EVIDENCEAtty. Victor Y. Eleazar

A. General principles

1. Concept of evidenceRule 128, Sec. 1

a. Kinds and degrees of evidence

i. Direct evidence and circumstantial evidenceii. primary evidence and secondary evidenceiii. positive evidence and negative evidenceiv. corroborative evidence and cumulative

evidencev. prima facie evidence and conclusive

evidencevi. relevant evidence and material evidencevii. competent evidenceviii. irrelevant, immaterial, inadmissible and

incompetent evidenceix. rebuttal and sur-rebuttal evidencex. object (real) evidencexi. documentary evidencexii. testimonial evidencexiii. expert evidencexiv. substantial evidence

2. Scope of the Rules on Evidence Rule 128, Sec. 2

a. applicability of rules of evidence

Sasan v. NLRC, G.R. No. 176240, October 17, 2008, 569 SCRA 670

GSIS v. Villaviza, G.R. No. 180291, July 27, 2010, 625 SCRA 669

b. rules of evidence sanctioned by the Constitution1987 Constitution, Article VIII, Sec. 5 (5)

3. Evidence in civil cases versus evidence in criminal cases

a. quantum of evidenceRule 133, Sec. 1Rule 133, Sec. 2

1

b. offer of compromiseRule 130, Sec. 27

c. presumption of innocence1987 Const., Art. III, Sec. 14 (2)Rule 115, Sec. 1 (a)

4. Proof versus evidence

5. Factum probans versus factum probandum

6. Admissibility of evidenceRule 128, Sec. 3

a. Requisites for admissibility of evidenceRule 128, Sec. 3

i. RelevancyRule 128, Sec. 4

ii. Competency (not excluded by Rules)

a) Exclusionary Rule

i) 1987 Const., Art. III, Sec. 2right against unreasonable searchand seizure

ii) 1987 Const., Art. III, Sec. 3right to privacy and inviolabilityof communication

iii) 1987 Const., Art. III, Sec. 12rights of a person under

investigationfor an offense

Rep. Act No. 7438 (Act Defining Certain Rights of Persons, Arrested, Detained or Under Custodial Investigation)

People v. Andan, G.R. No. 116437, March 3, 1997, 269 SCRA 95

iv) 1987 Const., Art. III, Sec. 17right against self-incrimination

2

b) Rep. Act. No. 4200 (Anti-Wire Tapping Act)

Salcedo-Ortañez v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 110662, August 4, 1994, 235 SCRA 111

c) Bank secrecy laws

BSB Group Inc. v. Go, G.R. No. 168644, February 16, 2010, 612 SCRA 597

b. Relevance of evidence and collateral matters Rule 128, Sec. 4

c. Multiple admissibility

d. Conditional admissibility

e. Curative admissibility

f. Direct and circumstantial evidence

g. Positive and negative evidence

i. alibi

Lejano v. People, G.R. No. 176389, December 14, 2010, 638 SCRA 104

Read also: Dissenting opinion of Justice Villarama Jr.

*Hubert webb case

h. Competent and credible evidence

People v. Espinosa, G.R. No. 72883, December 20, 1989, 180 SCRA 393

Decasa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 172184, July 10, 2007, 527 SCRA 267

7. Burden of proof and burden of evidence Rule 131, Sec. 1

Davao Light and Power Co., Inc. v. Opeña, G.R. No. 129807, December 9, 2005, 477 SCRA 58

8. Presumptions

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a. Conclusive presumptionsRule 131, Sec. 2 (a) and (b)

b. Disputable presumptions Rule 131, Sec. 3

i. Suppression of Evidence

Manila Bay Club Corp. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 110015, October 13, 1995, 249 SCRA 303

ii. presumption of marriage

Delgado vda. de la Rosa v. Heirs of Marciana Rustia vda. de Damian, G.R. No. 155733, Janauary 27, 2006, 480 SCRA 334

c. No presumption of legitimacy or illegitimacyRule 131, Sec. 4

Estate of Rogelio Ong v. Diaz, G.R. No. 171713, December 17, 2007, 540 SCRA 480

Perla v. Baring, G.R. No. 172471, November 12, 2012

d. Res ipsa loquitur

D.M. Consunji Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 137873, April 20, 2001, 357 SCRA 249

