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1. Overview 2. Asian drug market chains
• Opiates • ATS
3. Conclusions
Structure of presentation
1. Overview 2. Asian drug market chains
• Opiates • ATS
3. Conclusions
Structure of presentation
1. Based on 3 treaties: 1961, 1971, 1988 2. Objectives:
1. Protect public health
2. Ensure controlled availability for medical / scientific purposes
3. Restrict non-medical drug use 3. Near-universal adherence
4. Re-validated: 1998 (Gen. Assembly) and 2009 (CND)
The international drug control system
1. Provide reliable data and trend analysis 2. Promote norms, laws and conventions 3. Provide technical assistance
4. Promote regional cooperation 5. Advocacy on international drug control
system
Role of UNODC
Main findings
“Containment” has worked during past decade
• Opiate cultivation declines globally
• Coca/cocaine declines globally • Cultivation is limited to a few countries • Drug use stabilizes across globe Warning signs
• Resurgence of opium cultivation in SE Asia
• Soaring production, trafficking, use of ATS in SE Asia
The Big Picture
Prevalence of illicit drug use has remained stable…
Problem drug use has remained stable…
Total users
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, Vienna, June 2011.
180 185200 205 200
208
172
155 149
250 250
272
25 25 26
16 15
38 38 39
210
27
18
4.8% 4.7%4.9% 5.0%
4.8% 4.8%
4.0%
3.5%
5.8% 5.7%
6.1%
0.6% 0.6%
0.4% 0.4% 0.3%
0.9% 0.9% 0.9%
3.3%
0.6%
-‐
50
100
150
200
250
300
late 199
0s
2001
/02
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
2009
/10
late 199
0s
2001
/02
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
2009
/10
million drug
users
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
annu
al preva
lenc
e in %
of p
opulation ag
e 15
-‐64
No. of illicit drug users No of problem drug usersPrevalence of illicit drug use in % Prevalence of problem drug use in %
Total users
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, Vienna, June 2011.
180 185200 205 200
208
172
155 149
250 250
272
25 25 26
16 15
38 38 39
210
27
18
4.8% 4.7%4.9% 5.0%
4.8% 4.8%
4.0%
3.5%
5.8% 5.7%
6.1%
0.6% 0.6%
0.4% 0.4% 0.3%
0.9% 0.9% 0.9%
3.3%
0.6%
-‐
50
100
150
200
250
300
late 199
0s
2001
/02
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
2009
/10
late 199
0s
2001
/02
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
2009
/10
million drug
users
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
annu
al preva
lenc
e in %
of p
opulation ag
e 15
-‐64
No. of illicit drug users No of problem drug usersPrevalence of illicit drug use in % Prevalence of problem drug use in %
Prevalence
Tobacco use versus illegal drug use at the global level
25%
0.6%
2.5%
4.8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Current use, 2006 Annual prevalence, 2009 Current use*, 2009 Problem drug use, 2009
Tobacco Illicit drugs
* Past month use
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.
Global tobacco use (age 15+ ) versus illicit drug use among the population
age 15-64
Cannabis is the most widely produced and consumed illicit drug worldwide…
Overall opium and coca cultivation trend is declining…
250,000
222,000
151,500
201,000213,000
185,900195,700
155,900
181,600167,600
158,800150,100
262,800
235,700
159,600
221,300214,800211,700
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Opium Poppy Coca
Hectares
Global opium poppy and coca cultivation, 1990-2010
2007-2010
Opium: - 17%
Coca: -15% Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.
2000-2010
Opium: -12%
Coca: -32%
1990-2010
Opium: -26%
Coca: -29%
Opium and cocaine production is falling…
Global opium production, 2005-2010
4100
6100
82007700
6900
3600
312
315
460
410
330
580
71
108
149
325
425
137
87
81206
198
2554620
6610
88908641
7853
4860
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
mt
A fg hanistan Myanmar Mexico Others Total
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011. * For Mexico, in the absence of data for 2010, the estimate for 2009 was imputed to 2010.
Manufacture of ATS is increasing…
Source: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data / DELTA.
Global ATS trends (2009): • ATS seizures increase by 16% worldwide
• Number of ATS labs busted increases by 26%
ATS seizures show dramatic increase (Index: 1998=100), 1995-2009
Source: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data / DELTA.
