Working with texas water

Overcoming challenges with E&P TechnologyMike bahorich29 jan 20141Overcoming challenges through Technology2Australia SeismicFracwater treatment Natural Gas Fuel

Half of seismic boats now use technologyOther half has not figured this out yetSavings to industry should be about $500MM/yearApache patented inventionApache fzb patent saving $250mm/yr

#It started with this4

Steerable streamer systems

#Fanning every line reduces potential infill#Conventional

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Broadband#APA worlds First Sim source AcquisitionSimSourceConventional75m6000m18.75m37.5mSimSource normally associated with multiple source boats (WAZ, undershoot), but in this case a single boat was used. Data can be acquired in same time as conventional flip-flop. Halves shot interval and doubles fold.SimSource sources are only near-simultaneous differ by dither which varies from shot to shot, is predefined, and covers 300ms range in this case. This enables separation.9conventional

Sim source

Autonomous nodes the future ?WesternGeco Liquid Robotics WaveGlider

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FRESH< 1000 ppm TDSTDS = Total Dissolved Solids mg/liter =SalinityUsually shallowNot necessarily drinking waterBRACKISH>1000 -5000 even 10,000 ppm

SALINE > 10, 000 ppm

PRODUCED from Oil & Gas wells, may have hydrocarbonsOften 60,000 to > 100,000 ppmSea water ~ 35,000 TDSRegulated surface handling and disposal

Water types Treatment and Value14FRESHFRESHBRACKISHSALINEPRODUCEDExplain typesNote production zones normally much deeper than first levels of saline waterBut consider any water resulting from production is produced waterIncludes flow- back

Low quality water works frac chemistry -- dictates water quality15

Metal CationsGelsFriction ReducerX-LinkerSynthetic PolymersBiggest Driver What quality of water is needed for the Frac Chemistry?When we used exclusively fresh water it was pretty easy. Predictable. No worries Some were happy to keep it that way. With produced waterChemistry can be very complex, especially with lots of different metals, organics, suspended and dissolved solids.Today we focus on both ends of the equation : Eliminating unwanted reactants from produced water avoid down-hole reactions like friction reducers suddenly becoming worthless when metal ions react with it Changing the chemistry of the frac additives so that they are not as sensitive to properties like salinity, pH, iron content, suspended solids, scale.

Chemical ReactionspH changePrecipitationScalingColloid interactionsReactive ComponentsIron (Fe)H2SSuspended solidsBarium, Magnesium, Calcite etc.Biocide

Water types: Mixing Challenges16

Sometimes mixing waters that appear even crystal clear causes all sorts of problemspH change, Precipitation, scaling, colloid chemistry interactions., Mixing water types increases complexity, risk of problems with frac efficiency. So water chemists are likely to be a lot more common working for oil companies.

1. Chemicals2. Ozone oxidation3. Nano-filtration4. Hydrocyclones5. Deionization6. UV MVR Evaporator, RO, ECand many moreNeed based Treatment17

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Permian basin alternative water sourcesCAPITAN REEFPermian Carbonate DolomiteUp to 900 feet thickFresh at surface50K TDS deepHigh flow rate ~10,000 BWPDIrion County>2500 ftSANTA ROSATriassic sandstone0 to 300 feet thickTypically 50+Up to 2400 feet deepFlow rate ~1500 to 2500 BWPD2 wells/sectionTDS up to 100K