Jarcia Jr. v. People, G.R. No. 187926, February 15, 2012, 666 SCRA 336

Del Carmen Jr. v. Bacoy, G.R. No. 173870, April 25, 2012 Huang v. Philippine Hoteliers Inc., G.R. No. 180440,

December 5. 2012, 687 SCRA 162

e. Precautionary principleRules of Procedure for Environmental Cases, Rule

20

f. Presumption of fencingPD 1612Rules and Regulations to Carry Out the Provisions of Sec. 6 of PD 1612

Ong v. People, G.R. No. 190475, April 10, 2013

9. Liberal construction of the rules of evidence

10. Quantum of evidence (weight and sufficiency of evidence)

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a. Appreciation of evidence

i. Equipoise rule

Sabili v. Comelec, G.R. No. 193261, April 24, 2012 Dado v. People, G.R. No. 131421, November 18, 2002, 392

SCRA 46 Abarquez v. People, G.R. No. 150762, January 20, 2006, 479

SCRA 225

ii. English Exchequer Rule

People v. Teehankee, G.R. No. 111206-208, October 6, 1995, 249 SCRA 54

iii. Subject to two interpretations

People v. Coderes, G.R. No. 136849, October 23, 2003, 414 SCRA 134

b. Proof beyond reasonable doubt Rule 133, Sec. 2

Rule 133, Sec. 3

Rule 133, Sec. 4

People v. Sasota, G.R. No. L-3544, April 18, 1952, 91 Phil. 111

People v. Roluna, G.R. No. 101797, March 24, 1994, 231 SCRA 446

People v. Robles, G.R. No. 101335, June 8, 2000, 333 SCRA 107

Degrees of proof in criminal cases

i. filing the Information

Allado v. Diokno, G.R. No. 113630, May 5, 1994, 232 SCRA 192

ii. issuing a warrant of arrest

People v. Grey, G.R. No. 180109, July 26, 2010, 625 SCRA 523

iii. granting bail in capital offense

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People v. Cabral, G.R. No. 131909, February 18, 1999, 303 SCRA 361

Read dissenting opinion of Justice Vitug Paderanga v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 115407, August 28,

1995, 247 SCRA 741 Leviste v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 189122, March 17,

2010, 615 SCRA 619 Atty. Gacal v. Judge Infante, A.M. No. RTJ-04-1845, October

5, 2011, 658 SCRA 535

iv. conviction

c. Preponderance of evidence Rule 133, Sec. 1

PCIB v. Balmaceda, G.R. No. 158143, September 21, 2011, 658 SCRA 33

d. Substantial evidence Rule 133, Sec. 5

(i) Administrative cases against judges/court personnel

Dulay v. Lelina Jr., A.M. No. RTJ-99-1516, July 14, 2005, 463 SCRA 269

Office of Court Administrator v. Lopez, A.M. No. P-10-2788, January 18, 2011

Santos v. Judge Arcaya-Chua, A.M. No. RTJ-07-2093, February 13, 2009

(ii) Labor cases

Spouses Manalo v. Roldan-Confesor, G.R. No. 102358, November 19, 1992, 215 SCRA 808

Spouses Manalo v. Roldan-Confesor, G.R. No. 102358, March 30, 1993 Resolution, 220 SCRA 606

e. Clear and convincing evidence

(i) Administrative cases against judges

Duduaco v. Laquindanum, A.M. No. MTJ-05-1601, August 11, 2005, 466 SCRA 428

Reyes v. Mangino, A.M. MTJ-05-1575, January 31, 2005, 450 SCRA 27

6

Santos v. Judge Arcaya-Chua, A.M. No. RTJ-07-2093, February 13, 2009, 579 SCRA 17

Ocampo v. Judge Arcaya-Chua, A.M. OCA I.P.I. No. 07-2630-RTJ, April 23, 2010, 619 SCRA 59

Office of the Court Administrator v. Lopez, A.M. No. P-10-2788, January 18, 2011, 639 SCRA 633

(ii) Administrative cases against lawyers

Guevarra v. Atty. Eala, A.C. No. 7136, August 1, 2007 Meceral v. Atty. Velasquez, A.C. No. 8392, June 29, 2010

(iii) Other illustrations

Bautista v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 158015, August 11, 2004, 436 SCRA 141

