Early Modern Humans

Alan R. Rogers

February 7, 2018

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Outline

I Archaeology and paleontology

I Expansion out of Africa

I Paleolithic Eurasia

I Mesolithic Eurasia

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Moderns invade Eurasia

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I Oldowan tools

I 2.6–1.7 mya

I Earliest stone tools

I Probably made byHomohabilis/rudolphensis

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Oldowan tools2.6–1.7 mya

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Acheulean hand axe (1.5–0.3 mya)

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Acheulean tools (1.5–0.3 mya)

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Distribution of Acheulean tools

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Acheulean tools

I Associated with Homo ergaster/erectus

I 1.5–0.3 myr ago

I Essentially unchanged for 1.2 myr

I Wide distribution in space

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Mousterian tools

I 300–30 kya

I Europe andwestern Asia

I Neandertals

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Neandertal sites

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Mousterian tools

I Neandertals

I 300–30 kya

I Little change in 270 kyr

I Wide distribution in space

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Aurignacian tools

I 34–23 kya

I Earliest UpperPaleolithic, Europe

I Modern humans

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Solutrean tools

I 19–15 kya

I Laurel-leafpoints

I Later UpperPaleolithic,Europe

I Modernhumans

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Grotte Chauvet31 kya

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LASCAUX17 kya

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ArtDeer’s head18–10 kya

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Venus ofLespugue(28 kya)

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Spear thrower

I increases forceof throw

I penetratedSpanish armor

I kill at 70 m

I by 14 kya

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INITIALUPPERPALE-OLITHICOFEUROPE

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Tool traditions of the Upper Paleolithic

Age Tradition

35–29 kya Chatelperronian34–23 kya Aurignacian28–22 kya Gravettian19–15 kya Solutrean18–10 kya Magdalenian

I Change is rapid.

I Each tradition occupies asmall region.

I Culture varies in space.

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Neandertal &ModernModern (at right):

I small

I long-limbed

I gracile

I flat face

I chin

I forehead

I domed skull

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Herto, Ethiopia (160 kya)

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Manot, Israel (55 kya)

Modern

But with archaicfeatures, such asoccipital bun.

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Outline

◦ Archaeology and paleontology

I Expansion out of Africa

I Paleolithic Eurasia

I Mesolithic Eurasia

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Comas et al (1997) studied European mismatchdistributions

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Mismatch distributions suggest expansion across Europe

Mid-East and Turkey: earlyexpansions.

British, Basques: late expansions

Paleolithic or Neolithic?

Comas et al thought Paleolithicbut may have been misled bymtDNA clock.

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Nuclear DNA: Xing et al 2010

I Studied large sample of nuclear DNA from populations inAfrica, Europe, East Asia, and India.

I Eurasian populations left Africa about 100 thousand years ago

I Did not separate until 25–40 thousand years ago

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Outline

◦ Archaeology and paleontology

◦ Expansion out of Africa

I Paleolithic Eurasia

I Mesolithic Eurasia

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Paleolithic DNA of NW Eurasia

Note time scale at back.

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Ust’-Ishim: a 45-ky-old modernman from W Siberia

Excavated 2008

Fu et al. (2014)

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Location of Ust’-Ishim

1, Ust’-Ishim; 4, Denisova.

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Dates and temperature

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Ust’-IshimPC map

Ust’-Ishim(purple)similar toCentralAsians

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History of population size

Red, assumes Ust’-Ishim lived today; Blue, fits curve to others andestimates mutation rate. Lived during late Pleistocene bottleneck.

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Neanderthal allele sharing

Ust’-Ishim has 2.3% Neanderthal DNA—in big chunks. Impliesrecent admixture (50–60 kya).

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Conventional wisdom

I Early emigration out ofAfrica to Australia & NewGuinea.

I Later northern emigration.

I Ust’-Ishim should be part ofnorthern population.

Problem

Ust’-Ishim is equally related tonorthern and southern modernpopulations.

Perhaps it was a 3-way split, andUst’-Ishim’s population wentextinct.

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Oase 1

Man from Pestera cu Oase,Romania

40 ky-old

6–9% of genome isNeanderthal—3× larger than anyother

3 Neanderthal segments >50 cM

Implies Neanderthal ancestor 4–6generations back.

Shares more derived alleles withE Asians & Native Americansthan with Europeans.

