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Overview of Insurance Operations
Types of Insurers
Risk Transfer Process
Objectives of Insurers
Constraints of Achieving Objectives
Measurement of Insurer Performance
Functions Required to Meet Needs
Interdependence Among Functions
Types of InsurersLegal Form of Ownership
Proprietary Insurers
Stock Insurance Companies
Lloyds
Insurance Exchanges
Cooperative Insurers
Mutual Insurance Corporations
Reciprocal Exchanges
Captive Insurers
Risk Retention Groups and Purchasing Groups
Fraternal Organizations
Types of Insurers
Other Insurers
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
Blue Cross-Blue Shield
Banks
Pools and Associations
Governmental Insurers
Workers Compensation
Mine Subsidence
Federal Insurance Programs
Place of Incorporation and Licensing Status
Domestic - incorporated in that state
Foreign - incorporated in another state
Alien - incorporated in another country
Admitted - licensed to provide insurance in a state
Nonadmitted - operating without a license
Surplus lines brokers can place business with nonadmitted insurers if admitted insurers will not write the coverage
Principal Steps in Risk Management
1. Identify and analyze loss exposure
2. Select technique(s) to handle loss exposure
3. Implement the chosen technique(s)
4. Monitor results and implement necessary changes
Risk Transfer ProcessRisk Manager
Consultants
Insurance Agents and Brokers
Insurers
Insurance Functions
Policy contract development
Pricing
Marketing
Underwriting
Loss adjustment
Loss control
Reinsurance
Investments
Objectives of InsurersProfit ObjectiveCustomer Needs Objective
Determinants of Insurance Cost1. Losses2. Expenses3. Profit
Legal Requirement ObjectiveHumanitarian and Societal Objectives
ContributionsEmployee benefits
Constraints on Achieving Objectives
InternalEfficiencyExpertiseSizeFinancial ResourcesMiscellaneous
Market recognition
Poor reputation
ExternalRegulationPublic OpinionCompetitionEconomic ConditionsRecessionInflationInvestment resultsDistribution SystemsMiscellaneousCatastrophes
Measurement of Insurer Performance
Profit Measurement
Problems in Measuring Profitability
Catastrophes
Loss Reserve Inaccuracy
Premium Volume
Impact of Growth
Components of Profit Measurement
Expense Ratio
Loss Adjustment Expenses/Earned Premium
Other Expenses/Written Premium
Loss Ratio
Incurred Losses/Earned Premium
Components of Profit Measurement
Combined Ratio
Statutory
Incurred Losses + LAE + Incurred Expenses
Earned Premiums Earned Premiums
Trade BasisIncurred Losses + LAE + Incurred Expenses
Earned Premiums Written Premiums
Combined Ratio ExampleWritten Premium $100 million
Earned Premium 95 “
Incurred Losses and LAE 76 “
Underwriting Expenses 19 “
Statutory Combined Ratio
76 + 19 = 100%
95 95
Trade Basis Combined Ratio
76 + 19 = 99%
95 100
Components of Profit Measurement
Investment Earnings
Investment Income
Interest
Dividends
Rents
Realized Capital Gains or Losses
Unrealized Capital Gains or Losses
Operating Ratio
Combined Ratio - Investment Earnings/Earned Premium
Property-Liability Industry Profitability
Combined OperatingYear Ratio NII/EP Ratio1991 108.8 15.4 93.41992 115.7 14.9 100.81993 106.9 13.9 93.01994 108.4 13.8 94.61995 106.4 14.5 91.91996 105.8 14.4 91.41997 101.6 15.3 86.31998 105.6 14.4 91.21999 107.8 13.8 94.02000 110.4 13.7 96.7
Measurement of Insurer Performance
Meeting Customers’ Needs
Meeting Legal Requirements
Meeting Social Responsibilities
Functions Required to Meet Needs
Marketing
Underwriting
Claims
Loss Control
Reinsurance
Actuarial
Investments
Interdependence Among Functions
Marketing and Underwriting
Underwriting and Loss Control
Loss Control and Marketing
Claims and Other Departments
Actuarial and Other Departments