OVERVIEW ELF Electromagnetic Radiation · 2012. 4. 3. · ELF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION We can not imagine life without electricity. Consequence of Electricity Production, Transmission

OVERVIEW

ELF Electromagnetic Radiation( 30 Hz - 300 Hz )

Cytogenetics Studies

VijayalaxmiDepartment of Radiation Oncology

University of Texas Health Science CenterSan Antonio, Texas, USA.

ELF - EMF

ELFELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

We can not imagine life without electricity.Consequence of Electricity Production,

Transmission Through Power Lines & its UseChronic Exposure to

Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields

Recommended Exposure Limits:( based on electric currents induced by power frequency fields to < 10 mA/m2 )

General Public OccupationalCont. Short-term Cont. Short-term

ICNIRP - 50, 60 Hz 100 T 1000 T 500 T 5000 TNRPB - 60 Hz 1330 T 1330 TNRPB - 50 Hz 1660 T 1660 T

Most genotoxic agents are CARCINOGENS

Non-genotoxic agents ( which do NOT causedamage by themselves) can also contributeto carcinogenesis by enhancing the damageinduced by known genotoxic agents, i.e.,EPIGENETIC EFFECT

Cytogenetic Investigations

DNA Strand BreaksSSB / DSB

Chromosomal AberrationsCA

MicronucleiMN

Sister Chromatid ExchangesSCE

GENOT

OXICITY

ELF - EMF

GENOTOXIC EFFECTSand / or

EPIGENETIC EFFECTS

Literature Overview

1990 - 2003

63 Publications

Vijayalaxmi & Obe, Bioelectromagnetics., 26, 412 –430, 2005

DNA Strand Breaks / Repair

SSB / DSBHSFIn vitro1 - 24 h1.0Sin EMF50 Hz2003bIvancsits9


Whole - Body Exposure : Animals

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

6

5

4

3

2

1

SSBMice - BCeIn vivo2 h1.0MF60 Hz2002McNamee

In vitro –Human Cells

End-PointCellsExperimentExposure (m/h/d/w/y)Flux Density (mT)ModulationELF-HzYearFirst Author

SSB / DSBHSFIn vitro1 - 24 h0.02 –1.0Sin EMF50 Hz2003aIvancsits

SSB / DSBHSFIn vitro24 h0.02 –2.0Sin EMF50 Hz2002Ivancsits

SSBHBLIn vitro48 –72 h0.06 –0.25MF50 Hz2000Maes

SSBHBNIn vitro30, 45, 60 m?P-EF, DC50 Hz2000Kindzelskii

Mol AltHNCIn vitro5 –120 m200Static MF-1999Pacini

SSBHBLIn vitro1 h2, 3, 5, 7, 10MF50 Hz1999Ahuja

SSBHBLIn vitro1 h2, 3, 5, 7, 10MF50 Hz1997Ahuja

0.0002, 0.002, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2EF, MF, EMF SSBHTCIn vitro1, 4, 6, 12, 24 h50 Hz1992Fiorani

DSBMice - BCxIn vivo2h, 5d, 14 d0.5Sin MF50 Hz1999bSvedenstal

DSBMice - BCxIn vivo11, 20, 32 d0.008EMF50 Hz1999aSvedenstal

2 h

2 h

2 h

Crosslinks

SSB / DSB

SSB / DSB

Rat - WB

Rat - WB

Rat - WB

MF

MF

MF

In vivo

In vivo

In vivo

0.560 Hz1997bLai

0.560 Hz1998Singh

0.1, 0.25, 0.560 Hz1997aLai

CA, MN, SCE - 1

CAHBLIn vivo?1.9EMFOccup2001Skyberg5


4

3

2

1

3

2

1

Whole - Body Exposure : Humans

Whole - Body Exposure : Animals

MNMice - BEryIn vivo72 h2.0, 10.0Sin MF50 Hz1997Singh

MNMice - BEryIn vivo2 h/d –1, 2, 4, 90 d0.014, 0.015Sin Mf50 Hz1998Svendenstal


CA, SCEHBLIn vivo9 - 12 y0.5 –10.0EMFOccup1993Skyberg

CAHBLIn vivo??EMFOccup1993Ciccone

CA, MN, SCEHBLIn vivo5- 10 y?EMFOccup1993Valjus

CA, SCEHBLIn vivo3- 19 y?EMFOccup1993Khalil

24 h/d - 7d, 28d SCERat- BLymMF In vivo30.050 Hz1993Zwingelberg

CA, MN, SCE - 2

MNHBLIn vivo72 h2.5P-MF50 Hz2002Zeni17


16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

In Vitro Exposure : Animal and Human Cells

MNHBLIn vitro72 h0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75Sin-MF50 Hz1999Scarfi

MNHACIn vitro24, 48, 72 h0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0EMF50 Hz1998aSimko

MNHTCIn vitro24, 48, 72 h0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0EMF50 Hz1998aSimko

MNHBLIn vitro72 h1.0Sin-MF50 Hz1997cScarfi

MN (TurSynd)HBLIn vitro72 h2.5P-MF50 Hz1997bScarfi

MNHBLIn vivo72 h1.3P-MF100 Hz1997aScarfi

MNHBLIn vitro10 m?AM-MW50 Hz1995D’Ambrosio

MN, SCECHOIn vitro24 h?P-EMF60 Hz1991Livingston

CAHACIn vitro72 h0.03Sin MF50 Hz1995Galt

CA, MN, SCEHBLIn vitro48, 67 h0.03, 0.3, 1.0Sin MF50 Hz1995Paile

CACHOIn vitro24 h3000 - 9000P-EF, P-EMF?1997Jacobson-Kram

CA (CA-intmt)HABIn vitro72 h0.03, 0.3MF50 Hz1994Nordenson

SCEHBLIn vitro72 h?P-EMF60 Hz1991Livingston

CA, SCEMice - BEryIn vitro24, 48, 72 h1.05P-EMF50 Hz1991Khalil

CAHBLIn vitro24 h1, 2, 4P-EMF4.4 kHz1991Garcia-Sagredo

End-PointCellsExperimentExposure(m/h/d/w/y)Flux Density (mT)ModulationELF-HzYearFirst Author

