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Human Origins (ARC2127, ARC3127)

Classes are on Tuesdays, 11-1, The Lab, The Forum

Date No TopicTuesday, 23rd September

1 Humans, apes, and our primate family: what’s a primate?; what’s an ape? ; and what’s a human?

Tuesday, 30th September

2 How did we get to where we are now? – major, minor (and some surprising) trends in human evolution

Tuesday, 7th October 3 3.0 – 1.8 Ma: the earliest tool-makers and the earliest indications of or own genus Homo

Tuesday, 14th October 4 Out of Africa 1 – the earliest hominin occupation of Eurasia, 1.8 – 1.0 Ma

Tuesday, 21sth October,BEIJING

5 Stone tools and their importance (LH)

Tuesday, 28th October 6 Pleistocene climate: what we know, and why it’s importantTuesday, 4th November

7 1.0 Ma – 800ka: life in the Pleistocene before Homo sapiens

Tuesday, 11th November,TURKEY

8 Palaeolithic art: a visual if puzzling feast (LH)

Tuesday, 18th November

9 Out of Africa 2 – the origin and early dispersal of Homo sapiens

Tuesday, 25th November

10 The Great Expansion – the colonisation of Australia, Siberia, the Americas and other places

Tuesday, 2nd December 11 Reflections and overviewTuesday, 9th December 12

See below for a guide to the literature, and recommended reading.

Assessment:

40% 1500 word critique (excluding references)

Include supporting tables, diagrams and/or images

27th October

60% 2000 word project(excluding references)

Include extensive supporting tables, diagrams and/or images

December 12th

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Human Origins 2014 (ARC2127,ARC3127) – A guide to sources

Books in the University Library:As a general rule, do not try to rely on books more than 20 years old – there are obviously some exceptions, but the pace of research in palaeoanthropology is very fast, and most material is out-dated very rapidly.

Also, if a book is not in the library, see what else is available under the same library classification number – look at the book’s neighboursPalaeolithic sourcesBahn, Paul – images of the ice age (913.401 BAH); also rock art studies, 1991, 1993, 1996Barham, Lawrence – The First Africans (960.1)Barham, Larry – Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene (913.601)Bradley, Bruce– Across Atlantic IceDennell – The Palaeolithic settlement of Asia (950 DEN)Dennell and Martin Porr – Southern Asia, Australia and the search for human origins (569.98)Gamble, Clive – Palaeolithic settlement of Europe (913.0312)Gamble, Clive: Palaeolithic Societies of Europe (913.0312)Scarre, Chris – The Human Past (913.031)Klein, Richard – The Human Career: human biological and cultural originsPettitt, Paul and Mark White – The British palaeolithic: hominin societies at the edge of the Pleistocene world (936.1)Pettitt, Paul – The Palaeolithic Origin of Human Burials (online version)Pettitt – Britains oldest art

Human EvolutionKlein, Richard – Modern Human Origins (online version)Lewin, Richard –Human Evolution – an Illustrated IntroductionLewin, Richard - The Origins of Modern HumansStringer, Chris and Gamble, Clive: In Search of the Neanderthals: solving the puzzle of human originsTattersall, Ian – Becoming Human: Evolution and Human Uniqueness (599.938 TAT)

Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory (573.203ENC [library use only])

The Fossil Trail: how we know what we think we know about human evolution (913.0257)Tattersall and Schwartz - Extinct Humans (online version)

Pleistocene/Quaternary background:Andersen, David – Global Environments through the QuaternaryLowe, John – Reconstructing Quaternary Environments (551.79)Elias, S – Elsevier Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (4 vols) (551.79) – 00’s of short chapters on specific topicsSirocko – the Climate of Past Interglacials (online)Walker, M. – Quaternary Dating MethodsWilliams – Quaternary Environments

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Journals:

As with books, few articles have a useful shelf-life of more than 15-20 years – try if you can to use recent material. Those listed below are the top 10 journals for publications relevant to human evolution and the palaeolithic. Antiquity, Current Anthropology and J. World Prehistory (all available online) are also useful, sometimes.

