The car-following behavior is considered as key factor of initiation of queued traffic flow. We are continuously developping a

test vehicle system, which can measure details of driver's behavior on real roadway. The algorithmof synthesized treatments with all on-board sensors was completed. The algorithm can estimate the true values of parallel and rotational movements with six degree of freedom in three dimensional space. Utilizing the position and attitude information of the test vehicle, the surrounding vehicles' bahavior is also estimated with image processing and transformation of three dimensional coordinates. (15) Analysis of Drivers' Behavior on the Expressway using ETC Data Hiroyuki ONEYAMA

This study aims to know the drivers' behavior on the expressway using their personal history records of Electric Toll Collection System (ETC) that includes date and time of entering and exiting ramps. These results will be fundamental knowledge to conduct effective traffic operation and control. In this year, on-ramp choice behavior on the Metropolitan Expressway was investigated in case of incident. As a result, several interesting facts of ramp choice behavior, that is different from usual traffic condition, were clarified. One example is that there are so many drivers who gave up using Metropolitan Expressway, rather than changing an on-ramp from an usual one. Environmental System Field (1) Systems Analysis for Environmental Engineering Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU, Kimiko YAMAZAKI, Yasuhiro ARAI and Minako KOMINE In our laboratory of sanitary engineering, the computer applications to water-works, sewage-works and studying with the methods of systems analysis and applied mathematics, and also the experiments in a laboratory and the field surveys are assisted. Our subject is a practical study for an ideal future of the urban environment. Nowadays, a lots of environmental problems in the cities are very

complicated, and such problems are difficult to solve only on a viewpoint of civil engineering, therefore we must consider them on the economical and sociological viewpoints and etc. The purpose of our study is to find the compromised better solution for the problems in the fields of water and wastewater engineering and also municipal solid wastes engineering. In this year, we solved some problems and published the papers which are listed in the following pages. (2) Study on Short-term Water Demand Prediction and Water Distribution Control Planning Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU and Yasuhiro ARAI Water supply system serves as a lifeline for our urban life, and the active maintenance planning is needed to preserve its security. In this paper, we propose a time series model for hourly fluctuation of supplied water consumption. First, after analysis of the fluctuations, we find the two components that are the cyclic component (typical fluctuated pattern with a 1-day cycle) and the deviational component (complex and random pattern). Second, we make the cyclic and deviational component models by applying the finite Fourier series and multiple ARIMA models respectively. Third, we show a case study and we can obtain an effective model to describe the supplied water consumption. Our proposed model is useful for water distribution control planning. (3) A Neural Networks Model for Water Distribution Systems Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU This study proposes a new water quality simulation model of pipe networks system for water distribution control, in order to get a clear understanding of the hourly fluctuation of the residual chlorine concentration. Regarding a water distribution network as a black box, we make a neural network model by training the multilayer units with extended Kalman algorithm. Furthermore, we include time lag which is between the input point (service reservoir) and the output point. As a result, the stability of outputs toward new inputs (not used for training) is increased, and our model can clearly

describe input-output response of complex nonlinear dynamical system like water distribution pipe networks. This research is promoted by endowment fund. (4) Study on Control and Management Planning for Water and Wastewater Systems in Urban Area Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU In order to maintain the stable activity of water and wastewater system, we need an economical and effective plan which has adaptability for the kinds of fluctuation arisen from urban factors. We may also consider the effective use of resources in the evaluation of control and management plan for urban systems. In one of our research, we apply time series analysis to the control planning for wastewater treatment system, and we can clear the structural relationship between factors which help us to keep stability of the treated water quality. In another research for water distribution network management we deal with the lower water quality problem, which makes great damage to many residents. We propose a method to estimate the amount of suspended iron rust which advects or sediments in water pipelines. By using this method, we show how to decide the priority sequence minimizing water drain volume for pipeline cleaning. (5) Study on Optimization of Renewal Planning of Water and Wastewater Pipe Networks Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU The damage caused by the aging of water distribution pipes or sewage pipes has become one of the major problems. The pipes renewal costs much money and time, so the renewal planning has to be made under evaluating its effects and costs sufficiently. In this research we quantify the effects of renewal in water distribution pipe system, and propose a new methodology applying Genetic Algorithm (GA) on the scheduling problem to maximize benefits of water supply performance in the planning period under the revenue constraints. Through the sensitivity analysis using our GA model, we can clarify the validity of investment under trade-off between water

