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8/3/2019 Overview of Immune Response 11
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After working through this lecture, you should be able to:
Explain in general term the function of the immune system.
List the components of the 2 principal types of immunity;innate/natural/non-specific immunity andadaptive/acquired/non-specific immunity.
Differentiate the characteristic features of the 2 principaltypes of immune responses.
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IMMUNE SYSTEM
The Immune System is a multi-component defense andsurveillance system whose function is to recognize selffrom non-selfand to defend the body against non-self=> immunesurveillance
The immune system must be able to differentiate
between material that is a normal component of thebody (self) and material that is not native to the bodynon-self
A highly specialized receptors present for discriminatingbetween self and non-self body components
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The discrimination between self and non-self and thesubsequent destruction and removal of foreign material
is accomplished by the two arms of the immune system
1) The innate (natural or non-specific) immune system
2) The adaptive (acquired or specific) immune system
*These two systems perform many of their functions bycooperative interactions
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ORGANIZATION OF IMMUNESYSTEM
Innate/Natural
Immunity
Specific/ AcquiredImmunity
Humoral(antibody)
Cellular(cell-mediated)
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Components that contribute to
natural immunity
Anatomical barriers
epithelium: skin, respiratory and
gastrointestinal tracts
Physiological barrierscough reflex, sneezing, flushing of
urine
Chemical barriers
interferons, transferin,
complement
Phagocytosis & inflammatory
response
INNATE/NATURALIMMUNITY
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Non-inflammatory Response
Role of external body surfaces
Skin
- consists of sheets of dry, cornified , epithelial cells
- intact skin acts as barrier to bacteria and viruses
Hair follicles and sebaceous glands
- produce antibacterial substances (fatty acids and
enzymes)
Normal microbial flora
- compete with potential pathogens
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Non-inflammatory Response
Role of internal body surfaces
Normal movement of fluids and mucous
- acts as mechanical factors for cleaning internalsurfaces of Respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal
tract, Genitourinary tract
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Response of Innate Immune System
is the first line of defense
is active at the time of infection
is divided into two stages:
1. non-inflammatory reaction (bodys static defenses)
skin, gastric pH, lysozyme in tears, saliva, mucous
2. local inflammation (promotes migration of phagocytes
and plasma protein into infected tissues)
- phagocytes respond to surface structures present
in large groups of microorganisms
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Inflammatory Reaction
Inflammation is a nonspecific response of living tissueto localize and eliminate the injurious agent
Injury may be physical, chemical or biological
In inflammatory response, specialized cells and serum
proteins move from plasma to interstitial spaces to
provide an immediate defense
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Immune Cells (Microscopic)
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ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
The acquired immune response is morespecialized thaninnate immune response
The acquired immune response involves a combination
of two mechanisms :1. Humoral immune response
2. Cell mediated immune response
They interact with one another to destroy foreign body(microorganisms, infected cells, tumor cells)
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ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
Characteristic features:
Highly specific for the invading organism
Stimulated by exposure to foreign microbes
It can respond to millions of different antigens
Enhances / amplifies the mechanisms of innate
immunity
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ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY (cont)
Provides the best defense against persistent or
recurrent microbial infections
Adapts to respond to individual microbes in specialized
ways using the mechanisms of humoral (antibodymediated) or cell-mediated response
Can be actively or passively acquired
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ImmunityInnate immunity Adaptive immunity
Humoral Cell-mediated
Components Components
Macrophages antigen presenting cells
Granulocytes T-cells
Natural killer cells B-cells
Complement Antibodies
Other chemicals: HCL, lysozyme Complement
Characteristics Characteristics* Action is immediate * Action requires days to develop
* Response is non-specific * Response is specific
* Response is not enhanced on * Response is enhanced on (memory)
repeated exposure to pathogen
(no memory)
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TOPICS
Immunecells Antigen
Antibody
ComplementHLA
IMMUNE RESPONSE
Immunity Immune Diseases
Immunodeficiency Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
Ag-Ab
Reactions
Cytokines
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References
Stites DP, Terr Al and Parslow TG. Medical Immunology. 10th Edition,
Appleton & Lange, Prentice-hall International Inc. 2001.
Roitt I, Brostoff J and Male D. Immunology. 6th Edition, Gower Medical
Publishing, London. 2001
Geo.F.Brooks, Janet S.Butel and Stephen A.Morse. Jawetz, Melnick, &
Adelbergs Medical Microbiology. 23rd Edition, McGraw-Hill. 2004.
Cedric Mims, Hazel M. Dockrell, Richard V.Goering, Ivan Roitt, Derek
Wakelin and Mark Zuckerman. Medical Microbiology. 3rd Edition, Elsevier
Mosby. 2004.
Marjorie Kelly Cowan and Kathleen Park Talaro. Microbiology A Systems
Approach. McGraw-Hill. 2006.