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Overview of DSS:Data-Rich & Data-Poor
Approaches
James W. Jones
University of Florida
August 18, 2003
Many DSS Failures• Too complex
– Content– Use – Interpretation of outputs
• Lack of data • Failure to address user needs• Time required to use it• No institutions for continued use• Lack of involvement of users in design,
development
Content
• Data-Rich Examples– Environmental Policy Example; Watershed– Field Scale, Weather/Climate Effects on Crops
• Data-Poor Examples– Watershed Development/Management– Natural Resource Management-Local Scale
• Important Issues– Institutional Aspects– Information Content
1. Policies for Watershed land use/management
• South Florida Water Management District
• ~30,000 acre watershed N of Lake Okeechobee
• Phosphorus runoff from dairies, other agricultural lands into Lake Okeechobee
• State policy led to 30% of dairies closing, changes in land use and management
• Impact assessment on recurring basis
• Data rich, but no framework to interpret it
LOADSS – Design
GIS-BASEDUSER
INTERFACE
PLAN DESIGN&
PROCESSING
MAPSAND
REPORTS
SCREEN,PRINTER
OR PLOTTER
USERS
LOADSS User Interface
REGIONAL PLAN
PHOSPHORUS MATERIAL &
ECONOMIC BUDGETS
PCP’S CREAMS-WTNON-POINT SOURCE
POINT SOURCE PCP’S PROCESS ANALYSIS
BASIN TREATMENTS PROCESS ANALYSIS
ASSIMILATION
Models & Analysis Tools
GIS Databases
Spatial Data Bases
Input Attribute Data Bases
Soils
Basin Boundaries
Land Use
Weather
Hydrology
Political Boundaries
Sampling Stations
ECONOMIC
DAIRY
HYDROGRAPHY
LAND USE
WEATHER
SOIL
POLLUTIONCONTROL
POINT SOURCES
Optimization Module
DEFINEOPTIMIZATION
GAMS OPTIMIZATION SOLVER
CONSTRAINTSOBJECTIVEFUNCTION
Impacts• Agency adoption (1993), still in use
• Watershed, impacts of changes in land use, practices on:– Phosphorus runoff into the lake– Economic activity of region– Net P accumulation
• Individual dairy, ex-ante impact assessments
• Agency RFPs
• Implementation in other watersheds
2. Water Resource Management, Rural Hillsides
• Community-based management
• Scenarios for watershed development – land use, land management– river, stream management– policy implications
• Impacts, “water security”– water supply– water demand– equity
DSS Product• GIS-based watershed model • Minimum data set (Data Poor Environment)
– Digital elevation (DEM; ~ 5 m resolution)– General land use categories (Landsat image analysis)– Soil (1: 500,000 scale)– Weather (sparse)– Socioeconomic (population distribution)
• Assess/visualize impacts of changes in land use, management, population, distribution, water management (dams)
• General applicability, different watersheds– Cabuyal, Colombia– Tascalapa, Honduras
Luijten, J. C., E. B. Knapp, and J. W. Jones. 2001. A tool for community-based assessment of the implications of development on water security in hillside watersheds. Agricultural Systems 70(2):603-622.
Menu options in Arcview GIS.Left side: general hydrological tools.Right side: SWBM-related functions.
Stream Water Balance
VRO,x
VLF,x
VUSE,x
Vx-1,x
Vx,x+1
ST,x
VUSE,x,d = VDOM,x,d + VIND,x,d + VAGR,x,d
LandStream
Vx,x+1,d = Vx-1,x,d + VRO,x,d + VLF,x,d - VUSE,x,d - STx,d
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
JAN 94 JUL 94 JAN 95 JUL 95 JAN 96 JUL 96 JAN 97 JUL 97
Flo
w R
ate
(L
/s)
Simulated
Measured
Cabuyal Watershed, Colombia, S.A.3,240 ha
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Flo
w R
ate
(L/s
)
(A) During dry season,no dams and water use
(B) During dry season, /w dams and water use
(C) After dry season, no dams and water use
(D) After dry season, /w dams and water use
Location of damsA
BD
C
N
Flow Length to Watershed Outlet (km)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
JAN 96 JUL 96 JAN 97 JUL 97 JAN 98 JUL 98 JAN 99 JUL 99
Flo
w r
ate
(L/s
)
Total River Flow
Steady Slow Flow
Measurements
Hurricane MitchFlow rate 55K L/s
Tascalapa Watershed, Honduras, 1/1/96 - 12/31/99River Flow at Watershed Outlet
Potential Impacts• Participatory Research on hillside watersheds
– Planning
– Scenario analysis
– Policy implications (dams, land use, etc.)
• Conflict resolution
Luijten, J. C., E. B. Knapp, and J. W. Jones. 2001. A tool for community-based assessment of the implications of development on water security in hillside watersheds. Agricultural Systems 70(2):603-622.Also: http://www.icasa.net
But…• No Institutional participation• No use outside research labs
3. Model-Based Field Scale DSS
• Computer Delivery– Including crop models
• Whopper Cropper (APSRU)
• PCYield (US: Florida, Iowa, Kansas, etc.)
– Pre-analyzed scenarios• SUR 95, SUR 2000 (Argentina)
• Other Delivery Methods– CIAT DSS Booklets on Soil Management
PCYield©
• Target Audience: Farmers’ Advisors• Institutional aspects: Private Company-Public Research
partnership• Crop model based, Internet access to real time weather data• Delivery, Maintenance: Private Company• Target decisions (field scale):
– What and when to plant (variety, crop)– Assessment of weather risk– When and if to irrigate– Response to unexpected events (i.e., hail damage)– Users specify scenarios to compare with their normal management
practices
Status of Some Field-Specific DSS Tools
• PCYield – Used by national crop advice company (soybean, corn, wheat), 4 years
• CIAT DSS Tools – In use in several countries by researchers
• SUR 95, SUR 2000 – Unknown
• Whopper Cropper – In use in Australia by APSRU group
4. Technology Transfer
• Systems Approach
• USAID Project, 1983-93 (IBSNAT)
• Analyze production, economic, and uncertainty indicators for management options
• Evaluate predictions using experiments in which minimum data are collected
DSS Products
• DSSAT, Field-Scale- Biophysical Models (Crop, Soil, Weather), 17 Crops
- Risk Analysis (Biophysical and Economic)
- Data Entry and Manipulation Tools
- Utilities (graphics, data entry, management,…)
- Crop Rotation Analyzer
• GIS Spatial Analysis Products – GIS-DSSAT Linkage for Region Impact Assessment
– GIS Precision Agriculture Analyzer
• Designed for Use by Researchers
Development & Dissemination• Network of developers contributing models,
analysis tools, utilities, & data
• Minimum data set defined
• Standard formats, protocols for use, exchange
• Network of testers
• Packagers, maintainers, distributors
• Trainers
Impacts• Adopted by more than 1200 researchers in 90
countries
• Impacts of climate change; used in > 8 national & international projects worldwide
• Hundreds of applications independent of developers
• Participation of CGIAR, related centers, CRSPs
Important Issues• Target Decisions, Policies• Target Users, Beneficiaries• Information Content• Development Process• Institutional aspects
– Participation of Users– Diffusion, adoption of DSS (Scaling up)– Maintenance
• Time and resource requirements