Gohu v. Gohu, G.R. No. 128230, October 13, 2000, 343 SCRA 114

Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region v. Olalia Jr., G.R. No. 153675, April 19, 2007, 521 SCRA 470

People v. Janairo, G.R. No. 129254, July 22, 1999, 311 SCRA 58

e. Circumstantial evidenceRule 133, Sec. 4

People v. Galvez, G.R. No. 157221, March 30, 2007, 519 SCRA 521

Abad v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119739, June 18, 1998, 291 SCRA 56

People v. Villaflores, G.R. No. 184926, April 11, 2012 People v. Soriano, G.R. No. 191271, March 13, 2013

f. Power of court to stop further evidenceRule 133, Sec. 6

g. Evidence on motionRule 133, Sec. 7

B. Judicial notice and judicial admissions

1. What need not be proved

2. Matters of judicial notice

a. MandatoryRule 129, Sec. 1

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b. Discretionary Rule 129, Sec. 2

Rule 129, Sec. 3

People v. Alido, G.R. No. L-12449, May 30, 1961, 2 SCRA 109

People v. Ayonayon, G.R. No. L-16664, March 30, 1962, 4 SCRA 721

People v. Madera, G.R. No. L-35133, May 31, 1974, 57 SCRA 349

People v. Sison, G.R. No. L-45857, October 27, 1983, 125 SCRA 369

Republic v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-54886, September 10, 1981, 107 SCRA 504

Latip v. Chua, G.R. No. 177809, October 16, 2009, 604 SCRA 163

Songco v. NLRC, G.R. Nos. 50999-51000, March 23, 1990, 183 SCRA 610

Mandarin Villa Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 119850, June 20, 1996, 257 SCRA 538

People v. Besmonte, G.R. Nos. 137278-79, February 17, 2003, 397 SCRA 513

Olizon v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 107075, September 1, 1994, 236 SCRA 148

State Prosecutors v. Muro, A.M. No. RTJ-92-876, September 19, 1994, 236 SCRA 505

People v. Tipay, G.R. No. 131472, March 28, 2000, 329 SCRA 52

People v. Marcelo, G.R. Nos. 126538-39, November 20, 2001, 369 SCRA 661

People v. Padilla, G.R. No. 137648, March 30, 2001, 355 SCRA 741

People v. Dumanon, G.R. No. 123096, December 18, 2000, 348 SCRA 461

Alabang Development Corp. v. Valenzuela, G.R. No. L-54094, August 30, 1982, 116 SCRA 261

Becmen Service Exporter v. Spouses Cuaresma, G.R. Nos. 182978-79, April 7, 2009, 584 SCRA 690

Jao v. CA, G.R. No. L-49162, July 28, 1987, 152 SCRA 359 Pigao v. Rabanillo, G.R. No. 150712, May 2, 2006, 488

SCRA 546 Solidbank Corp. v. Mindanao Ferroalloy Corp., G.R. No.

153535, July 28, 2005, 464 SCRA 409

3. Judicial admissionsRule 129, Sec. 4

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a. Effect of judicial admissions

b. How judicial admissions may be contradicted

Saguid v. Security Finance, G.R. No. 159467, December 9, 2005, 477 SCRA 256

Simon v. Canlas, G.R. No. 148273, April 19, 2006, 487 SCRA 433

Alfelor v. Halasan, G.R. No. 165987, March 31, 2006, 486 SCRA 451

4. Judicial notice of foreign laws, law of nations and municipal ordinanceDoctrine of Processual PresumptionRule 130, Sec. 46

ATCI Overseas Corp. v. Echin, G.R. No. 178551, October 11, 2010, 632 SCRA 528

Garcia v. Recio, G.R. No. 138322, October 2, 2001, 366 SCRA 437

Read: Pleading and Providing Foreign Law and Divorce Judgments by Jorge R. Coquia, 366 SCRA 457

C. Object (real) evidence Rule 130, Sec. 1; autoptic proference

Calde v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 93980, June 27, 1994, 233 SCRA 378

People v. Carreon, G.R. No. 108722, December 9, 1997, 282 SCRA 544

Balingit v. Comelec, G.R. No. 170300, February 9, 2007, 515 SCRA 404

1. Nature of object evidence

2. Requisites for admissibility

3. Categories of object evidence

a. Photographs; Silent Witness Theory

Sison v. People, G.R. Nos. 108280-83, November 16, 1995, 250 SCRA 58

People v. Navarro, G.R. No. 96251, May 11, 1993, 221 SCRA 684

b. Physical evidence

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People v. Estrebella, G.R. No. 71464, August 4, 1988, 164 SCRA 114

