Upload
haroon56
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
1/32
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
2/32
Historical Overview ofPersonal Computers
In light ofPerformance Parameters
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
3/32
SEQUENCE
Scope & Objectives Introduction to PCs
Performance Measure
Performance Parameters
Major Limitations
Solutions
Clock Doubling
Cache Memory Pipelining Instructions
Multibus Systems
Historical Overview of Intel PCs
8086 to Pentium-III
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
4/32
The Scope And Objective is toBriefly Discuss the Technological
Factors Leading to Advancementsin PCs Performance and to Analyze
the Salient Features of PCs over
the Last Two Decades
SCOPE & OBJECTIVE
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
5/32
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory Unit
Interconnecting Network
Input Output Devices
INTRODUCTION
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
6/32
Same Hardware Environment
Same Software Environment
Same Operating System
Number of Instructions Executed in a
Specified Time
PERFORMANCE MEASURE
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
7/32
CPU Fetches Instruction from RAM
CPU Decodes Instruction
CPU Fetches Data (If Required)
CPU Performs required Operation
CPU Stores result back into RAM
STEPS INVOLVED
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
8/32
CPU Execution Speed
Decoding Time
Operation Time
Memory Read / Write Time
RAM Speed
Bus Speed
PERFORMANCEPARAMETERS
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
9/32
Single CPU Clock System CPU and Devices have Different Rates
RAM Speed
No where Close to CPU Speed
System Bus Speed
Low Bandwidth (Data Rate) Input / Output Devices Speed
Variety of Devices (FDD, HDD, CDD)
MAJOR LIMITATIONS
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
10/32
Single CPU Clock System Clock Doubling Concept
RAM Speed
Cache Memory
System Bus Speed
Pipelining Concept (RISC) Input / Output Devices Speed
Multiple Bus Architectures
SOLUTIONS
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
11/32
High Internal Clock
For CPU
Low External Clocks
For RAM
For Buses
CLOCK DOUBLING
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
12/32
High Speed Memory
Level - 1 Cache
Level - 2 Cache
Level - 3 Cache
Low Capacity due to High Cost
CACHE MEMORY
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
13/32
CACHE MEMORY (Contd)
Mother Board of PC
CPU IC Pack
CPU Chip
L-1 Split Cache
L-2 Unified Cache
L-3 Cache RAM
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
14/32
Information Flow
CACHE MEMORY
I/ODevices
RAMCache
L-3
Cache
L-2
Cache
L-1- I
Cache
L-1- D
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
15/32
RISC Computers
Five Stages of Instruction Pipelining
Instruction Fetch Instruction Decode
Fetch Operands
Execute Instruction
Store Result
PIPELINING CONCEPT
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
16/32
PIPELINING CONCEPT
Time
Inst
T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8
1 Fetch Dec Data Exe
2 Fetch Dec Data Exe
3 Fetch Dec Data Exe
4 Fetch Dec Data Exe
5 Fetch Dec Data Exe
Time for One Inst
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
17/32
MULTIBUS ARCHITECTURE
Level 2
Cache
CPU
P-II
PCI
Bridge
Main
Memory
ISA
Bridge
SCSI USB
Mouse K/B
VGAIDE
Disk
Mon
itor
Modem Sound
Card
Printer
Cache BusLocal Bus Memory Bus
PCI Bus
ISA Bus
PCISlot
ISA
Slot
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
18/32
ISA Bus 20 Address Lines 8 Data Lines
8.33 MHz Speed Max BW = 16.7 MB/Sec
Extended ISA Bus
32 Address Lines 16 Data Lines
8.33 MHz Speed
Max BW = 33.3 MB/Sec
BUS CHARACTERISTICS
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
19/32
PCI Bus
High Speed = 33 MHz
Up to 64 Data Lines
Max BW = 264 MB/Sec
or 2.112 Gbps Backward (ISA) Compatibility
BUS CHARACTERISTICS
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
20/32
HistoricalOverview
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
21/32
1978 : 8080 Based PC 16 Bit CPU / System Bus
Speed 4.77 MHz
Hardware (mother board) 8 Bits
1980 : 8088 Based PC
16 Bit CPU Internally 8 Bit Data Bus Externally
Speed 4.77 MHz
Hardware Compatible
Ist Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
22/32
1982 : 80286 Based PC
16 Bit CPU / System Bus
Speed 6 - 12 MHz Hardware 16 Bits
Four Times Faster Than 8088
Backward Compatible
2nd Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
23/32
1985 : 80386 Based PC Intel Microprocessor
32 Bit CPU
Speed 16 - 33 MHz
Windows Became Possible
Multitasking Environment
Cloned PCs Emerged
AMD, Cyrix
Speed 40 MHz
3rd Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
24/32
1985 : 80486 Based PC
32 Bit CPU / System Bus
8 KB L-1 Cache
Pipelining of Instructions
Speed 75 - 100 MHz
4th Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
25/32
1993 : Pentium PC
Superscalar PC
Parallel Processing
64 Bit Data Processing
16 KB L-1 Cache Speed 100 - 200 MHz
Bus Speed Limited to 66 MHz
5th Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
26/32
1997 : Pentium MMX PC Superscalar PC
64 Bit Data Processing
32 KB L-1 Cache
New Set of Instructins
57 New Instructions for Graphics Speed 166 - 233 MHz
Bus Speed Limited to 66 MHz
5th Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
27/32
Pentium Pro PC 4 Stage Parallel Pipelining
256 KB L-2 Cache
New Set of Instructins
RISC Concept with
CISC Backward CompatibilityBus Speed Limited to 100 MHz
6th Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
28/32
Pentium II PC 7 Stage Pipelining
4 Parallel Execution Units
Two Split 16 KB L-1 Cache
256 KB L-2 Unified Cache
New Set of Instructins MMX Instructions Included
Speed 233 - 300 MHz
6th Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
29/32
Celeron PC
Same as Pentium II
L-2 Cache Chopped Away
Inexpensive for Low End Users
6th Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
30/32
Pentium III (Katamai) PC
Katamai New Instructions Set
70 New Instructions
Additional Registers for CPU
Speed 500 - 866 MHz
7th Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
31/32
Pentium III (CuMine) PC
Katamai New Instructions Set
Integrated L-2 Cache
Operable at Full CPU Speed
Data Bus 256 Bits Speed 600 1000 MHz and Above
System Bus Speeds 100 - 133 MHz
7th Generation PCs
8/3/2019 Overview of Personal Computers
32/32
THANK YOU