supply service level and renewal cost. (6) Statistical Analysis for Municipal Solid Wastes and Air Pollution Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU, Kimiko YAMAZAKI and Yasuhiro ARAI The increase of municipal solid wastes and air pollution are big problems in Tokyo, so it is very important how to control them. We have been studying the relationship between those actual conditions and regional characteristics depending on the statistics, and cleared the difference or similarity in each district of Tokyo metropolitan area. And we also explained the structures of those generations based on the statistical viewpoint by using the Multiple Regression analysis, Principal Component analysis and System Dynamics. Our results will be used for the municipal solid wastes treatment and disposal planning and also the air pollution control in the near future. (7) An Analysis of the Quantitative Relation of Recyclable Waste to Domestic Refuse Akira KOIZUMI, Yasuhiro ARAI This analysis shows the quantitative relation of the recyclable waste amount to domestic refuse generated from households, based on the continuous actual survey data collected from questionnaires and measurements. Firstly, we examined the change in the total waste amount generated between each survey period, and classified data samples into three groups by their amount. Secondly, we calculated the ratio R/D to be that of the recyclable waste amount to domestic refuse generated from a household, and showed the difference in the recoverable amount for every composition item. Thirdly, in order to show the variations in the recoverable amount of recyclable papers and plastics, we conducted a comparative analysis. Our proposed results are useful to estimate the reducible amount of domestic refuse. (8) Study on Optimization of Transportation Planning for Waste Treatment and Recycling Akira KOIZUMI, Toyono INAKAZU and Yasuhiro ARAI

This study analyzes an optimal planning of facility arrangement and transportation problems for recycling and waste treatment. First, We proposed a fuzzy linear programming model for the area-wide hazardous waste transportation planning. This model selected the optimal route taking the planner's permissible level into fuzziness under multipurpose (to minimize the total transportation cost, to minimize the number of traffic accident). Secondarily for the recycling of electric household appliance, we applied genetic algorithms (GA) to solve a combinational optimization problem. After estimating the annual number of electric appliances in Tokyo, we investigated the collection systems as network models using GA. Through a case study, it was revealed that the application of GA was useful for the optimization of these problems. Part of this study was supported by government competitive research fund. (9) Research on predictive models for determining nutrient levels on Ogochi reservoir eutrophication Akira KOIZUMI, Kimiko YAMAZAKI Accurately forecasting inflow water quality and its effect on eutrophication provides water management agencies valuable information on aquatic ecosystems. This study describes that was conducted on predicting nutrient levels from local watersheds, including runoff from rainfall, on Ogochi Reservoir in western Tokyo, and its impact on reservoir eutrophication by utilizing water temperature and turbidity measurements. Multi-regression analysis was used to extrapolate predictive models for phosphorus and other plant nutrients. The predictive models correlated well with actual data and demonstrated a high level of predictability. The predictive models, which include precipitation measurements from non-point sources, can forecast nutrient levels and provide management an important tool for controlling and reversing reservoir eutrophication. (10) A Study on the Efficient Treatment and Utilization of the Sludge from Purification Plant Akira KOIZUMI, Kimiko YAMAZAKI and Yasuhiro ARAI

Toward the establishment of the Recycling-based Society, we proposed a sludge integrated management system and researched on the efficient sludge treatment and disposal. What we have done is as follows: (a) a proposal of the integrated system for the sludge treatment and disposal of water and sewage works, (b) a fundamental experiment of the adsorption of phosphate based on the sludge from purification plan, (c) an application of the water treatment plant's sludge to a sewage treatment process with the evaluation of phosphorus removal, (d) an evaluation of the economical efficiency of the sludge integrated management system and (e) a consideration of changes in water quality of sewage disposal water by adding the sludge from water treatment plant. (11) An Experimental Study for Preservation of Water Quality in the Reservoir Akira KOIZUMI, Kimiko YAMAZAKI Recently, the reservation of drinking water sources is an important problem because people's interest is focused on the taste and odor. This study examined the seasonal change of the water quality of a reservoir on the Bonin Island, Tokyo. We found that the water quality wouldn't become worse by stopping the water circulator for about 1 week even in summer. In addition, changing the position of intake was showed to be an appropriate way against stopping the water circulator for long time. Moreover, by the consignment of research from the Tokyo public government office, we examined the water quality of the dam for agriculture in the Haha-Jima Island and showed the possibility of the water quality improvement by the aquatic plant. (12) Mean Velocity Changes due to Interaction between Bichromatic Waves and a Current Motohiko UMEYAMA This investigation deals with the changes in the mean velocity associated with a bichromatic wave train in a steady current. The Eulerian-mean velocity model originally developed for monochromatic waves is applied to