Online: key journals on human evolution and the palaeolithicJournal of Human EvolutionQuaternary International (also P550.5)Quaternary Research (also P550.5)Journal of Archaeological Science (also P 913 J17)Journal of Quaternary ScienceQuaternary Science Reviews (also P550.5)

General journals that often include relevant fossil or palaeolithic discoveries:Nature (www.nature.com); also S-P 505 – especially strong on new fossil discoveriesPLoS One (Public Library of Science One)PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA) <www.pnas.org/content>Science (www.sciencemag.org)Scientific American – sometimes good for overviews, not for detailed discoveries

Key search engines:The one I use most is Google Scholar (scholar/google.co.uk if you can’t find it under Google). The biggest problem is controlling the sheer amount of material published on a topic: for example, Olduvai Gorge returns 10,000 hits. You can narrow this by specifying a range of years (e.g. 1990-2000) or by restricting hits to English-language publications (see under Google Settings, top right hand of Google Scholar page); or by narrowing your search (e.g. site/topic + author).

Recommended reading:

The list below is not exhaustive, but is representative of current landmarks and

ideas. I don’t expect you to read everything! – but you should be able to read able

to have an informed idea about what people think they know about human origins,

and why they often disagree with each other. I’ve put down a few papers for each

topic; those in bold are the ones I’d go for first; in other cases where none are in

bold, it is because I’ve indicated what I consider to be the basic literature on that

topic.

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Primate archaeology

Haslam, M. et al., 2009. Primate Archaeology. Nature 460, 339-344.

Haslam, M. Towards a prehistory of primates. Antiquity 86, 299–315.

Earliest hominin archaeology

Heinzelin, J. de, Clark, J. D., White, T., Hart, W., Renne, P., WoldeGabriel, G.,

Beyene, Y., and Vrba, E. 1999 Environment and behaviour of 2.5-million-

year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284:625–9.

Kimbel, W. H., Walter, R. C., Johanson, D. C., Reed, K. E., Aronson, J. L., Assefa, Z.,

Marean, C. W., Eck, G. C., Bobe, R., Hovers, E., Rak, Y., Vondra, C., Yemane,

T., York, D., Chen, Y., Evensen, N. M., and Smith, P. E. 1996 Late Pliocene

Homo and Oldowan tools from the Hadar Formation (Kadar Hadar Member),

Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 31:549–61.

Plummer, T., Ferraro, J., Ditchfield, P., Bishop, L. and Potts, R. 2001 Late Pliocene

Oldowan excavations at Kanjera South, Kenya. Antiquity 75:809–10.

Sahnouni, M., Hadjouis, D., Made, J. van der, Derradji, A., Canals, A., Medig, M.,

Behahrech, H., Harichane, Z., and Rabhi, M. 2002 Further research at the

Oldowan site of Ain Hanech, north-eastern Algeria. Journal of Human

Evolution 43:925–37.

Semaw, S., Rogers, M.J., Quade, J., Renne, P.R., Butler, R.F., Dominguez-Rodrigo,

M., Stout, D., Hart, W.S., Pickering, T. and Simpson, S.W. 2003 2.6-million-

year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona,

Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45: 169-177.

Anything by Nic Toth tends to be very good:

Toth, N. 1985 The Oldowan re-assessed: A close look at early stone artefacts. Journal

of Archaeological Science 12:101–20.

Toth, N. 1987 The first technology. Scientific American 256(4):104–13.

Toth, N., Schick, K. D., Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Sevcik, R. A., and Rumbaugh, D. M.

1993 Pan the tool-maker: Investigations into the stone-tool making and tool-

using capacities of a bonobo (Pan paniscus). Journal of Archaeological Science

20(1):81–92.

