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OUTLINE Engineering Properties of Rock Formations 1- Rock Material and Rock Mass Concept 2- Rock Material Properties 3- Rock Mass Properties 4- Investigation Methods of their Engineering Properties

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INTACT ROCK & ROCK MASS

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ROCK DISCONTINUITIES Definition A discontinuity in geotechnical engineering is a plane or surface that marks a change in physical or chemical characteristics in a soil or rock mass. A discontinuity can be, for example, a bedding, schistosity, foliation, joint, cleavage, fracture, fissure, crack or fault plane. Discontinuities may occur multiple times with broadly the same mechanical characteristics in a discontinuity set, or may be a single discontinuity. A discontinuity makes a soil or rock mass anisotropic

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ROCK DISCONTINUITIES Properties

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ROCK DISCONTINUITIES Properties ROUGHNESS in large scale wavy or straight ROUGHNESS in small scale rough or smooth INFILL material mineral infill or clay infill or no infill PERSISTENCE 1-3 meters or >10 meters APERTURE closed or no contact SPACING 1-5 cm or >1 meters WEATHERING conditions fresh or completely weathered

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SHEAR STREGTH OF ROCK DISCONTINUITIES Engineering Properties of Rock Formations = c + tan

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INVESTIGATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations DRILLING (Subsurface Investigations)

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INVESTIGATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations DRILLING RODS

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INVESTIGATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations BOREHOLE LOGS AND SAMPLE BOXES

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Engineering Properties of Rock Formations RQD (Rock Quality Designation) AND CORE RECOVERY CONCEPTS ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS

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Engineering Properties of Rock Formations RQD (Rock Quality Designation) AND CORE RECOVERY CONCEPTS ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS

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Engineering Properties of Rock Formations RMR ROCK MASS RATING AND ROCK MASS ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations RMR ROCK MASS RATING AND ROCK MASS ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations Q-SYSTEM AND ROCK MASS ENGINEERING PROPERTIES Where RQD is Rock Quality Designation, J n is joint set number, J r is joint roughness number, J a is joint alteration number, J w is joint water reduction factor, and SRF is stress reduction factor. It should be noted that RQD/J n is a measure of block size, J r /J a is a measure of joint frictional strength, and J w /SRF is a measure of joint stress

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI-SYSTEM AND ROCK MASS ENGINEERING PROPERTIES = c + tan

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI ?

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI ?

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI ?

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI ?

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI ?

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI ?

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI ?

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations GSI ?

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ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATIONS Engineering Properties of Rock Formations RQD ?

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EARTH MAKING SUBSTANCES ROCKS ROCK SLOPE STABILITY/ INSLOPE&OUTSLOPE

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EARTH MAKING SUBSTANCES ROCKS ROCK SLOPE STABILITY

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EARTH MAKING SUBSTANCES SOILS GRAIN SIZE The smaller the grain size or The lower the compaction degree results in; * more pores, * more water in pores, * more settlement, * less bearing capacity, Cohesion governs for small sizes of particles whereas Friction angle governs for large particles = c + tan

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EARTH MAKING SUBSTANCES SOILS SOIL BEHAVIOUR/SETTLEMENT

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EARTH MAKING SUBSTANCES SOILS SOIL BEHAVIOUR/BEARING CAPACITY

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EARTH MAKING SUBSTANCES SOILS SOIL BEHAVIOUR/LIQUEFACTION LOOSE SOIL DENSIFY DURING LIQUEFACTION = c + tan

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EARTH MAKING SUBSTANCES SOILS SOIL BEHAVIOUR/LIQUEFACTION SOIL BEHAVES LIKE LIQUID AND HAVE LITTLE OR NO SHEAR STRENGTH AT ALL

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EARTH MAKING SUBSTANCES SOILS SOIL BEHAVIOUR/LIQUEFACTION