the calculation of the mean horizontal velocity for bichromatic waves. Instantaneous two-dimensional velocity components for waves following or opposing a current were measured to examine the turbulent intensities and wave-current Reynolds stress. The experimental data suggest that wave direction is an important factor to change the vertical profile of mean velocity based on the logarithmic law. The predicted shape of the mean velocity shows quantitative agreement in the whole depth with the experimental data for various conditions such as irregular waves. (13) Nonintrusive Measuring Techniques for Waves Propagating with or without a Current. Motohiko UMEYAMA & Tetsuya SHINTANI Using intrusive and nonintrusive measuring techniques, we experimentally investigated particle velocities and trajectories of waves propagating with or without a current in a constant water depth. Two optical devices were used for the nonintrusive measuring techniques: i.e. PIV and PTV. The instantaneous velocity from the PIV measurement was compared with that given by an electromagnetic current (EC) meter. Suitable agreement between the two velocity profiles proves the ability of the PIV technique to accurately measure both temporal and spatial variations of the velocity. In addition to individual PIV and PTV techniques, both PIV and PTV methods were coupled to detect water particle paths in Eulerian grids. The comparison of the trajectory given by PTV and that estimated by PIV/PTV indicates that the PIV instrument can be applied to the Lagrangian description of the trajectory of a water particle. (14) Visualization Analysis of Nonlinear Internal Waves Motohiko UMEYAMA & Tetsuya SHINTANI We have studied the kinetic behavior of internal waves propagating in a two-layer fluid system. The physical properties of the interfacial displacement and particle velocity during one wave cycle were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Several internal-wave theories were applied to the problems for estimating the temporal and spatial

displacements of the density interface and the two-dimensional velocity distributions. The interfacial displacement and particle velocity were measured under several experimental conditions using an internal-wave gauge and a PIV system. The experimental data were compared with the corresponding theoretical results to determine the adaptability and limitations of our experimental tools. The experimental data have given valuable information on progressive internal waves. (15) Floating Cities as a Solution to the Escalating Sea Level Rise in Lower-Lying Land Areas Motohiko UMEYAMA & Toshio NAKAJIMA Strenuous efforts have been made to restore the global environment and create a sustainable society. In spite of the widespread movement to diminish greenhouse gas, a substantial reward is yet to be seen. In this study, we propose a new concept that establishes urban community bases built on floating foundations in artificial inlets and/or basins in order to attain a sustainable city environment for a prosperous future. The establishment of secure bases put forward to counter the risks arising from natural disasters: e.g. flooding due to heavy rain, storm surges caused by typhoons, tsunamis, and earthquakes. The situation is made even worse by the serious danger facing many cities where large urban areas are below the high water level (zero-meter zone), and that are mostly located near a river and/or the sea. It can be assumed that if nothing is done, the residents of cities with zero-meter zones will suffer substantial damage and consequent economic loss as a result of localized heavy rain and the subsequent overflow of rivers. Therefore, we are urged to devise and implement effective solutions that will minimize the damage from natural disasters as soon as possible. The floater is a barge type, which is used in the Mega-Float Project from 1995 to 2000 in Japan. The material used in the construction will be concrete, steel or FRP. Although the floater floats by itself, it has several calls known as the “soft landed system.” Therefore, the floaters are semi-supported by several piles underneath them. Laterally the mounted pile connects to the side of the floater. Some rubber fenders assist the control of the horizontal