Fu et al. (2015)

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Green: Oase alleles shared with Neanderthal.

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Kostenki 14: a 37 ky old Russian man

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Affinities of Kostenki with world populations

(Seguin-Orlando et al. 2014)

Similar to Northern Europeans.

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Affinities of Kostenki with European populations

(Seguin-Orlando et al. 2014)

Similar to northern and western Europeans.

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Neandertal allele sharing

(Seguin-Orlando et al. 2014)

K14 has more Neandertal DNA and in bigger chunks.

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Neandertal admixture fraction

(Seguin-Orlando et al. 2014)

Kostenki (K14) had moreNeanderthal DNA than modernhumans and in bigger chunks.Implies recent admixture–54 kya.

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24 ky old burial from Mal’ta, Siberia

(Raghavan et al. 2013)

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Location of Mal’ta site

Raghavan et al. (2013)

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Mal’ta in principal components map

(Raghavan et al. 2013)48 / 71

Affinities of Mal’ta with other populations

(Raghavan et al. 2013)

Similar to Amerindians and Northern Europeans.

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24 ky old burial from Mal’ta, Siberia

(Raghavan et al. 2013)

I 1/3 of ancestry shared withNative Americans andEuropeans

I European mitochondrialDNA

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mtDNA haplogroups: 45–25 kya

(Posth et al 2016)

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mtDNA haplogroups: 19.5–14.5 kya

(Posth et al 2016)

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mtDNA haplogroups: 14.5–11.5 kya

(Posth et al 2016)

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mtDNA haplogroups: 11.5–7 kya

(Posth et al 2016)

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Two big changes invariation.

One coincides withlast glacialmaximum (LGM).

The other with thelast glacial (aka theYounger Dryas).

(Posth et al 2016)

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Outline

◦ Archaeology and paleontology

◦ Expansion out of Africa

◦ Paleolithic Eurasia

I Mesolithic Eurasia

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La Brana: a 7,000 y old forager

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La Brana site

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La Brana PC Map: World

On world-widescale, La Brana isEuropean.

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La Brana PC Map: Europe

But La Brana is notlike modernEuropeans.

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Neandertal admixture fraction

(Seguin-Orlando et al. 2014)

La Brana had more NeanderthalDNA than modern humans.

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Gradual decline in Neanderthal admixture

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La Brana adaptations

I Dark skin

I Blue eyes

I Lactose intolerant

I Poor at digesting starch.

I Modern allele at 24 of 40 loci affecting immune function.

These observations suggest that the Neolithictransition did not drive all cases of adaptiveinnovation on immunity genes found in modernEuropeans.

(Olalde et al 2014)

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Study of Lazaridis et al (2014)

DNA sequences of:Label Location Samples Age Description

Loschbour Luxembourg 1 8 ky foragerMotala Sweden 7 8 ky foragerStuttgart Germany 1 7 ky farmer

Europe 2345 0 ky modern

The moderns were not sequenced but were genotyped at 594,924autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

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Lazaridis et al samples

Loschbour, Motala: 8 ky old foragers; Stuttgart: 7 ky old farmer.

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Population size

Loschbour: 8 ky old forager; Stuttgart: 8 kya farmer; others:modern. No post-Pleistocene growth of forager population.

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Contributions to modern Europeans

ANE Ancient North EurasianWHG West-European hunter-gathererEEF Early European Farmer

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PCA map

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Contributions to modern Europeans

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Adaptations

I Lochbour (forager) relatively good at digesting starch, evenbefore agriculture.

I Stuttgart (farmer): Dark hair, light skin, brown eyes.

I Foragers: Dark skin, hair and blue eyes.

I But one Motala (forager) sample had one copy of light skinallele. It was in Europe before agriculture.

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Summary

I Archaics changed slowly both in time and space. Pace ofchange is faster for modern humans.

I Moderns appear first in Africa, 160 ky ago. Spread throughEurasia ∼50 ky ago. Introduce art, blade tools, projectileweapons.

I Genome of Ust’-Ishim, a 45-ky-old Siberian, was modern,distinct from Africans, but no closer to northern than tosouthern non-Africans. Big chunks of Neanderthal genomeimply recent admixture.

I Kostenki, a 36 ky-old Siberian, genetically similar toEuropeans. More Neanderthal DNA than modern humans.

I Mal’ta

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