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OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY

OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

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Page 1: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

OUTSIDEACTORS

DONORS andMILITARY

Page 2: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Topics Last Week NGOs by Gerry Martone

Page 3: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

TOPICS Next week readings Donors (perhaps) Military

Review of earlier discussion of military intervention

Tasks Implementation Alternatives Conclusions

Guest Speaker: Tanya Domi

Page 4: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Remember the 4 themes? WHEN AND HOW TO

INTERVENE? (SOVEREIGNTY IN INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS)

CONTINUUM DEBATE: LINKING RELIEF, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT

DECLINING RESOURCES, DISPARITIES IN ALLOCATION

MANAGEMENT INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL INTRA-ORGANIZATIONAL

Page 5: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

ODA as a Percentage of Government Expenditure

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Page 6: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Aid to Developing Countries in Millions of Dollars

Source: Based on 1998 OECD statistics. World Disasters Report 2000.

Page 7: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Aid to Developing Countries as Percentage of GNP

Source: Based on 1998 OECD statistics. World Disasters Report 2000.

Page 8: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Aid to Developing Countries as Percentage of GNP from 1956 to 1998

Source: Based on 1998 OECD statistics. World Disasters Report 2000.

Page 9: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

What is Aid Spent On?

Page 10: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Source: Global Humanitarian Emergencies: Trends and Projections, 1999-2000. National Intelligence Council, August 1999.

Page 11: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

How Aid is Given

EU (9.8%)

Multilateral (23.3%)

Bilateral (66.9%)

Page 12: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Bilateral Spending for Emergencies 1998

Source: Based on 1998 OECD statistics. World Disasters Report 2000.

Page 13: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Increase in Emergency Spending in Dollars 1980s - 1990s

0

1

2

3

4

1984-1985

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Billions of Dollars

Source: World Disasters Report, Oxford University Press, 1998

Page 14: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Emergency Relief as Percentage of All Development Assistance

Source: Based on 1998 OECD statistics. World Disasters Report 2000.

Page 15: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Top Donors to Refugee Aid Agencies in Millions of Dollars

United States 444.9Japan 160.1European Commission 138.9Norway 70.3Sweden 68.3Netherlands 60.9Denmark 56.4Germany 52.9Switzerland 49.8Canada 38.8

United Kingdom 36.3

Australia 26.8

Finland 18.0

Adapted from World Refugee Survey 2000, U.S. Committee for Refugees.

Page 16: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Top Donors to Refugee Aid Agencies in US Dollars Per Capita Population

Norway 15.62Denmark 10.63Sweden 7.67Switzerland 7.01 Luxembourg 5.97Netherlands 3.86Finland 3.47United States 1.63Australia 1.41Canada 1.27Japan 1.26Ireland 1.10Belgium 0.89Kuwait 0.71

Adapted from World Refugee Survey 2000, U.S. Committee for Refugees.

Page 17: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Development Assistance as a Percentage of Military Expenditure

0

25

50

75

100

USA UK Germany France Canada Japan Norway Holland Sweden Denmark

Source: Adapted from United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996.

Pe

rce

nt

of

mili

tary

ex

pen

dit

ure

Page 18: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Percentage of Bilateral Assistance Allocated to Emergencies 1996

0

5

10

15

20

25

AustriaNorwaySwedenFinland

LuxembourgNetherlands

EU

IrelandCanadaItaly

Switzerland

UK USA

GermanyAustraliaDenmarkBelgium

New Zealand

PortugalFranceSpainJapan

Percent

Source: World Disasters Report, Oxford University Press, 1998

Page 19: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Percentage of Foreign Assistance Spent as Emergency Aid, 1999

0

5

10

15

20

25

NorwaySweden

UKCanada

US

DenmarkAustraliaJapan France

Page 20: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Donors: Conclusions ODA has started to increase slightly again in the last

2 years; but it is a small part of:

GNP military spending

Emergency spending seems to be cyclical Multilateral aid is relatively small: Bretton Woods

institutions are doing better than the UN NGOs grew financially in the past decade Also, there are huge disparities in allocation Absorptive capacity can also be a problem

Page 21: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Military Remember the Breakdown of

Distinctions: we discussed the overlap/interdependence among Security, Relief, Rehabilitation, and Development. In addition, we discussed the Continuum Debate.

