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Overseas Expansion: Chinese vs. European Approaches. Admiral Zheng He and the Ming Treasure Fleet. Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!. 1371-1435. The economic motive for these huge ventures may have been important, and many of the ships had large private cabins for merchants. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Admiral Zheng He and the Ming Admiral Zheng He and the Ming Treasure FleetTreasure Fleet
1371-1435
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!
• The economic motive for these huge ventures may have been important, and many of the ships had large private cabins for merchants.
• But the chief aim was probably political, to enroll further states as tributaries and mark the reemergence of the Chinese Empire following nearly a century of barbarian rule.
The political character of Zheng He's voyages indicates the primacy of the political elites. Despite their formidable and unprecedented strength, Zheng He's voyages were not intended to extend Chinese sovereignty overseas.
Motives — Ming / Zheng He
• More importantly, they served to transmit Chinese culture to South and Southeast Asia and the east coast of Africa.
• At the time, many of the countries of these regions were still relatively undeveloped, and therefore quite attracted to China's advanced civilization.
Motives — Ming / Zheng He
Zheng He's western voyages were not just an opportunity to carry out overseas trade.
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to
get to Asia2. Renaissance curiosity about other
lands and peoples3. Reformation refugees & missionaries4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue5. Technological advances6. Fame and fortune
New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
European Voyages of European Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”
Chinese Columbus: Fact or Fiction? • The Year China Discovered America (2002), aspires
to rewrite world history on a grand scale. • Gavin Menzies maintains that four Chinese fleets,
comprising twenty-five to thirty ships and at least 7,000 persons each, visited every part of the world except Europe between 1421 and 1423.
• According to Menzies, proof of the passage of the Ming fleets to the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia is overwhelming and indisputable.
• The following flash shows his viewpoint:
Voyages of the Treasure Fleet
Treasures from the Treasures from the Americas!Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
Result #1:
Chinese Voyages Ended
Why?
• Anti-commercialism– Agrarian economy – focused on land tax rather than
trade taxes– Institutional
• elite class came into being through fostering agriculture• merchants kept subordinate at first; later in conflict, more
conservative elements– Ideological
• Culturalism / Ethnocentrism• ancient distaste for commerce• left to eunuchs who were a despised class which made it
more distasteful to Confucians– Strategic
• Needed to focus on northern barbarians• Japanese pirates and more centralized Tokugawa Shogun
system with bakufu interrupting tribute and new products from European markets and silver flow
Chinese Culturalism• Deep resentment for the alien Mongols and all things
foreign– Lack of interest for anything outside Chinese tradition– Narrow Ethnocentrism = “Culturalism” the Middle
Kingdom• Similar to nationalism, but no nation-state arose in the
Chinese culture. • Empire and culture began to be thought of together –
thus Chinese leadership uninterested in things foreign.• Change within tradition
– No ideology of progress like in the West – Falls behind Western economic and technology
Result #2:
European Voyages Kept Escalating
Why?
• no overarching political authority in Europe to end the voyages
• rivalry between states encouraged more exploration
• much of European elite interested in overseas expansion
• China had everything it needed; Europeans wanted the greater riches of the East
• China’s food production could expand internally; European system expanded by acquiring new lands