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Koobi Fora

Bunn, H., Harris, J. W. K., Isaac, G. L., Kaufulu, Z., Kroll, E., Schick, K., Toth,

N., and Behrensmeyer, A. K. 1980 FxJj50: An early Pleistocene site in

northern Kenya. World Archaeology 12(2):109–36. (An old article, but still

one of the best for showing what these very early sites are like)

Out of Africa 1: reading (all this should be available on-line and/or in the univ.

library)

There is a vast amount on the earliest Eurasian data, much of it scattered in journals,

many obscure. The following is a selection of the main material; see me if you

need any others. Don’t feel that you need to read everything, but you may find

some/much of this useful.

General:

Antón, S. and Swisher, C.C. III 2004 Early dispersals of Homo from Africa. Ann. Rev.

Anthropol. 33: 271-296.

Dennell, R. W. 2003 Dispersal and colonisation, long and short chronologies: How

continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa?

Journal of Human Evolution 45:421–40.

Dennell, R. W. 2004 Hominid dispersals and Asian biogeography during the Lower and

Early Middle Pleistocene, ca. 2.0–0.5 Mya. Asian Perspectives 43(2):205–26.

(on line under< http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/index.html>; then search for the

journal

*Dennell, R. W. and Roebroeks, W. 2005 An Asian perspective on early human

dispersal from Africa. Nature 438:1099–1104.

(See also: Kohn, M. 2006 Made in Savannahstan. New Scientist 191:34–9.)

*Tattersall, I. 1997. Out of Africa again . . . and again? Scientific American

276(4):46–53.

Tattersall, I. 2000 Once we were not alone. Scientific American 282(1):38–44.

(For Asian material before 125 ka, there are detailed summaries in my book on

Asia – chapter 5 for the earliest evidence)

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Dmanisi: there is now a huge literature on this site (over 2800 entries on Google

Scholar!). I would single these out as the key ones:

Gabunia, L., Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Swisher, C. C., Ferring, R., Justus, A.,

Nioradze, M., Tvalcherlidze, M., Antón, S. C., Bosinski, G., Jöris, O., Lumley,

M.-A. de, Majsuradze, G., and Mouskhelishvili, A. 2000 Earliest Pleistocene

hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy,

geological setting, and age. Science 288:1019–25.

Gabunia, L., Vekua, A., and Lordkipanidze, D. 2000 The environmental contexts of

early human occupation of Georgia (Transcaucasia). Journal of Human

Evolution 38:785–802.

Lordkipanidze, D., Jashashvili, T., Vekua, A., Ponce de León, M. S., Zollikofer, C. P.

E., Rightmire, G. P., Pontzer, H., Ferring, R., Oms, O., Tappen, M.,

Bukhsianidze, M., Agusti, J., Kahlke, R., Kiladze, G., Martínez-Navarro, B.,

Mouskhelishvili, A., Nioradze, M., and Rook, L. 2007 Postcranial evidence

from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature 449:305–10.

(Read with: Lieberman, D. E. 2007 Homing in on early Homo. Nature 449:291–2.)

Lordkipanidze, D., Ponce de León, M.S., Margvelashvili, A., Rak, Y., Rightmire, G.P.,

Vekua, A., P. E. Zollikofer, C.P.E., 2013. A complete skull from Dmanisi,

Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo. Science 342, 326-331.

Rightmire, G. P., Lordkipanidze, D., and Vekua, A. 2006 Anatomical descriptions,

comparative studies and evolutionary significance of the hominin skulls from

Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia. Journal of Human Evolution 50(2):115–41.

The Artefacts:

Ferring, R., Oms, O., Agusti, J., Berna, F., Nioradze, M., Shelia, T., Tappen, M., Vekua,

A., Zhvania, D. and Lorkipanidze, D. 2011. Earliest human occupations at

Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85–1.78 Ma. Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences USA, 108 : 10432-10436.

Mgeladze, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Moncel, M.-M., Despriee, J., Chagelishvili, R.,

Nioradze, M., Nioradze, G., 2011. Hominin occupations at the Dmanisi site,

Georgia, Southern Caucasus: Raw materials and technical behaviours of

Europe’s first hominins. Journal of Human Evolution 6, 571-596.