excursion of the floaters. (16) Study of Saline Water Intrusion in Red River Motohiko UMEYAMA & Tetsuya SHINTANI The intrusion of saltwater through the river mouth from the estuary into the river needs to be controlled, as it is a threat to the quality of the freshwater in lake, reservoir, or ground. The more dense saline water generally sinks, potentially creating a stratified layer below which water may stagnate. In future, due to urbanization and growing population, freshwater will be pumped out in excess along the Red river stretch near Hanoi city to meet its daily requirements. Hence there is a possibility for saline water intrusion to have taken place. Collected data sets included wind speed and direction, water level, flow discharge, water quality and salinity instantaneously in space and time through the Red river estuaries. Observations were carried out by Hanoi Water Resources University to furnish proof of the important connection among tidal flow, salinity and fresh water at several locations in Red river. (17) Study of Water Movement and Quality in Ha Long Bay Motohiko UMEYAMA & Tetsuya SHINTANI We collects geographical information including maps and charts (bathymetry), and data sets including wind, air temperature, precipitation, waves, tides, flow discharge, currents, sediments, water temperature, water quality and salinity instantaneously in space and time in Ha Long Bay. Methods or tools have been investigated to formulate flow field in Ha Long Bay, and the flow and temperature fields have been calculated inside and outside of the bay using the 3-dimensiona. We made some systematic attempts to correlate the water movement with the geometry of Ha Long Bay and the tidal characteristics using field data. Observations will be carried out by Hanoi Water Resources University to furnish proof of the important connection of river discharge and tidal flow. The Coastal and Ocean Engineering Department measured winds, currents, water level, and water parameters such as temperature, density and etc at several locations in Ha

Long Bay. (18) Physically Based Distributed Flood Runoff Model for Urban Catchments using a Polygon Feature Data Hideo Amaguchi and Akira KAWAMURA In urbanized area such as Tokyo, it is difficult to construct new surface flood ways. Though constructions of underground flood ways and underground regulating reservoir are an effective means of solving the problem of urban flooding, these kinds of facilities take a large amount of cost. Hence, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive approach such as river basin measures and damage mitigation measures. In this study, a physically based distributed urban flood runoff using a polygon feature data is proposed. The polygon feature data are used to parameterize complicated land use patterns in the urban drainage basin for the modeling. It is shown how various land use, streets, drainage and river systems are used as input to a coupled hydraulic and hydrological model. The model is applied to an urban drainage basin in Tokyo with actual and hypothetical rainfall for 2004. It is found that the model can simulate both the rainfall-runoff process as well as inundation in the basin in a satisfactory way. (19) Flood Rainfall-Runoff Analysis for Urban Area by Storage Function Model Akira KAWAMURA, Hideo Amaguchi The progress of urbanization in the form of high-density housing land development increased the outflow into rivers, shortened the flood reach hours, and reduced the safety of rivers from flooding. With increased property values of buildings and other structures, potential damage from prolonged flooding can easily extended in the millions of dollars. Development of a practical flush flood forecasting model for urban area is desired, in which discharge/water level of a certain point of a river should be predicted real-time with high accuracy. The storage function model has been widely used for the rainfall-runoff

analysis in Japan due to the ease of expressing the nonlinear relationship of rainfall-runoff events with simple equations and its ability to provide relatively easy computation. In this study, a new storage function model considering the loss by the combined sewer system, which is mainly employed in urban metropolis, is developed. From the results of the calculated flood discharge of Kanda River, which basin area located at the center of Tokyo, using 1-minute rainfall and runoff data, the proposed model performed a good correspondence between the predicted and observed hydrographs compared with the conventional storage function models. (20) Real-Time Rainfall Runoff Forecasting by Kalman Filter Akira KAWAMURA, Hideo Amaguchi The flood forecasting is essential to prevent or deal with the damages caused by the flood events. Daily basis low flow forecasting is also important from the environmental viewpoint. The storage function model for the food runoff forecasting and the tank model for the low flow forecasting have been widely used for the rainfall-runoff analysis in Japan due to the ease of expressing the nonlinear relationship of rainfall-runoff events with simple equations and its ability to provide relatively easy computation. In this study, real time rainfall runoff forecasting approach by Kalman filter is formulated for both two-valued storage function model and four-stage tank model. These models are applied to observed flood events and daily river discharge data. The results show that the real time forecasting by these methods is more accurate than the conventional approach, which fix the model parameters during the flood event or low flow period. (21) Statistical Characteristics of Southern Oscillation and Its Correlation Analysis with Precipitation in Japan and Korea Akira KAWAMURA The impacts of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on climate are widespread and extend far beyond the tropical Pacific. The phenomenon can be characterized by Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) which is derived from values of the monthly mean sea level pressure barometric difference