Tangan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 105830, January 15, 2002, 373 SCRA 119

c. Tape recordings

Torralba v. People, G.R. No. 153699, August 22, 2005, 467 SCRA 552

4. Demonstrative evidence

5. View of an object or scene

a. Police line up for identifying suspect

People v. Amestuzo, G.R. No. 104383, July 12, 2001, 361 SCRA 184

b. Photographs for identifying suspect

People v. Pineda, G.R. No. 141644, May 27, 2004, 429 SCRA 478

6. Chain of custody in relation to Section 21 of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (Rep. Act No. 9165)

People v. Umipang, G.R. No. 190321, April 25, 2012 Zafra v. People, G.R. No. 190749, April 25, 2012 People v. Climaco, G.R. No. 199403, June 13, 2012 People v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 182417, April 3, 2013 People v. Quesido, G.R. No. 189351, April 10, 2013

7. Rule on DNA Evidence (A.M. No. 06-11-5-SC)

a. Meaning of DNA b. Applicable for DNA testing order c. Post-conviction DNA testing; remedy d. Assessment of probative value of DNA evidence

and admissibility e. Rules on evaluation of reliability of the DNA

testing methodology

People v. Vallejo, G.R. No. 144656, May 9, 2002, 382 SCRA 192

People v. Yatar, G.R. No. 150224, May 19, 2004, 428 SCRA

10

504 Agustin v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 162571, June 15,

2005, 460 SCRA 315 Herrera v. Alba, G.R. No. 148220, June 15, 2005, 460 SCRA

197

Estate of Ong v. Diaz, G.R. No. 171713, December 17, 2007, 540 SCRA 481

Lucas v. Lucas, G.R. No. 190710, June 6, 2011, 650 SCRA 667

Read: Development and Acceptance of DNA Test Results by David Robert C. Aquino, 540 SCRA 501

D. Documentary evidence Rule 130, Sec. 2

1. Meaning of documentary evidence

2. Requisites for admissibility

3. Best Evidence RuleRule 130, Sec. 3

Ebreo v. Ebreo, G.R. No. 160065, February 28, 2006, 483 SCRA 583

The Consolidated Bank and Trust Corp. v. Del Monte Motor Works, G.R. No. 143338, July 29, 2005, 465 SCRA 117

Citibank, N.A. v. Sabeniano, G.R. No. 156132, October 12, 2006, 504 SCRA 378

Country Bankers Insurance Corp. v. Lagman, G.R. No. 165487, July 13, 2011, 653 SCRA 765

Atienza v. Board of Medicine, G.R. No. 177407, February 9, 2011, 642 SCRA 523

Republic v. Marcos-Manotoc, G.R. No. 171701, February 8, 2012, 665 SCRA 367

a. Meaning of the rule b. When applicable c. Meaning of original

Rule 130, Sec. 4d. Requisites for introduction of secondary evidence

Rule 130, Sec. 5

Rule 130, Sec. 6Rule 130, Sec. 7Rule 130, Sec. 8

4. Rules on Electronic Evidence (A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC)

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a. Meaning of electronic evidence; electronic data massage

b. Probative value of electronic documents or evidentiary weight; method of proof

c. Authentication of electronic documents and electronic signatures

d. Electronic documents and the hearsay rule e. Audio, photographic, video and ephemeral

evidence

Vidallon-Magtolis v. Salud, A.M. No. CA-05-20-P, September 9, 2005, 469 SCRA 439

Nuez v. Cruz-Apao, A.M. No. CA-05-18-P, April 12, 2005, 455 SCRA 288

NAPOCOR v. Judge Codilla, G.R. No. 170491, April 4, 2007, 520 SCRA 412

Aznar v. Citibank, N.A. (Philippines), G.R. No. 164273, March 28, 2007, 519 SCRA 287

MCC Industrial Sales Corp. v. Ssangyong Corp., G.R. No. 170633, October 17, 2007, 536 SCRA 408

Ang v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 182835, April 20, 2010, 618 SCRA 593

Chato v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 199149, January 22, 2013