Nihewan:

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*Dennell, R.W., 2012. The Nihewan Basin of North China in the Early Pleistocene:

Continuous and flourishing, or discontinuous, infrequent and ephemeral

occupation? Quaternary International 295, 223-236.

* Keates, S.G., 2010. Evidence for the earliest Pleistocene hominid activity in the

Nihewan Basin of northern China. Quaternary International 223-224, 408–417.

*Xing Gao, Qi Wei, Chen Shen, and Keates, S. 2005 New light on the earliest hominid

occupation in East Asia. Current Anthropology 46 (S5):115–20.

Zhu, R., Zhinsheng An, Potts, R., and Hoffman, K. A. 2003 Magnetostratigraphy of

early humans in China. Earth-Science Reviews 61:341–59.

Zhu, R. X., Hoffman, K. A., Potts, R., Deng, C. L., Pan, Y. X., Guo, B., Shi, C. D.,

Guo, Z. T., Hou, Y. M., and Huang, W. W. 2001. Earliest presence of humans in

northeast Asia. Nature 413:413–17.

Zhu, R. X., Potts, R., Xie, F., Hoffman, K. A., Deng, C. L., Shi, C. D., Pan, Y. X.,

Wang, H. Q., Shi, G. H., and Wu, N. Q. 2004 New evidence on the earliest

human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia. Nature

431:559–562.

Sangiran, Java:

Larick, R., Ciochon, R. L., Zaim, Y., Sudijono, Suminto, Rizal, Y., Aziz, F., Reagan,

M., and Heizler, M. 2001 Early Pleistocene 40Ar/39Ar ages for Bapang Formation

hominins, Central Jawa, Indonesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences of the USA 98(9):4866–71.

Zaim, Y., Ciochon, R.L., Polanski, J.M., Grine, F.E., Bettis, E.A. III, Rizal, Y.,

Franciscus, R.G., Larick, R.R., Heizler, M., Aswan, K., Eaves, L., Marsh, H.E.,

2011. New 1.5 million-year-old Homo erectus maxilla from Sangiran (Central

Java, Indonesia). J. Hum. Evol. 61, 363-376.

Flores/Homo floresiensis, Indonesia:

Argue, D., Donlon, D., Groves, C., and Wright, R. 2006 Homo floresiensis:

Microcephalic, pygmoid, Australopithecus, or Homo? Journal of Human

Evolution 51:360–74.

*Brown, P., Sutkina, T., Morwood, M. J., Soejono, R. P., Jatniko, and Saptomo, E. W.

2004 A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores,

Indonesia. Nature 431:1055–68.

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Morwood, M. J., Soejono, R. P., Roberts, R. G., Sutnika, T., Turney, C. S. M.,

Westaway, K. E., Rink, W. J., Zhao, J.-X., Bergh, G. D. van den, Due, R. A.,

Hobbs, D. R., Moore, M. W., Bird, M. I., and Fifield, L. K. 2004 Archaeology

and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia. Nature 431:1087–

91.

And the earliest evidence from Flores:

Brumm, A., Jensen, G.M., van den Bergh, G.D., Morwood, M.J., Kurniawan, I., Aziz,

F., Storey, M., 2010. Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago.

Nature 464, 748–752.

Morwood, M.J., O’Sullivan, P.B., Aziz, F. and Raza, A. 1998 Fission-track ages of

stone tools and fossils on the east Indonesian island of Flores. Nature 392: 173-

176.

Overview by: Diamond, J. 2004 The astonishing micropygmies Science 306: 2047.

Europe:

Dennell, R.W., Martinón-Torres, M. and Bermudez de Castro, J.M. 2011 Hominin

variability, climatic instability and population demography in Middle

Pleistocene Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1511-1524.

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.027

McDonald, K., Martinón-Torres, M. , Dennell, R. W., and Bermudez de Castro, J.M.