between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia. Its best-known extreme is the El Nino event. Several studies have tried to link SOI and observed precipitation in Korea and Japan. However, so far no clear relationship between the SOI and the precipitation in the area has been found. First, in this study, for the long-term data since 1866 general statistical characteristics of SOI and the data from which it is derived are studied as guidance when using SOI for other analyses. Second, categorized SOI are used to reveal quantitative and statistically significant influence on monthly precipitation at Busan in Korea and at Fukuoka in Japan. Monthly precipitation data were transformed to cubic root and nonexceedance probability time series. Correlation between the categorized SOI and transformed precipitation was calculated. The results show that significant correlation is at hand. Significant correlation at the 1% level was obtained with lag time of four months under the “Strong La Nina” category at both stations. The results show that southern Korea and southern parts of Japan are located in the same or very close influence range of SOI. (22) Analysis of Chaotic Hydro-meteorological Time Series and Its Prediction methodology Akira KAWAMURA Recent studies that consider the chaotic behavior of time series, such as sunspots, have indicated that better predictions can be made using developments in dynamical systems theory. There is now considerable interest in identifying chaos in natural or experimentally observed time series. If a time series can be identified as deterministic chaos, then the knowledge of its underlying characteristics would make short-term predictions possible by setting the system on a fractal trajectory. In this study, the monthly time series of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is analyzed to examine its chaotic characteristics. Three schemes, moving average, low-pass filter and nonlinear smoothing, were used to reduce noise and enhance chaotic properties. Three chaos-oriented properties were then examined. As a result, no significant signs of chaotic behavior were found for

either the noise reduced SOI time series or the raw one. Although it contains long-term periodicity, the SOI time series is considered to be stochastic rather than chaotic from the point of dynamical systems theory. On the other hand, to predict the nonlinear and chaotic behavior of sunspot time series, the problem of reconstructing underlying system equations is studied. Using the proposed procedure, results show that predictions on an average up to eight months ahead can be made with good agreement for sunspot time series after identifying the governing system equations. Safety and Disaster Prevention Field (1) Reduction of Environmental Impact due to Construction of Concrete Structures Atsushi UENO and Kimitaka UJI a) Research on Concrete Using Mineral Admixtures We have to use mineral admixtures, such as fly ash or blast furnace slag powder, for concrete making material (as binder) to realize the sustainable development in construction field. It should be noted that the properties of each material is quantitatively investigated. In this study, we investigated influence of mixture proportion and curing conditions on carbonation and mass transportation of mortar containing fly ash. b) Effective Use of Finer Materials from Crushing Stone Factory Operation Although, finer materials from crushing stone factory operation are usually treated as by-products, it has a possibility of concrete making material as improving the qualities of by-products-concrete. The extraction of influencing factor on the concrete qualities is necessary to use the material for concrete. In this study, we investigated the influence of liquid limit, restrained water ratio, specific surface area and sedimentary thickness in water on fluidity of mortar containing various types of finer materials. c) Research on Eco-cement Concrete Industrial production of Eco-cement in Tama area has been started in 2006. This new type cement is expected as ecological cementing material because

it's made from city waste ashes. Main elements using Eco-cement is steam cured pre-cast concrete products. Noise and vibration during production of pre-cast concrete are also serious problems for the industry. Therefore, We investigated the influence of thermal histories on strength development of Eco-cement high fluidity concrete. d) Quality Improvement of Crushed Fine Aggregate-Concrete by using Copper Slag Fine Aggregate We often make concrete using some by-products in these days. However, the relatively higher or equal qualities or performances of concrete using by-products are necessary to real effective use of by-products. Therefore, we investigated effects of copper slag fine aggregate having modified particle shape on reduction of unit water content of concrete using crushed sand, and consequently on improvement of bleeding. e) Compactibility of Extremely Dry Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate Recycled aggregate made from demolished concrete structure is recommended to new concrete for conservation of natural resources in these days. However, the concrete tends to shrink significantly with drying because of lower stiffness of recycled aggregate particle with attaching paste or mortar to original aggregate particle. Smaller volume of new paste volume or dense paste phase contributes the dimensional stability of recycled aggregate concrete. This concrete is extremely dry concrete. Then, we investigate compactibility of the extremely dry concrete as a first step. (2) Improvement of new test method for absorption of fine aggregate Atsushi Ueno and Kimitaka UJI Reliable absorption of fine aggregate is essential for making durable concrete structure. Because the control of water or liquid content in concrete is indispensable for control of microstructure of concrete. Although, the test method is specified in JIS, this method is often unsuitable for new fine aggregates having angular or completely spherical shape, non-broad PSD, high density, containing high volume of finer particles, and so on. Therefore, we developed new test method based on electric resistance of fine aggregate