Maliksi v. Comelec, G.R. No. 203302, March 12, 2013 Read Dissent of Justice Bersamin

5. Parol Evidence Rule Rule 130, Sec. 9

a. Application of the parol evidence rule b. When parol evidence can be introduced c. Distinctions between the best evidence rule and

parol evidence rule

Lequin v. Spouses Vizconde, G.R. No. 177710, October 12, 2009, 603 SCRA 407

Marquez v. Espejo, G.R. No. 168387, August 25, 2010, 629 SCRA 117

Salimbangon v. Tan, G.R. No. 185240, January 20, 2010, 610 SCRA 426

6. Authentication and proof of documents

a. Meaning of authentication b. Public and private documents

Rule 132, Sec. 19

12

Heirs of Jose Marcial K. Ochoa v. G & S Transit Corp., G.R. No. 170071, July 16, 2012

Meneses v. Venturozo, G.R. No. 172196, October 19, 2011, 659 SCRA 577

c. When a private writing requires authentication; proof of a private writing Rule 132, Sec. 20

Malayan Insurance v. Philippine Nails and Wires Corp., G.R. No. 138084, April 10, 2002, 380 SCRA 374

Asian Construction and Development Corp. v. COMFAC Corp., G.R. No. 163915, October 12, 2006

Otero v. Tan, G.R. No. 200134, August 15, 2012

d. When evidence of authenticity of a private writing is not required (ancient documents)Rule 132, Sec. 21

Heirs of Demetria Lacsa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 79597-98, May 20, 1991, 197 SCRA 234

e. How to prove genuineness of a handwriting Rule 132, Sec. 22

Sanson v. CA, G.R. No. 127745, April 22, 2003, 401 SCRA 349

Mariano v. Roxas, G.R. No. A.M. No. CA-02-14-P, July 31, 2002, 385 SCRA 500

People v. Pagpaguitan, G.R. No. 116599, September 27, 1999, 315 SCRA 226

f. Public documents as evidence; proof of official record

Rule 132, Sec. 23

Rule 132, Sec. 24

g. Attestation of a copy Rule 132, Sec. 25

h. Public record of a public document Rule 132, Sec. 26

Rule 132, Sec. 27

Salas v. Sta. Mesa Market Corp., G.R. No. 157766, July 27,

13

2007

i. Proof of lack of record Rule 132, Sec. 28

j. How a judicial record is impeached Rule 132, Sec. 29

k. Proof of notarial documents Rule 132, Sec. 30

Lazaro v. Agustin, G.R. No. 152364, April 15, 2010, 618 SCRA 298

l. How to explain alterations in a document Rule 132, Sec. 31

Rule 132, Sec. 32

m. Documentary evidence in an unofficial languageRule 132, Sec. 33

Pan Pacific Industrial Sales v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125283, February 10, 2006, 482 SCRA 164

Delfin v. Billones, G.R. No. 146550, March 17, 2006, 485 SCRA 38

Patula v. People, G.R. No. 164457, April 11, 2012

E. Testimonial evidence Rule 130, Sec. 36

People v. Coca Jr., G.R. No. 133739, May 29, 2002, 382 SCRA 508

Read: Testimonial Evidence by Juliana C. Azarraga, 382 SCRA 522

1. Qualifications of a witness Rule 130, Sec. 20

People v. Hayag, G.R. No. L-38635, November 17, 1980, 101 SCRA 67

2. Competency versus credibility of a witness

Read: Credibility of Witnesses by Juliana C. Azarraga, 469 SCRA 672

3. Disqualifications of witnesses

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a. Disqualification by reason of mental capacity or immaturity

Rule 130, Sec. 21b. Disqualification by reason of marriage

Rule 130, Sec. 22c. Disqualification by reason of death or insanity of

adverse party Rule 130, Sec. 23 (Dead Man’s Statute)

Sanson v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 127745, April 22, 2003, 401 SCRA 349

Sunga-Chan v. Chua, G.R. No. 143340, August 15, 2001, 363 SCRA 249

Garcia v. Robles, G.R. No. 180843, April 17, 2013

d. Disqualification by reason of privileged communications

i. Husband and wife Rule 130, Sec. 24 (a)

Zulueta v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 107383, February 20, 1996, 253 SCRA 697

ii. Attorney and clientRule 130, Sec. 24 (b)