2012. Discontinuity in the record for hominin occupation in south-western

Europe: Implications for occupation of the middle latitudes of Europe.

Quaternary International 271, 84-97. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.10.009

Gamble, C. 1999 The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.(And/or his earlier Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe)

Roberts, M. B., Gamble, C. S., and Bridgland, D. R. 1995 The earliest occupation of

Europe: The British Isles. In The Earliest Occupation of Europe, ed. W.

Roebroeks and T. van Kolfschoten, 165–91. Leiden: Leiden University Press.

(913.401)

*Roebroeks, W. 2001 Hominid behaviour and the earliest occupation of Europe:

An exploration. Journal of Human Evolution 41:437–61.

Atapuerca: another key site with a vast literature (over 7000 on Google Scholar)

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*Carbonell, E., Bermúdez de Castro, J. M., Arsuaga, J. L., Díez, J. C., Rosas, A.,

Cuenca-Bescós, G., Sala, R., Mosquera, M., and Rodríguez, X. P. 1995

Lower Pleistocene hominids and artifacts from Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain).

Science 269:826–9.

Carbonell, E., Bermúdez de Castro, J. M., Arsuaga, J. L., Allué, E., Bastir, M., Benito,

A., Cáceres, I., Canals, T., Diez, J. C., Made, J. van der, Mosquera, M., Ollé, A.,

Pérez-González, A., Rodríguez, J., Rodríguez, X. P., Rosas, A., Rosell, J., Sala,

R., Vallerdú, J., and Vergés, J. M. 2005 An early Pleistocene hominin mandible

from Atapuerca TD-6, Spain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

USA 102:5674–8.

*Carbonell, E., Bermúdez de Castro, J.M., Parés, J.M., Pérez-González, A.,

Cuenca-Bescós, G., Ollé, A., Mosquera, M., Huguet, R., van der Made, J.,

Rosas, A., Sala, R.,Vallverdú, J., García, N., Granger, D.E., Martinón-

Torres, M., Rodríguez, X.P., Stock, G.M., Vergès, J.M., Allué, E., Burjachs,

F., Cáceres, I., Canals, A., Benito, A., Díez, C., Lozano, M., Mateos, A.,

Navazo, M., Rodríguez, J., Rosell, J., Arsuaga, J.L., 2008. The first hominin

of Europe. Nature 452, 465-469.

*Martinón-Torres, M., Bermúdez de Castro, J. M., Gómez-Robles, A., Arsuaga, J. L.,

Carbonell, E., Lordkipanidze, D., Manzi, G., and Margvelashvili, A. 2007

Dental evidence on the hominin dispersals during the Pleistocene. Proceeding of

the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104(33): 13279–82.

Also, the volume 37 (3-4) of J. Human Evolution for 1999 was entirely on the evidence

from the Gran Dolina cave at Atapuerca; and volume 33 (2-3) of 1997 was

totally on the Sima de los Huesos material.

Pakefield/Happisburgh:

Ashton, N. et al., 2014. Hominin Footprints from Early Pleistocene Deposits at

Happisburgh, UK. PLoS One, 9 | Issue 2 | e88329.

Parfitt, S. A., Barendregt, R. W., Breda, M., Candy, I., Collins, M. J., Coope, G. R.,

Durbridge, P., Field, M. H., Lee, J. R., Lister, A. M., Mutch, R., Penkman, K. E.

H., Preece, R. C., Rose, J., Stringer, C. B., Symmons, R., Whittaker, J .E.,

Wymer, J. J., and Stuart, A. J. 2005 The earliest record of human activity in

northern Europe. Nature 438:1008–12.

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Parfitt, S. et al., 2010 Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone

in northwest Europe. Nature 466, 229-233.

Schoningen:

Dennell, R. W. 1997 Life at the sharp end: The world’s oldest spears. Nature 385: 767–

8.

Thieme, H. 1997 Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385:807–10.