with moisture condition. However, the new method requires relatively higher amount of sample or a little complicated operation. Then, we basically investigate to revise the method. (3) Evaluation of Constructing Performance of Concrete Kimitaka UJI and Atsushi UENO Many concrete structures are directly constructed at the site. That is, in addition to mixture proportion of concrete, construction itself significantly affects durability of the concrete structure. In this study, we investigate apparent viscosity of concrete or segregation resistance based on the shape-changing property of concrete under impact vibration condition. (4) Shear Behavior of Pre-cast Reinforced Concrete Products Kimitaka UJI and Atsushi UENO Pre-cast reinforced concrete product has generally smaller than 100-mm thick, also the cover thickness is very small. Therefore, the concept based on the ordinary reinforced concrete members larger than 200 mm thickness can not be adapted to pre-cast concrete products. In the future, the pre-cast concrete products may be evaluated in accordance with required performance verification. In this study, the minimum thickness of products being able to fulfill as a reinforced concrete, the evaluation method for crack width, shear resisting behavior, and the equation of flexural crack strength were investigated to clear the mechanical behavior of the pre-cast concrete products. We investigated the load bearing behavior of the concrete beam having the dimension like precast concrete products and containing finer reinforcement bars. (5) Prediction Method of Concrete Deterioration by Electrochemical Inspection Kimitaka UJI and Atsushi UENO The electrochemical methods, e.g., half-cell potential and polarization resistance, are popular ones for the evaluation of the corrosion of reinforcing bar in concrete. But its accuracy and limitation are not verified; furthermore,

the results of electrochemical measurement and actual corrosion situation are different on the whole. In this study, the accuracy of their results is discussed with the results of electrical acceleration test in which the chloride ion was penetrated into concrete. From the test results, there are good agreements between the judgment of electrochemical methods and the actual corrosion situation under the corrosive environment. But in the case of durable concrete, which have low water cement ratio and large cover thickness, the non-destructive test results does not correspond with the destructive test results. If the density of chloride ion at the reinforcing bar is over 2.0 kg/m3, the passive films will be destroyed. And if the density of chloride ion is over 4.0kg/m3, the corrosion of their reinforcing bars may be start in this accelerating method. (6) Evaluation Method for Properties of Grouting Materials Kimitaka UJI and Atsushi UENO Recently, grout injection method has been adopted for the repair or retrofitting of existing structures using jacket plate around the structure. It is most important to fulfill the space between structure and plate. J-shape funnel, which mainly evaluate the viscosity of mortar or paste, is generally used in actual quality examination. But, the properties of fluidity and anti-segregation can not be adequately evaluated. In this study, evaluation method for injection properties was investigated based on fluidity and anti-segregation. (7) Mitigation for Urban Disasters Shunkichi KOSAKA We are going to just advance research about the human damage generated at the time of a disaster, human action, and the restoration process of the damage areas and the measure of the mitigation for disasters. (8) Elementary study on a countermeasure for the tunnel & underground structures against earthquake (continue) Takahiro IWATATE

Seismic responses and interactions between the existing concrete pier with pile foundation and near to the new-constructed shield tunnel due to strong earthquake motions, were evaluated by the numerical analyses using three dimensional FEM Method (TDAP). (9) Investigation of damages caused by the 2008 Sichuan (Wenchuan) earthquake in China Takahiro IWATATE, Mitsutoshi YOSHIMINE and Yoshiya ODA The Sichuan earthquake occurred on May 12 in China. We carried out investigation of damages caused by the Sichuan earthquake. To understand the relation between damages and seismic characteristics of surface ground, microtermors observation was also carried out around the focal point. (10) The seismic characteristics of surface ground of Zushi-site (continue) Takahiro IWATATE, Yoshiya ODA To clarify the surface ground motion characteristics at Zushi site which has irregular ground condition, the horizontal and vertical array earthquake observations were performed at the five stations on the ground surface and one base rock (-26m depth) in Zushi-site. In 2006, 10 earthquakes were recorded. From these data, seismic characteristics of the surface ground in Zushi-site were clarified. Moreover, the liner and nonlinear two dimensional and three dimensional seismic response analyses were performed using observed earthquake data at bedrock for input motions, and estimate the acceleration responses of the surface ground. (11) Seismic Interferometry Using Microtremor Data Yoshiya ODA Seismic interferometry method is a way to make pseudo-seismic data from correlating data observed at seismic-stations. In this study, we have applied seismic interferometry method to microtremor data (background noise). As the results of the field study, we obtained phase velocity of surface wave corresponding with the velocity obtained from active source (hammer shot)