People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 115439-41, July 16, 1997, 275 SCRA 505

Regala v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 105938, September 20, 1996, 262 SCRA 122

iii. Physician and patientRule 130, Sec. 24 (c)

Gonzales v CA, G.R. No. 117740, October 30, 1998, 298 SCRA 322

Lim v. CA, G.R. No. 91114, September 25, 1992, 214 SCRA 23

Krohn v. CA, G.R. No. 108854, June 14, 1994, 233 SCRA 146

iv. Priest and penitent Rule 130, Sec. 24 (d)

v. Public officers Rule 130, Sec. 24 (e)

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vi. Parental and filial privilege ruleRule 130, Sec. 25

People v. Invencion, G.R. No. 131636, March 5, 2003, 398 SCRA 592

4. Examination of a witness Rule 132, Sec. 1

Rule 132, Sec. 2

a. Rights and obligations of a witness Rule 132, Sec. 3

i. Right against self-incrimination1987 Const., Art. III, Sec. 17Rule 115, Sec. 1 (e)

Rosete v. Lim, G.R. No. 136051, June 8, 2006, 490 SCRA 125

People v. Judge Ayson, G.R. No. 85215, July 7, 1989, 175 SCRA 216

b. Order in the examination of an individual witnessRule 132, Sec. 4

i. Direct examination Rule 132, Sec. 5

ii. Cross examination Rule 132, Sec. 6

iii. Re-direct examination Rule 132, Sec. 7

iv. Re-cross examination Rule 132, Sec. 8

v. Recalling the witnessRule 132, Sec. 9

vi. Role of court in examination of witnesses

Dans Jr. v. People, G.R. No. 127073, January 29, 1998, 285 SCRA 505

Read also Concurring and Dissenting opinion of Justice Francisco

c. Judicial Affidavit Rule (A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC

d. Leading and misleading questions Rule 132, Sec. 10

16

e. Methods of impeachment of adverse party’s witness

Rule 132, Sec. 11Rule 132, Sec. 12

f. How the witness is impeached by evidence of inconsistent statements (laying the predicate) Rule 132, Sec. 13

g. Additional rules on examination of witnessi. Exclusion and separation of witnesses

Rule 132, Sec. 15ii. Memorandum

Rule 132, Sec. 16iii. Remainder admissible

Rule 132, Sec. 17iv. Right to inspect writing

Rule 132, Sec. 18

5. Admissions and confessions Concept of adoptive admission

Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. Nos. 146710-15, April 3, 2001 Resolution, 356 SCRA 108

Republic v. Kendrick Development Corp., G.R. No. 149576, August 8, 2006, 498 SCRA 220