Beech’s Pit: (early use of fire)

Preece, R.C., Gowlett, J.A.J., Parfitt, S.A., Bridgland, D.R. and Lewis, S.G. 2006

Humans in the Hoxnian: habitat, context and fire use at Beeches Pit, West Stow,

Suffolk, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 21 (5): 485-496.

Boxgrove:

Bates, M.R., Parfitt, S.A. and Roberts, M.B. 1997 The chronology, palaeogeography

and archaeological significance of the marine quaternary record of the West

Sussex Coastal Plain, southern England, U.K. Quaternary Science Reviews 16

(10): 1227-1252.

Neanderthals and the Mousterian (two enormous topics, best approached from a

general book, e.g. one by Tattersall, or the Stringer and Gamble book)

Mellars, P.M. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy (eBook)

Krause, J., Orlando, L., Serre, D., Viola, B., Prüfer, K., Richards, M.P., Hublin, J.-J.,

Hänni, C., Derevianko, A.P., Pääbo, S., 2007, Neanderthals in central Asia and

Siberia. Nature 449, 902-904.

Shea, J.J., 2008. Transitions or turnovers? Climatically-forced extinctions of Homo

sapiens and Neanderthals in the East Mediterranean Levant. Quaternary Science

Reviews 27, 2253-2270.

Boismier, W. et al. 2003. A Middle Palaeolithic site at Lynford Quarry, Mundford,

Norfolk: interim statement. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69, 315-24.

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Kolen, J. 1999. Hominids without homes: on the nature of Middle Palaeolithic

settlement in Europe. In Roebroeks, W. & Gamble, C. (eds.) The Middle

Palaeolithic Occupation of Europe. Leiden: University Press.

Pettitt, P. B. (1997) High resolution Neanderthals? Interpreting Middle Palaeolithic intra

site spatial patterning. World Archaeology 29(2). 208-224.

Richards, M., Pettitt, P. B., Trinkaus, E., Smith, F. H., Paunovic, M., and Karavanic, I.

(2000). Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: the evidence

from stable isotopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA)

97(13), 7663-6.

Out of Africa 2 (another large and complex subject)

Boivin, N., M. Petraglia, D. Fuller, R. Dennell & R. Allaby (in press). Tracking modern

human dispersals across environments of Southern Asia. Quaternary

International 300 (2013) 32-47.

Dennell, R.W. and Petraglia, M.D. 2012 The dispersal of Homo sapiens across

southern Asia: how early, how often, how complex? Quaternary Sciences

Reviews 47, 15-22.

Field, J.S., Lahr, M.M., 2006. Assessment of the southern dispersal: GIS based analyses

of potential routes at Oxygen Isotope Stage 4. Journal of World Prehistory 19,

1-45.

Mellars, P., 2006. Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the

modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 313, 796-800.

Mellars, P. 2006. Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca.60,000

years ago? A new model. PNAS 103 no. 25,   9381–938

Mellars, P., Gori, K.C., Carr, M., Soarses, P.A. and Richards, M.B. 2013. Genetic

and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization

of southern Asia. PNAS 110 (26), 10699-10704.

www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1306043110

Pettitt, P., 2005. The rise of modern humans. In: Scarre, C. (Ed.), The Human Past.

Thames and Hudson, London, pp.127-173.

Stringer, C.B., 2000. Coasting out of Africa. Nature 405, 24-25.

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See also various chapters in Southern Asia, Australia and the Search for Human

Origins, ed. RW Dennell and M. Porr, 2014, Cambridge Univ. Press. (569.98)

NE Africa

McDougall, I., Brown, F.H., Fleagle, J.G., 2005. Stratigraphic placement and age of

modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433, 733-736.

White, T.D., Asfaw, B., DeGusta, D., Gilbert, H., Richards, G.D., Suwa, G., Howell,

F.C., 2003. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature

423, 742-747.

Quintana-Murci, L., Semino, O., Bandelt, H.-J., Passarino, G., McElreavey, K.,

Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S., 1999. Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo

sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Nature Genetics 23, 437-441.