(12) Estimation of seismic intensity using only one seismic stations and microtremor data Yoshiya ODA To estimate high dense distribution of seismic intensity soon after an earthquake, we have developed new estimation method using only one seismic station, microtremor data and geomorphologic classification. We applied this new method to the Yokohama City. As the results we have obtained high dense seismic intensity distribution corresponding with the observed seismic intensities. (13) Development of geophysical exploration method using earthquake waveform Yoshiya ODA To estimate subsurface structure with high accuracy, we have been developing a new inversion method with simulated annealing using earthquake waveform. By a numerical study, we obtained higher accuracy results than conventional method using travel time data. (14) Effect of Domain Size and Constitutive lows of Finite Element Method for Shallow Tunneling on surface subsidence Kazuo NISHIMURA and Tsuyoshi DOMON The analytic region size of finite element method on shallow tunnel excavations is one of the difficult issues in urban geotechnical engineering. In urban areas, subsidence of the surface caused by shallow tunneling is analyzed using FEM to estimate the validity of the design and possible damage on neighboring structure, but the simulated value of subsidence strongly depends upon the size of domain of analysis. This study is planned to verify the effectiveness of analytic region size of finite element method by parametric studies. Furthermore the effects of constitutive lows of ground material are studied. This research is completed. This study is pursued.

(15) Simplified Model for Bolted Tunnels Considering the Interaction Between Rock Mass and Bolts Tsuyoshi DOMON and Kazuo NISHIMURA We started establishment of the simplified design method for various bolting tunnels such as forepoling bolt, long face bolt and rock bolt had common mechanism dependent on an adhesion characteristic between rock mass and bolts. At first, we considered the correlation of between the adhesion character and reinforcement effect based on model tests. The results are the following. It is found that the design of installation numbers with character (normalized factor of bolt's frictional length) was more effective than with installation density. And the face bolt is cut and installed simultaneously with excavation and it is effective on the horizontal displacement. Therefore, the additional reinforce method is required. (16) Seismic Response Analysis on Tunnel Lining in the Ground with Topographic Irregularity Kazuo NISHIMURA and Tsuyoshi DOMON Many compressive failures at the crown of tunnel concrete lining along the tunnel axis were observed in the Niigata Chuuetsu earthquake, which occurred in 2004. This deformation mode, which derives the predominant compressive stress of the crown of lining, can't be occurred in the ordinary seismic ground shear motion. Defects of lining, caused by poor construction works, are inefficient as the causal factor of the extensive compressive failure of tunnel lining. We considered the main cause for this failure mode is the influence of topographical irregularity of the ground. We investigate the behavior seismic response of ground with topographical irregularity by dynamic analysis. This study is pursued. (17) Frame Analysis Model on Tunnel Lining Kazuo NISHIMURA and Tsuyoshi DOMON Frame model of tunnel lining is useful for estimate the stress resultants in