a. Res inter alios acta rule

People v. Gaudia, G.R. No. 146111, February 23, 2004, 423 SCRA 520

People v. Raquel, G.R. No. 119005, December 2, 1996, 265 SCRA 248

Take note of Footnote No. 17, re: exceptions to the res inter alios acta rule

People v. Lising, G.R. No. 106210-11, January 30, 1998, 285 SCRA 595

b. Admission by a party Rule 130, Sec. 26

Republic v. Bautista, G.R. No. 169801, September 11, 2007, 532 SCRA 598

c. Offer of compromiseRule 130, Sec. 27

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Good Samaritan Rule

Subsequent Remedial Measures

People v. Sabagala, G.R. No. 131040, October 5, 2001, 366 SCRA 618

d. Admission by a third party Rule 130, Sec. 28

Gutierrez v. Palattao, A.M. No. RTJ-95-1326, July 8, 1998, 292 SCRA 26

Alonte v. Savellano Jr., G.R. No. 131652, March 9, 1998, 287 SCRA 245

e. Admission by a co-partner or agent Rule 130, Sec. 29

f. Admission by a conspiratorRule 130, Sec. 30

Gardiner v. Magsalin, G.R. No. L-48185, August 18, 1941, 73 Phil. 114

People v. Cui, G.R. No. 121982, September 10, 1999, 314 SCRA 153

People v. Flores, G.R. No. 71980, March 18, 1991, 195 SCRA 295

g. Admission by privies Rule 130, Sec. 31

h. Admission by silence Rule 130, Sec. 32

Villanueva v. Balaguer, G.R. No. 180197, June 23, 2009, 590 SCRA 661

People v. Abo, G.R. No. 107235, March 2, 1994, 230 SCRA 612

Compare: People v. Alegre, G.R. No. L-30423, November 7, 1979, 94 SCRA 109

People v. Paragsa, G.R. No. L-44060, July 20, 1978, 84 SCRA 105

i. Confessions Rule 130, Sec. 33

People v. Lorenzo, G.R. No. 110107, January 26, 1995, 240 SCRA 624

18

People v. Rapeza, G.R. No. 169431, April 4, 2007, 520 SCRA 596

Ladiana v. People, G.R. No. 144293, December 4, 2002, 393 SCRA 419

j. Similar acts as evidenceRule 130, Sec. 34

“Propensity” evidence

Boston Bank of the Phils. v. Manalo, G.R. No. 158149, February 9, 2006, 482 SCRA 109

People v. Santos, G.R. No. 100225-26, May 11, 1993, 221 SCRA 715

People v. Dadles, G.R. Nos. 118620-21, September 1, 1997, 278 SCRA 393

6. Hearsay Rule

Concept of independently relevant statement

Republic v. Heirs of Felipe Alejaga Sr., G.R. No. 146030, December 3, 2002, 393 SCRA 361

a. Meaning of hearsay

Cruz v. Planters Products, Inc., G.R. No. 158649, February 18, 2013

b. Reason for exclusion of hearsay evidence

Philippine Free Press v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 132864, October 24, 2005, 473 SCRA 639

Comilang v. Burcena, G.R. No. 146853, February 13, 2006, 482 SCRA 342

Patula v. People, G.R. No. 164457, April 11, 2012

c. Exceptions to the hearsay rule

i. Dying declaration Rule 130, Sec. 37

People v. Gado, G.R. No. 129556, November 11, 1998, 298 SCRA 466

People v. Odencio, G.R. No. L-31961, January 9, 1979, 88 SCRA 1

People v. Santos, G.R. No. 94545, April 4, 1997, 270 SCRA 650

People v. Serenas, G.R. No. 188124, June 29, 2010, 622

19

SCRA 485 Parel v. Prudencio, G.R. No. 146556, April 19, 2006, 487

SCRA 405

ii. Declaration against interest Rule 130, Sec. 38

People v. Bernal, G.R. No. 113685, June 19, 1997, 274 SCRA 197

Parel v. Prudencio, G.R. No. 146556, April 19, 2006, 487 SCRA 405

iii. Act or declaration about pedigree Rule 130, Sec. 39

People v. Pruna, G.R. No. 138471, October 10, 2002, 390 SCRA 577

Tison v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 121027, July 31, 1997, 276 SCRA 582

Nepomuceno v. Lopez, G.R. No. 181258, March 18, 2010

iv. Family reputation or tradition regarding pedigree

Rule 130, Sec. 40

Jison v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124853, February 24, 1998, 286 SCRA 495

Mendoza v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 86302, September 24, 1991, 201 SCRA 675

v. Common reputation Rule 130, Sec. 41

vi. Part of the res gestae Rule 130, Sec. 42

Ilocos Norte Electric Co. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 53401, November 6, 1989, 179 SCRA 5

Bayquen v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 93851, March 6, 1992, 207 SCRA 114

DBP Pool of Accredited Insurance Companies v. Radio Mindanao Network, Inc., G.R. No. 147039, January 27, 2006, 480 SCRA 314

People v. Palmones, G.R. No. 136303, July 18, 2000, 336 SCRA 80

People v. Villarama, G.R. No. 139211, February 12, 2003, 397 SCRA 306

Belbis v. People, G.R. No. 181052, November 14, 2012

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vii. Entries in the course of business Rule 130, Sec. 43

Security Bank and Trust Co. v. Gan, G.R. No. 150464, June 27, 2006, 493 SCRA 239

Heirs of Ignacio Conti v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118464, December 21, 1998, 300 SCRA 345

PAL v. Ramos, G.R. No. 92740, March 23, 1992, 207 SCRA 461

Read: Written Notations as Evidence: An Inquiry by Rogelio E. Subong, 207 SCRA 473

Nestle Philippines, Inc. v. FY Sons Inc., G.R. No. 150780, May 5, 2006, 489 SCRA 624

viii Entries in official records Rule 130, Sec. 44

Barcelon Roxas Securities Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 157064, August 7, 2006, 498 SCRA 126

