2012/7/17

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Kenji Kawashima National Institute of Animal Health, NARO,JAPAN

Overview of Pig Diseases in the Region

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Contents

Brief introduction

Important pig diseases in Asia

FMD (Foot-and-Mouth Disease)

CSF (Classical Swine Fever)

Highly pathogenic PRRS

(Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome)

OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Control

of Animal Diseases

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No. of Pigs in the World

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

ROK

JPN

VietNam

Thailand

Philippines

Lao peaple's

Australia

Increase of pig number in the Region

FAO 2009

Asia Europe

North America

Central and South

America Africa

Oceania

(940 million pigs)

3 FAO

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 year

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

B US $ (1US $=¥100)

Nipah M’sia 4mil

Modification of FAO, OIE data

CSF Belgium 1-3mil

CSF Neth 23mil

FMD Korea

2.7mil(2000) 2.2mil(2002)

30mil (2010/2011)

FMD Japan 1mil (2000) 24mil (2010)

Economical damage at outbreak of animal disease

FMD Japan

Korea

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Recent World FMD Situation (2008-2012.6)

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Map; Modification of MAFF HP

http://www.maff.go.jp/j/syouan/douei/katiku_yobo/k_fmd/index.html

Figure; NIAH HP

http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/niah/fmd/explanation/028210.html

FMD free countries without vaccination

FMD free countries with vaccination

Countries with FMD

Countries with outbreak after 2008 in not

FMD-free countries (OIE)

A

O

Asia1

C

SAT3

SAT1

SAT2

Serotype of FMDV

Emergence of Pandemic FMDV

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102

103

104

105

106

107

108 V

iral sheddin

g

Detector

Amplifier

Minimum Infectious Dose

Pig is the amplifier of FMDV

Viral shedding of cattle and pig

Cattle Pig

101.0 ID50 102.6 ID50 7

Density of farms and outbreak of FMD in Miyazaki

Cattle farms Pig farms

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OIE (May, 2012)

Outbreak of CSF

Outbreak of CSF

Limited outbreak of CSF

Free from CSF and export of pork to Japan

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Classical Swine Fever (CSF)

• What disease?

• An infectious disease of pigs and boars

caused by CSF virus.

• The mortality rate is almost 100%

(Difference among strains)

• Diagnosis

• Symptoms are fever, anorexia,

leukopenia, diarrhea, limb paralysis, etc.

• Hemorrhagic lesions on spleen, kidneys

and bladder are characteristic.

• Viral isolation, Immunofluorescence

method(IF), PCR, ELISA

CSFV IF

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History of CSF in Japan

First outbreak of CSF

Starting of vaccination with GP live vaccine

Drastic decrease of outbreaks of CSF by the live vaccine

Increase of outbreaks of CSF by decreasing the vaccination

Last outbreak of CSF（Kumamoto pref.）

Starting of CSF eradication program

Principal prohibition of CSF vaccination（October）

Complete prohibition of CSF vaccination （April）

（A new guideline for keeping CSF-free condition）

Declaration for eradication of CSF （April）

1888

1969

1970s

1980s

1992

1996

2000

2006

2007

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

No. o

f outb

reaks (head)

vaccin

ation r

ate

(%)

Last

outbreak (1992)

Eradication

Program

GP live vaccine (GPE- strain) Inactivated vaccine

(with formalin or crystal violet)

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GP vaccines manufactured in Japan

Virulent ALD strain

142 passages in swine testicle cells

36 passages in bovine testicle cells

32 passages in guinea pig kidney cells

GPE- strain

Three Biological Markers:

E marker ; Negative for END phenomenon

G marker ; Grow well on Guinea pig cell culture

T marker ; Grow well at a low Temperature (30oC) 12

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Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic PRRS

2006 May

2006 June～July

2006 August

2007

Outbreak of HP-PRRS

2008

2010

DAH, NCVD, Vietnam

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Where differ between HP-PRRS and conventional type?

High fever (41.5°<)

Fatal disease with the mortality

of more than 20%

Death of pregnant sow : 10 to

30%

Severe pneumonia and

hemorrhage in various organs

14 DAH, NCVD, Viet Nam

http://www.prrspective.com.cn/upload/down/7a57a5a743894a0e/2009031916462014137.pdf

DAH, NCVD, Viet Nam

2012/7/17

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Issue in HP-PRRS

Done by Inoculums Animals

(age)

Clinical outcome

Lesions Reference Severe Disease

Mortality

China Isolated virus (Chinese virus)

SPF (5wks) Yes 100%

(12/12) Similar to field cases

Plos One 2007a (2) e526- EID 13(9), 1434-1436, 2007 (60days) Yes 100% (5/5) No description

USA (USDA)

Isolated virus (Vietnam 2007)

SPF (4-6wks)