loading process. In case tunnels in service are unloaded by cutting the overburden caused by adjacent constructions such as a cut and cover tunnel or foundations of a structure, ordinary frame model is unavailable. The aim of this study is proposal of the frame model that is available though all stage from loading under construction to unloading in service. The new model is based on superposing of loading step and unloading step, with two different coefficients of soil reaction. This study is pursued. (18) A Consideration about Utilization Form of Underground Shopping Malls Kazuo NISHIMURA and Tsuyoshi DOMON We think about the ideal method of the underground shopping malls so that it is inflected for a long time not only I make underground shopping malls newly, and it is necessary to know a problem from the present conditions of the underground shopping malls. In this study we had a long commencement of practice period although being small and investigated it for the underground shopping malls that I administered with the underground shopping malls that I had abolished to consider the practical use method of the current underground shopping malls. We got the next conclusion; 1. In the underground shopping malls, influence by neighboring environmental changes is big. 2. It is important that the ground and underground are developed for unification. (19) Seismic Risk Management System Fumio NAGASHIMA Cultural heritages are indispensable for understanding the history and culture of human beings. Tokyo, the capital of Japan, has more than 8,000 cultural heritages including 2,410 cultural properties designated by the national government. It is important to protect and preserve these cultural heritages, which allow us to understand accurately the history and culture of Japan. Moreover, once a cultural heritage is lost, it is difficult to restore it, and it takes a tremendous amount of labor and cost even if it can be restored. Developing a risk management system is vital to protect effectively the more than 6,000 cultural heritages in Tokyo from natural hazard to enable the

passing on of these valuable cultural heritages to the next generation. In this study, an approach for the risk assessment of cultural heritages against seismic disasters, including fires, floods, and landslides, is proposed. The risk assessment of cultural heritages was carried out using a database of our own composition, local hazard maps and risk filters. In this year, we developed information retrieval and exchange system for disaster mitigation of cultural heritages using Web-GIS. (20) Seismic Design of the Bridge Structures Fumio NAGASHIMA a) Restoring force characteristics of aged rail columns of the railway overbridge was determined by analyzing seismic resistance obtained by cyclic loading tests. The tests were performed on a single aged rail column under constant axial force. And the hysteresis curves were determined appropriately using power functions. b) Shear force generated in the interface of steel base plate and epoxy bond layer plays an important role to prescribe adhesive performance of the Consolidated Carbon Fiber Plate (CCFP) retrofitted joint. In this year, we carried out shearing tests of adhesive bond under coupling force loading with two parameters of roughness of the steel surface and thickness of the adhesive bond．And we confirmed that there were two major patterns of the adhesive failure. One was cohesion failure and another was adhesive failure. Moreover, we examined about appropriate FEM model with two adhesive layers which was able to simulate the two patterns of adhesive failure. And we found that the two failure patterns can be simulated by setting different limit shear strengths to a surface between metal and adhesive and to an intermediate surface of adhesive layers. c) Seismic performance of base-isolated road bridge has been observed for more 16 years since 1991 in Fukushima prefecture. And we obtain 27 earthquake records and multi-point simultaneous observation records of PC road bridge with two continuous spans supported by high-damping rubber bearings. The effect of the seismic isolation was confirmed by the seismic data analyses including particle trace lines and displacement waveforms

calculated by numerical integration technique. (21) Shock and Impact Problems Fumio NAGASHIMA There are various types of impulsive loads acting on the lifeline structures. For example, the collisions with vehicles, a vessel, an aircraft and a falling rock are the case of solid impact, while the gust, tornado and Tsunami are the case of fluid impact. Moreover, there is a hybrid type impact such as debris. Although the occurrence probability of the impact destruction problem is very rare and the behavior is much complicated to analyze, it is one of the important problems that we have to solve immediately from now on, since impact load has enormous destructive power that most likely brings big disaster. Collision accident to an aged railway bridge girder obstructing train services occasionally occurs due to the collision by the construction vehicle exceeding the limited height passing under the railway bridge. In this year, using a multipurpose FEM code LS-DYNA, we analytically investigate the effects of the damage level and the impact deformation pattern on the load carrying capacities of the riveted steel girders. (22) Development of Cyber Dummy for Evaluating Human Body Damages Fumio NAGASHIMA One of the most important problems in investigations of natural disasters such as earthquakes and man-made disasters such as collisions between automobiles or ships or accidents involving crowds is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying injury or death. The ultimate purpose of this research is to present the development of a finite element anthropometric model (cyber dummy) that provides more accurate data about trauma than the current crash dummies used in automotive safety engineering. Ethical issues and the complicated shapes of the parts of the human body are considerable obstacles to the creation of cyber dummies. In this research we propose a procedure for transforming data and producing finite elements to create just such a model. Commercially available anthropometric data (DXF

format) is processed, enabling closed spline curves to be used to fit the morphology of any given body structure. These closed spline curves are then automatically meshed in a standard application for producing a finite element model. The resulting solid model can be used to analyze trauma incurred during events such as collisions.