SCEHBLIn vitro48 –72 h5.0EMF50 Hz1995Antonopoulos

CA, MNHBLIn vitro48, 72 h2.5P-EMF50 Hz1994Scarfi

48 h SCEHBLP-EMF In vitro1, 2, 44.4 kHz1990Garcia-Sagredo

DNA Strand Breaks / Repair+/- Known Genotoxic Agents

SSBRBLIn vitro3 h7.0Static, P-MF50 Hz2000Zmyslony6


5

4

3

2

1

In Vitro Exposure : Animal and Human Cells

SSB repairHBLIn vitro20, 60, 180 m0.05, 0.6, 1.0EF, MF, EMF60 Hz1992Frazier

SSBHTCIn vitro30 m5.0, 50, 400P-MF50, 60 Hz2000Miyakoshi

SSB repairCHCIn vitro20 - 300 m0.0002, 0.002, 0.2Sin-EF, MF, EMF50 Hz1996Cantoni

SSB repairCHCIn vitro5 –60 m0.0002 –0.2EF, MF, EMF50 Hz1995Cantoni

SSBHTC, HBCIn vitro1, 24 h5.0EMF50 Hz1994Fairbairn


CA, MN, SCE+/- Known Genotoxic Agents

MNHBLIn vitro72 h0.08 –0.8MF50 Hz2003Verheyen11


10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

6

5

4

3

2

1

In Vitro Exposure : Human Cells

In Vitro Exposure : Animal Cells

CAHBLIn vitro12 h0.223, 0.47, 0.7EMF50 Hz2003Hone

SCEHBLIn vitro72 h1.0, 1.5, 2.0Sin MF60 Hz2001Heredia-Rojas

CA, SCEHBLIn vitro48, 72 h0.06 - 205MF50 Hz2000Maes

MNHACIn vitro24, 48, 72 h1.0EMF50 Hz1999Simko

MNHACIn vitro24, 48, 72 h1.0MF50 Hz1998bSimko

MNHBLIn vitro72 h0.075, 0.15MF32, 50 Hz1995Tofani

CAHBLIn vitro48 h0.5, 1.0, 1.5MF60 Hz1993Hintenlang

MNHBLIn vitro72 h?Sin EF501993Scarfi

MNHBLIn vitro72 h2.5P-MF501991Scarfi

MN, SCEHBLIn vitro24 h0.8EMF60 HZ2003Cho

MNCHCIn vitro18 h????Static MF-2002Nakahara

MNSHECIn vitro24, 48, 72 h1.0MF50 Hz2001Simko

SCEMESCIn vitro42 h5.0, 50, 400MF50 Hz1999Yaguchi

CAMESCIn vitro40 h5.0, 50, 400MF50, 60 Hz2000Yaguchi

MNRTECIn vitro24 h0.1EMF50 Hz1997Lagroye


6 h MNHBLCHLCStatic MF In vitro4700?1996Okonogi

SUMMARY - 2003

32%46%22%63202914Total


CA, MN & SCEs

DNA Strand Breaks / Repair

TotalNumber of Studies Indicating DamageTest System

6

4

6

2

2

0

0

Inconclusive

611Animal Cells

640In Vitro: EMF +/- Known Genotoxic Agents

615Whole-Body: Animals

936In Vitro: Human Cells

860Whole-Body: Animals / Humans

1792In Vitro: Animals / Human Cells

In Vitro: EMF +/- Known Genotoxic Agents

1150Human Cells

No IncreaseIncrease

Variables in Investigations

Exposure Facility

Flux Density

Temperature

Duration of Exposure

Type of Exposure: Continuous / Intermittent

Cells: Stimulated / unstimulated / Quiescent / Growing

Cell Types: Human / Rodent / Primary & Cultured Cells

End-points: SSB / DSB / CA / MN / SCEs

Controls: Sham / Unexposed / Positive

Blind

Statistical Methods


Majority of the Investigations

ELF Electromagnetic Fields

No Significant Genotoxic Effect< 1.0 mT Flux Density

( safety standard )


Interpretation of data was hypothetical

Observations were NOT confirmed bySAME investigators in subsequentexperiments / studies

Independent investigators could NOTconfirm the original observations

Experimental protocols were describedin detail for independent verification

Larger sample size

Independent investigators

Independent laboratories

“Replication”& “Confirmation”studies

Scientific Weight of Evidence

NO INCREASE IN DAMAGE

INCREASED DAMAGE


Future Research

Co-ordinated

International

Multi-center

Exposure ( single laboratory ) 50 or 60 Hz

Temperature Controls

Validated Dosimetry

Flux Density 1 –10 mT

End-points SSB / DSB, CA, MN & SCE

Cell Types HBL, HSF, Tumor Cells, Inherited Syndromesetc, etc.


THANK YOUQuestions / Comments !

Documents

OVERVIEW ELF Electromagnetic Radiation · 2012. 4. 3. · ELF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION We can not imagine life without electricity. Consequence of Electricity Production, Transmission