Moderate 0%

(0/3) Similar to regular type of PRRS Transboundary

and Emerging Diseases, 57(5), 315-329, 2010 Tissue

homogenate SPF (4-6wks)

Yes 100% (3/3)

Bacteremia (Streptococcus equi)

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Experiment of HP-PRRS

Undetermined pathogenesis of the virus

Difficulty of reproduction for fatal disease in experimental study

Conflicting results in previous experimental infections

Mixed infection with other pathogens in field cases

Purpose of this experiment

Development of good experimental model

To reproduce clinical manifestation similar to field disease

To examine pathogenesis of the virus

To evaluate vaccine efficacy

Experimental procedure

4 weeks SPF piglets were inoculated with Vietnamese isolate of HP-

PRRSV by nasal route

Observation of clinical signs and viral load

Postmortem examination at 3, 7, 14, 21days after inoculation

Experiment 1

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Body temperature and viral load

℃

17 Days post-inoculation

HP-PRRSV

Classical PRRSV

Days post-inoculation

HP-PRRSV

37.5

38.5

39.5

40.5

41.5

42.5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Uninfected control

Comparison of pneumonia

Normal NA type of PRRSV HP-PRRS

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Purpose of this study and experimental procedure

To look at contact infection

Five 4-weeks SPF piglets were combined with the five infected piglets

with HP-PRRSV at 4 days after inoculation

Results

All animal developed high fever, loss of appetite and lethargy, and died

within 12 days after contact exposure.

Hemorrhage in various organs

E.coli and Campyrobacter jejuni were isolated in heart, liver, kidney and

brain.

Experiment 2

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Further works on HP-PRRS

Analysis of pathogenicity of the virus

To develop new methods for control

Establishment of international laboratory network in Asian countries

Information sharing

Sustainable technical development

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OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Control

of Animal Diseases and Related Veterinary Product

Assessment in Asia

National Veterinary Assay Laboratory National Institute of Animal Health

http://niah.naro.affrc.go.jp/index.html

http://www.maff.go.jp/nval/english/ 21

As the national human and training resorce organisation for diagnosis and control of

animal diseases and related veterinary products assessment, the NIAH and the

NVAL have been hosting many foreign government technical officers or dispatching

their staff as experts to foreign countries with support from MAFF and another

related government organisation, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

International contribution of NIAH & NVAL

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Outbreak investigation and epidemiological studies

Development, improvement and evaluation of diagnostic tests

Surveillance and control of animal diseases

Quality control of veterinary products

Monitoring of antibiotic resistant bacteria

Contribution to international animal hygiene activities by OIE

and other international organisations

Cooperative studies with other organisations

Convening of international scientific meetings and workshops

Hosting of researchers and technicians from foreign countries

Details of activities and services in the Collaborating Centre

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Our areas of expertise for diagnosis and control of diseases and veterinary products

1.Vesicular diseases

2.Animal influenza

3.Vector-borne diseases

4. Other viral infectious diseases such as PRRS

5. Assessment of related veterinary products

OIE Reference Laboratories;BSE, CSF, Equine Infectious

Anemia, Swine Influenza

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Start of FMD Vaccination Program in Laos Under activity of OIE Collaborating Centre

• Japan will provide the new lot of FMD vaccine from September, 2012 •NIAH is going to propose its scientific collaboration of FMD vaccine immunology under OIE laboratory twinning with FMD Laboratory .

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OIE/JTF sub-Project

Bluetongue [ruminants]

Bovine ephemeral fever [ruminants]

Japanese encephalitis

Akabane disease [ruminants]

Ibaraki disease

Aino virus infection

Chuzan disease

Febrile illness

Abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, congenital abnormalities

Abortion, stillbirth [pigs]

Febrile illness, neurological disorders [horses]

Febrile illness

Transmitted by

Culicoides biting

midges

Transmitted by mosquitoes

Arbovirus = Arthropod-borne virus

(Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, culicoides biting midges, etc.)

Arbovirus surveillance Arboviral Diseases of Livestock in Asia

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Extensive Field Investigation of the unknown blood sucking insects-mediated virus in Southeastern Asia

2009-2012 1. Sharing information about arboviral diseases of livestock

Seminar and discussion at NIAH-Thailand

2. Training and discussion at Kyushu Research

Station, NIAH-Japan

3. A preliminary study in Thailand

Collection of Culicoides biting midges in cattle/goat farms

by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)

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Highly pathogenic PRRS

• Animal Disease Control Project ; 2008-2010 by JICA ・Epidemiological study for PRRS in Vietnam

・Workshop for training on PRRS in 2010

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Summary

Control for pig diseases such as FMD, CSF

highly pathogenic PRRS is a big issue in our

regions to improve pork productivity.

We are developing laboratory network to

control pig diseases in Asia

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