Remember discussion on types of intervention

Page 22: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

TYPES OF INTERVENTIONSMilitary Security

Council decision

Department of Peace-keeping Operations (DPKO)

all other organizations

++ Legal (Moral)

Military Civilian (UN mainly)

Secretary General initiative

Department of Political Affairs (DPA)

all other organizations

++ Moral (Legal)

Civilian (NGO mainly)

no central decision (state sovereignty)

all organi-zations (but not SC or SG)

++ Moral (- Legal)

Page 23: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

MILITARY INTERVENTION

Double nature of the military: due to its power and technology, it is a decisive threat to life & order, and the instrument to protect both

When to use force? Non-intervention is the norm to contain

powerful states and protect sovereignty

Page 24: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

MILITARY INTERVENTION

One big exception (allow use of force): Genocide (but no force used to stop Rwandan

genocide) Human Rights abuses? Cross-border impact

Hehir (chapter 2) wants to broaden the possibilities for intervention in case of human rights abuse in failed states

Page 25: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

MILITARY INTERVENTION If one uses force, distinguish:

jus ad bellum (defining the conditions under which force can be used)

jus in bello (defining how force is to be legitimately employed)

The latter will get (a bit) more attention today

Normally, the Security Council decides, one big exception: NATO action in Serbia/Kosovo

Page 26: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

MILITARY INTERVENTION Different types of military intervention:

preventive measures peacekeeping

1st generation: separating warring groups 2nd generation: peace-building with an essential security

component (incl. facilitation and protection of humanitarian assistance)

peace-building peace-making peace enforcement: actual use of force to end conflict

and/or to protect minorities, such as the Kurds and the no-fly zone, (it can include the facilitation and protection of humanitarian relief).

Page 27: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

MILITARY INTERVENTION Differentiate actual use of force from facilitating &

protecting peace accords and hum. relief! In all but peace-enforcement consent of the parties

is crucial Peace enforcement has been the least successful

in practice, e.g., Somalia. It can also compromise impartiality/neutrality of humanitarian organizations

threat of force (deterrence) does not function as in inter-state conflict. It is more limited, because factions are already fighting. After Somalia and Rwanda, most thugs don’t have a high opinion of peacekeeping forces.

Page 28: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

TASKS (facilitation & protection) The release and transfer of prisoners (military

can take care of security and logistics) Logistics (as with natural disasters, e.g., food

transport, infrastructure (tents, bridges, simple buildings, heavy equipment))

Search for missing persons Mine awareness Civilian-Military Cooperation (CIMIC), e.g.,

information exchange, security meetings

Page 29: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

TASKS (facilitation & protection) NGOs & military can train each other on

operations, on rebuilding, on international humanitarian law, etc.

Security/Protection is a hot issue. Generally, NGOs like to remain independent (see Tauxe on ICRC)

Page 30: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Implementation: Mandate of the Military

Under which Security Council resolution? What are the exact contents (tasks, enforcement, duration)?

Which countries contribute? What can they contribute (equipment, quality of manpower, etc.)

Who leads the force? quality of the commander of the forces; quality of the Special Representative of the Secretary

General & UN HQs’ support; Do donor countries support the SRSG and

commander?

(Do we need African operations led by Africans?)

Page 31: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Implementation: Cooperation of the Military, Civilians (NGOs)

Protection (security of the NGOs) by the military in Somalia actually led to more violence. This highlights some possible military shortcomings: mission creep (from security role to political, enforcing

role); Generally, weapons reinforce language of war; Military are not a democratic institution. This leads to

cultural differences: not participatory role of hierarchy/ centralization (vs. decentralization &

field initiative in most NGOs) different meaning of protection (security vs. int. refugee

law)

Page 32: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Alternatives1.Humanitarian action alone (the other two types).

Sometimes this has been more effective, sometimes this was an excuse for international political inaction. Central question: are the root causes tackled?

2.Development cooperation (same question)

3.Sanctions (blunt instrument) & Conditionality

4. Denunciations

5. Denial of diplomatic privileges

4. Let them fight it out the end of the war hurting stalemate/ripeness of conflict can imply genocide?

Page 33: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Conclusions Comparing the three types of intervention, there

are more civilian missions and NGO activities than military interventions

Peace enforcement only in rare cases & it can compromise humanitarian actors

Military/UN/NGO relationship is here to stay, but it is often an uneasy relationship

Different perception of mandates; how do Military perceive their mandate and how do NGOs perceive their mandate? In principle, the mandates can be complementary & none of the authors in Moore wants to completely abolish the use of force

Page 34: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Conclusions Define what you mean by use of force

(enforcement or facilitation and protection) Check alternatives, but these also have their

problems. Central question is and remains are the root causes being tackled!

Page 35: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

Conclusions More intra-state conflicts have led to a broader

interpretation of security: aids, underdevelopment, civil wars (terrorism), etc. are now increasingly seen as international security threats

However, the preference is to delineate the respective roles and tasks of humanitarian and military actors better (whereas in the areas of relief, rehabilitation, and development the tendency is towards more complete forms of reintegration)

Page 36: OUTSIDE ACTORS DONORS and MILITARY. Topics Last Week n NGOs by Gerry Martone

TOPICS Next week readings Donors (perhaps) Military

Review of earlier discussion of military intervention

Tasks Other roles of the military Interaction with NGOs Conclusions

Guest Speaker: Tanya Domi