190
178187
329
-‐
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Inde
x (199
8 = 10
0)
Cocaine Heroin and morphine Cannabis ATS
7,39
8
6,83
8
8,41
5
8,30
2
10,598
10,195
109
72
44
53
44
52-‐
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
All ATS Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstasy
Num
ber o
f disman
tled ATS
/ metha
mph
etam
ine la
bs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Num
ber o
f disman
tled am
phetam
ine
and ecstasy labs 2007
2008
2009
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.
Number of dismantled ATS laboratories, 2007-2009
One in 5 IDUs worldwide is HIV positive…
One in 2 IDUs worldwide is infected with Hep C…
Number of IDUs and HIV prevalence in SE Asia
• New synthetic drugs like piperazines, mephadrone and synthetic cannabinoids (like “spice”), are emerging…
• Non-medical use of prescription drugs like synthetic opioids, tranquillizers, prescription stimulants a growing health problem…
1. Overview 2. Asian drug market chains
• Opiates • ATS
3. Conclusions
Structure of presentation
OPIATES in Asia
31,70028,50027,70021,500
32,800
130,300
160,000
38100
108,700
150,100
30001,9001,6001,500
19,052 26,837
30,580
12300012 3 ,0 0 0
157,000
193,000
165,000
104,000
63,67450,800
185,900
213,000
235,700
201,000
151,500142,100
222,000
237,800
281,600 262,800
195,700
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Hectares
Myanmar Lao PDR Afghanistan Rest of the world Total
Global opium poppy cultivation, 1990-2010*
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.
-17%*
* 2010: preliminary estimates
Main heroin trafficking routes and volumes, 2009
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.
• Increasing trafficking from AFG to China and SE Asia mainly via Pakistan (starting in 2005) (p.66)
Opium poppy cultivation and production in Myanmar, 2006-2010
315
460410
330
580
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
mt
\
21,500
27,700 28,500
31,700
38,100
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Cul
tivat
ion
(ha)
.
Cultivation in ha
Production in metric tons
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.
Heroin seizures in E/SE Asia (2009)
• An estimated of 65 mt of pure Afghan heroin was trafficked to the region [mainly via Pakistan] – 25 mt to South-East Asia and 40 mt to China. (p.73)
• Heroin / morphine seizures 8.2mt (5.4mt in 2008) – first increase following 4 years of decline
Opiate use in E/SE Asia • Majority of world’s opiate users live in Asia (p.24)
• Heroin users = 2.8 – 5.0m (0.2 – 0.3% of adult population (p.50)
• Heroin main drug consumed: China, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Viet Nam (p.84)
• Heroin use stabilizing in E/SE Asia (p.50)
Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS)
Tableted methamphetamine (Yaba) Crystalline Methamphetamine (Yama)
Ecstasy (MDMA) Fake Ecstasy (BZP, ketamine, methamphetamine)
Amphetamine Group
Ecstasy Group
Notable locations of ATS manufacture and trafficking routes
Source: UNODC, 2011 World Drug Report, June 2011.
ATS trafficking in E/SE Asia
• 250% increase in meth arrests in 2004-2009
• Myanmar - spillover into neighbouring countries
• Meth routed from Africa and IR Iran
ATS consumption in E/SE Asia
• Expert perceptions = significant increase in use
• Meth: highest in Philippines, Thailand (major market), Lao PDR
• Meth: among top 3 drugs in China, Japan, Indonesia
1. Overview 2. Asian drug market chains
• Opiates • ATS
3. Conclusions
Structure of presentation
Summary of WDR
“Containment” has worked during past decade
• Opiate cultivation declines globally
• Coca/cocaine declines globally • Cultivation is limited to a few countries • Drug use stabilizes across globe Warning signs
• Resurgence of opium cultivation in SE Asia
• Soaring production, trafficking, use of ATS in SE Asia
E/SE Asia: supply concerns
1. Opium resurgence in Myanmar 2. ATS manufacture in the region is increasing 3. Methamphetamine spillover from Myanmar 4. Increased links to Transnational Organized
Crime 5. Lack of capacity and insufficient cooperation
across borders
E/SE Asia: demand concerns 1. Stabilization in use of opiates 2. Increase of use of methamphetamine (both pill and
crystalline forms) 3. Young age of methamphetamine users 4. Insufficient treatment services for ATS 5. Continued injection of heroin 6. Increased injection of methamphetamine 7. High prevalence of HIV among IDUs
STRATEGIC RESPONSES: 1. Prevention and treatment 2. Injecting drug use and HIV
3. Alternative development
4. Law enforcement
5. Judicial cooperation
Thank you
www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific