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Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Amar MoheeMilan Thomas
Steve Bromage
18th April 2013
Outline MCQs & EMQ
Definitions
Epidemiology
Case-based Discussions of relevant conditions
MCQ Which mode of bacterial entry is not a recognised
mode of transmission for UTIs?
Per urethra Per nasal Haematogenous Lymphatogenous Direct contact
MCQ Which mode of bacterial entry is not a recognised
mode of transmission for UTIs?
Per urethra T Per nasal F Haematogenous T Lymphatogenous T Direct contact T
MCQ Which one of the following is not a bacterial
pathogenic factor?
Increase adherence Resistance of bactericidal properties of serum Formation of spores Production of haemolysin Increased expression of K-antigen
MCQ Which one of the following is not a bacterial
pathogenic factor?
Increase adherence T Resistance of bactericidal properties of serum
T Formation of spores F Production of haemolysin T Increased expression of K-antigen F
MCQ Which of the following urine findings are typical of
pyelonephritis?
Turbid High pH Low specific gravity High protein Low RBC
MCQ Which of the following urine findings are typical of
pyelonephritis?
Turbid T High pH T Low specific gravity T High protein F Low RBC F
MCQ What is the mechanism of action of Ciprofloxacin?
Interferes with bacterial folate metabolism Interfere with bacterial DNA gyrase Inhibits bacterial enzymes and DNA activity Inhibit bacterial DNA and RNA Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
MCQ What is the mechanism of action of Ciprofloxacin?
Interferes with bacterial folate metabolism F Interfere with bacterial DNA gyrase T Inhibits bacterial enzymes and DNA activity
F Inhibit bacterial DNA and RNA
F Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis F
EMQA. Enterococcus faecalis
B. Escherichia coli
C. Candida albicans
D. Chlamydia trachomatis
E. Klebsiella pneumoniae
F. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
G. Proteus mirabilis
H. Salmonella typhimurium
I. Schistosoma haematobium
J. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Dorothy is a diabetic, catheterised patient nearing the end of her course of IV antibiotics for right lower lobe pneumonia. To top it off she’s now developed a UTI. What’s the most likely agent?
Disrupts bladder mucosal integrity and causes urinary tract obstruction and stasis
Cause of 70-95% of both upper and lower UTIs.
Associated with UTIs with instrumentation of the urinary tract due to ‘swarming capability’ (expression of specific genes when these bacteria are exposed to surfaces such as catheters)
Possesses UafA (a unique adhesion protein allowing adherence to human uroepithelial cells and mediating haemagglutination)
EMQA. Enterococcus faecalis
B. Escherichia coli
C. Candida albicans
D. Chlamydia trachomatis
E. Klebsiella pneumoniae
F. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
G. Proteus mirabilis
H. Salmonella typhimurium
I. Schistosoma haematobium
J. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Dorothy is a diabetic, catheterised patient nearing the end of her course of IV antibiotics for right lower lobe pneumonia. To top it off she’s now developed a UTI. What’s the most likely agent? C
Disrupts bladder mucosal integrity and causes urinary tract obstruction and stasis.
I
Cause of 70-95% of both upper and lower UTIs. B
Associated with UTIs with instrumentation of the urinary tract due to ‘swarming capability’ (expression of specific genes when these bacteria are exposed to surfaces such as catheters). G
Possesses UafA (a unique adhesion protein allowing adherence to human uroepithelial cells and mediating haemagglutination). J
Definitions Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine (>104 colony-forming units (cfu) per ml of urine)
Urinary tract infection (UTI): inflammatory response secondary to bacteriuria At least one of the following symptoms or signs, with no other
recognised cause: Fever>380C in a patient aged ≤65 years of age Lower urinary tract symptoms (urgency, frequency, dysuria, suprapubic
tenderness, loin pain) A positive urine culture of ≥105 cfu/ml with no more than two species
Uncomplicated UTIs: acute cystitis and acute pyelonephritis Otherwise healthy individuals mostly in women without structural and functional abnormalities
Definition Pathogenicity
the ability of an organism to cause disease
Virulence the degree of pathogenicity
EpidemiologyAge (y) Female
(%)Male(%)
Risk factors
<1 0.7 2.7 Foreskin, Abnormal anatomy
1-5 4.5 0.5 Abnormal anatomy
6-15 4.5 0.5 Abnormal function
16-35 20 0.5 Sex, diaphragm
36-65 35 20 Surgery, BOO, Catheter
>65 40 35 Incontinence, Catheter, BOO
• 50% of UTIs do not come to medical attention
• Lifetime prevalence• 14 per 100 men• 53 per 100 women
• Most UTI single organism. E.Coli: 80%• Community
• Klesiella, proteus, enterobacter• Hospital
• Staph, pseudomonas• Pregnancy
• GpB Strep• Children
• Klebsiella, enterobacter
Case 1 22y female, pyrexial. Dysuria and frequency
How would you assess the patient? Focused history
Lower urinary tract symptoms Systemic and associated symptoms Triggers (sexual intercourse, cyclical) Past/childhood history Normal urological tract Absence of vaginal discharge
Relevant examination Abdominal ?PV
Investigations Urine Dipstick may be sufficient MSU
Pathogenesis – Bacterial Factors
4 modes of bacterial entry
Per Urethra (most common) Ascending Explains why
female>male Haematogenous
S. Aureus, Candida spp, TB
Lymphatogenous (?) Rectal, colonic, uterine
Direct spread Fistulas, abscesses
Bacterial pathogenic factors
Increased adherence Resistance to bactericidal
activity of human serum Increased expression of K
capsular antigen (protects from phagocytosis)
Production of haemolysin Invasion of host cells –
biofilms (uroplakin coated)
Pathogenesis – Host Factors Unobstructed urine flow
Washout of bacteria Stasis/retention : BOO, neurological, diabetes, pregnancy Reflux – allows ascent of bacteria
Urine characteristics Osmolality, pH, urea conc, organic acid conc Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: inhibit adherence
Urothelium GAG-layer Toll-like receptors (TLR) – inflammatory mediators (IL-8Neutrophils) Serum and urinary antibodies (defense vs damage) Bacterial binding sites (> in females with recurrent UTIs)
Genetics Blood group antigens – prevent bacterial adherence
Normal flora Women periurethral area: lactobacillus Altered by antibiotics, low estrogen, faecal incontinence Men prostatic secretions: zincantibacterial
Foreign bodies (catheters, stents, stones) Allows bacteria to hide from host defense
Case 2
Diagnosis & Investigations
Urine sample MSU, SP aspiration, In/out catheter
Urinalysis Leucocyte esterase: breakdown of WBC Nitrites: Breakdown of nitrates by GNB Dipstick: negative for blood, nitrite, leucocyte and
protein: <2% positive culture
Test Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%)
Leucocyte esterase
83 78
Nitrite 53 98
WBC 73 81
Interpreting urinalysis Appearance: clear
Turbid: infection
pH: Normal values 4.5-7.2 Alkaline: infection
Specific gravity: Normal values 1.005 to 1.025 Low in pyelonephritis
Protein: Normal 0-trace Renal disease
Flow Cytometry Flow cytometry
Fully automated (eg Sysmex UF-100)
Measures impedance of particles in urine
Uses 2 fluorescent dyes Carbocyanine: stains
the cell membrane Phenanthridine stains
nucleic acids
Clinica Chimica Acta, Volume 301, Issues 1–2, November 2000, Pages 1-18
Culture Urine plated on agar (specific loop size)
Incubated for 24-48 hours, 370C in air
Plates read: positive >103-5 cfu/ml
Identification of bacteria Biochemical (eg API) Molecular (bacterial DNA and PCR)
Sensitivity Conditions of growth (agar, conditions) Antibiotics strips Bacterial genes detected by PCR
Case 3 22y female, pyrexial, shakes & shivers, right loin pain,
vomiting. Dysuria prior to this episode. E. Coli in urine
How would you manage this patient?
How would you assess the patient? Focused history
Lower urinary tract symptoms Systemic and associated symptoms Triggers (sexual intercourse, cyclical) Past/childhood history Normal urological tract Absence of vaginal discharge
Relevant examination Abdominal ?PV
Acute Pyelonephritis Inflammation of kidney and renal pelvis
Sepsis (20-30% of all sepsis urological) IV Abx if pyrexial or bacteremic
USS Rule out obstruction Poor at diagnosing inflammation
CT Findings Enlarged kidney Stranding Perfusion defects & attenuated areas (constriction of
peripheral arterioles) – can be seen on a nuclear scan Compression of collecting system
Escherichia Coli Gram-negative rods
Part of the lower gastrointestinal microbiome
Sero-groups O, K and H
Pilli (tips of bacterial fimbriae) - Binds to glycoproteins/lipids on urothelium
Internalisation of bacteria: bacterial persistence
P pili: can bind to urothelial cells, RBC, renal tubular cells
90% of E.Coli pyelonephritis
Type 1 pili: can bind to urothelium
Increases bacterial adherance
More common in cystitis
International Journal of Medical Microbiology Volume 297, Issue 6, 15 October 2007, Pages 401–415
Case 4 OP department, 18y female, recurrent UTIs
Management Focused history
Lower urinary tract symptoms Systemic and associated symptoms Triggers (sexual intercourse, cyclical) Past/childhood history Normal urological tract Absence of vaginal discharge
Relevant examination Abdominal ?PV
Investigations Urine (Dipstick + MSU) ?USS + Flexi
Recurrent Bladder Infection
Bacterial persistence
USS: Screening evaluation of urological tract
CT: Detailed anatomy Localisation studies
Ureteric catheter and fluid sent for culture
Management: removal of cause (eg stone, PUJO, BPH)
Bacterial re-infection
Assessment for fistula Imaging not necessary Management: Fistula
repair, Abx prophylaxis
• ABx Prophylaxis: can reduce UTIs episodes by 95%• Regular voiding (increase oral intake)
• Cranberry juice• Estrogenisation of introitus
• Self-medicated Abx• After sex• When patient feels onset of symptoms
Antibiotics Bacterial susceptibility
Organism, hospital vs community, single vs polymicrobial
Patient characteristics Allergies, age, previous Abx, pregnancy, PO vs IV
Antibiotics Mechanism Action
Septrin(co-trimoxazole)
Interferes with bacterial folate metabolism
Most UTIs except enterococcus and pseudomonas
Floroquinolones Interfere with bacterial DNA gyrase, preventing replication
GNB, Staph but not Strep
Nitrofurantoin Inhibits bacterial enzymes and DNA activity – long term use may lead to pulmonary interstitial changes
GNB (except pseudomonas and proteus), Staph and enterococci
Aminoglycosides Inhibit bacterial DNA and RNA GNB, Enterococci (with ampicillin)
Cephalosporins Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
GNB, GPB (3rd generation better for former)
Penicillins – only amoxicillin/ampicillin
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
GNB (with clavulanic acid)
Antibiotics Antibiotics resistance INCREASING
Geographical variability
E. Coli up to 50% to ampicillin Up to 27% to trimethroprim Up to 49% to septrin Up to 30% to floroquinolone
Only 25% of ABx use for ‘UTIs’ have documented bacteriuria 50% for LUTS 25% prophylaxis
Case 5 35 year old female, 18 weeks pregnant, right loin
pain, pyrexial, positive urine dipstick
Urine MC&S Serratia marcescens Amoxicillin – R Cefelexin – R Trimethoprim – R Tazocin – R Gentamicin - S
UTI in pregnancy Pregnancy changes
Renal length increases & GFR increases by 30-50% (secondary to CO) Ureteral dilatation with stasis
smooth muscle relaxing (progesterone) Physical compression at pelvic brim
Increase in bladder capacity + hyperemia
Bacteriuria 4-6% 30% (vs 2%) develop pyelonephritis Bacteriuria should be treated in pregnancy and eradication confirmed
Pyelonephritis 1-4% of pregnant women If untreated Prematurity of fetus and perinatal abnormality
Penicillin, Cephalosporins safe Gentamicin: FDA pregnancy category D. Safety of gentamicin has not
been established; potential benefit should outweigh the potential risk.
Aminoglycoside (Gentamicin)
Inhibit bacterial DNA and RNA
Together with ampicillin, has GP cover Bactericidal synergy Gentamicin decreases lytic effect of penicillin
Nephrotoxicity Excessive accumulation in PCT cells : 40 – 50 times than in blood Direct effect on GFR Toxicity reversible initially- renewable PCT cells
Ototoxicity Vestibular and auditory dysfunction Accumulate in perilymph & endolymph Irreversible
J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990 Apr;25(4):551-60.
Gentamicin dosing Pharmacokinetics
Small volume of distribution (0.25l/kg) Half life: 2-3 hours Mainly renal clearance (glomerular filtration)
Loading vs maintenance dosing Antimicrobial effect is concentration dependent
Once daily (more common) vs multiple dosing
Therapeutic dose monitoring
Hartford Regime 7mg/kg, serum concentration at 12 hours
Efficacy: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reached
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy March 1995 ; 39 : 650-655
2184 patients
1.2% reversible nephrotoxicity0.14% ototoxicity
Summary Very common but can be very serious
Urologists tend to be involved with complex UTIs Anatomical considerations Iatrogenic Urological pathology?
Antibiotics is effective but should not be abused Follow local guidelines
References EAU guidelines
Comprehensive Urology
Previous slides from Milan Thomas
Pubmed