People v. San Gabriel, G.R. No. 107735, February 1, 1996, 253 SCRA 84

Tarapen v. People, G.R. No. 173824, August 28, 2008, 563 SCRA 577

ix. Commercial lists and the like Rule 130, Sec. 45

PNOC Shipping and Transport Corp. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 107518, October 8, 1998, 297 SCRA 402

x. Learned treatiesRule 130, Sec. 46

xi. Testimony or deposition at a former trialRule 130, Sec. 47

Manliclic v. Calaunan, G.R. No. 150157, January 25, 2007, 512 SCRA 642

xii. Newspapers or diary

Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. Nos. 146710-15, April 3, 2001 Resolution, 356 SCRA 108

Bedol v. Comelec, G.R. No. 179830, December 3, 2009, 606 SCRA 554

7. Opinion rule

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Rule 130, Sec. 48

a. Opinion of expert witness Rule 130, Sec. 49

Jimenez v. Commission on Ecumenical Mission and Relations of the United Presbyterian Church in the USA, G.R. No. 140472, June 10, 2002, 383 SCRA 326

Heirs of Severa P. Gregorio v. CA, G.R. No. 117609, December 29, 1998, 300 SCRA 565

b. Opinion of ordinary witnessRule 130, Sec. 50

Hernandez v. San Juan-Santos, G.R. No. 166470, August 7, 2009, 595 SCRA 464

Fullero v. People, G.R. No. 170583, September 12, 2007, 533 SCRA 97

People v. Martinez, G.R. No. 116918, June 19, 1997, 274 SCRA 259

De Jesus v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 127857, June 20, 2006, 491 SCRA 325

8. Character evidence

a. Criminal casesRule 130, Sec. 51 (a)

b. Civil cases Rule 130, Sec. 51 (b)

c. Good character of a witnessRule 130, Sec. 51 (c)Rule 132, Sec. 14

People v. Lee, G.R. No. 139070, May 29, 2002, 382 SCRA 598

Civil Service Commission v. Belagan, G.R. No. 132164, October 19, 2004, 440 SCRA 578

People v. Edualino, G.R. No. 119072, April 11, 1997, 271 SCRA 189

People v. Deopita, G.R. No. 130601, December 4, 2000, 436 SCRA 794

9. Rule on Examination of a Child witness (A.M. No. 004-07-SC)

a. Applicability of the rule b. Meaning of “child witness”

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c. Competency of a child witness d. Examination of a child witness e. Live-link TV testimony of a child witness f. Videotaped deposition of a child witness g. Hearsay exception in child abuse cases h. Sexual abuse shield rule

Rep. Act No. 8505 (Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998), Sec. 6 (Rape Shield)

See People v. Lee, 382 SCRA 598 (footnote 42)

i. Protective orders

Obedencio v. Judge Murillo, A.M. No. RTJ-03-1753, February 5, 2004, 422 SCRA 21

People v. Baring, Jr., G.R. No. 137933, January 28, 2002, 374 SCRA 696

People v. Rama, G.R. No. 136304, January 25, 2001, 350 SCRA 266

10. Reference to a MemorandumRule 132, Sec. 16

People v. Plasencia, G.R. No. 90198, November 7, 1995, 249 SCRA 674

Canque v. CA, G.R. No. 96202, April 13, 1999, 305 SCRA 579

F. Offer and objection

1. Offer of evidence Rule 132, Sec. 34

Candido v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 107493, February 1, 1996, 253 SCRA 78

Villaluz v. Ligon, G.R. No. 143721, August 31, 2005, 468 SCRA 486

Tabuena v. CA, G.R. No. 85423, May 6, 1991, 196 SCRA 650

2. When to make an offer Rule 132, Sec. 35

People v. Yap, G.R. No. 103517, February 9, 1994, 229 SCRA 787

3. Objection Rule 132, Sec. 36

4. Repetition of an objection

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Rule 132, Sec. 37

5. Ruling Rule 132, Sec. 38

People v. Godoy, G.R. No. 115908-09, December 6, 1995, 250 SCRA 676

6. Striking out of an answer Rule 132, Sec. 39

7. Tender of excluded evidenceRule 132, Sec. 40

Catacutan v. People, G.R. No. 173991, August 31, 2011, 656 SCRA 524

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