North Africa

Smith, T.A., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D.J., Grün, R., Eggins, S., Boukatiout, M., Hublin, J.-

J., 2007. Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early

Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 6128-

6133.

Israel

Frumkin, A., Bar-Yosef, O., Schwarcz, H.P., 2011. Possible paleohydrologic and

paleoclimatic effects on hominin migration and occupation of the Levantine

Middle Paleolithic. Journal of Human Evolution 60, 437-451.

Shea, J.J., 2008. Transitions or turnovers? Climatically-forced extinctions of Homo

sapiens and Neanderthals in the East Mediterranean Levant. Quaternary Science

Reviews 27, 2253-2270.

Arabia

Armitage, S.J., Jasim, S.A., Marks, A.E., Parker, A.G., Usik, V.I., Uerpmann, H.-

P., 2011. The southern route “Out of Africa”: evidence for an early

expansion of modern humans into Arabia. Science 331, 453-456.

Petraglia, M.D., Alsharekh, A., 2003. The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: implications

for modern human origins, behaviour and dispersals. Antiquity 77, 671-684.

See also the chapters in Petraglia, M.D., Rose, J.I. (Eds.), The Evolution of Human

Populations in Arabia. Springer, Dordrecht

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India

Clarkson C., Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., Haslam, M., Boivin, N., Crowther A.,

Ditchfield, P., Fuller, D., Miracle, P., Harris, C., Connell, K., James, H., Koshy,

J., 2009. The oldest and longest enduring microlithic sequence in India: 35,000

years of modern human occupation and change at the Jwalapuram Locality 9

rockshelter. Antiquity 83, 326-348.

Haslam, M., Clarkson, C., Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., Jones, S., Shipton, C.,

Ditchfield, P., Ambrose, S., 2010. The 74 ka Toba super-eruption and southern

Indian hominins: archaeology, lithic technology and environments at

Jwalapuram Locality 3. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 3370-3384.

Petraglia , M.D., Korisettar, R., Boivin, N., Clarkson, C., Ditchfield, P., Jones, S.,

Koshy, J., Lahr, M.M., Oppenheimer, S., Pyle, D., Roberts, R., Schwenninger,

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Indian Subcontinent before and after the Toba Super-Eruption. Science 317,

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Petraglia, M.D., Ditchfield, P., Jones, S., Korisettar, R., Pal, J.N., 2012.The Toba

volcanic super-eruption, environmental change, and hominin occupation history

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*Petraglia, M.D., Clarkson, C., Boivin, N., Haslam, M., Korisettar, R., Chaubey, G.,

Ditchfield, P., Fuller, D., James, H., Jones, S., Kivisild, T., Koshy, J., Lahr,

M.M.,Metspalu, M., Roberts R., and Arnold, L. 2009 Population increase and

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Asia ca. 35,000 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Sri Lanka

Perara, N., Kourampas, N., Simpson, I.A., Deraniyagala, S.U., Bulbeck, D., Kamminga,

J., Perera, J., Fuller, D.Q., Szabo, K., Oliviera, N.V. 2011. People of the ancient

rainforest: Late Pleistocene foragers at the Batadomba-lena rockshelter, Sri

Lanka. Journal of Human Evolution 61, 254-269.

Australia

14

Habgood, P.J., Franklin, N.R., 2008. The revolution that didn't arrive: A review of

Pleistocene Sahul. Journal of Human Evolution 55, 187-222.

O'Connell, J.F., Allen, J., 2004. Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene

Australia-New Guinea): a review of recent research. Journal of

Archaeological Science 31, 835-853.

O’Connor, S., 2007. New evidence from East Timor contributes to our understanding of

earliest colonisation east of the Sunda Shelf. Antiquity 81, 523-535.

Roberts, R.G., Jones, R., Spooner, N.A., Head, M.J., Murray, A.S., Smith, M.-A., 1994.

The human colonisation of Australia: optical dates of 53,000 and 60,000 years

bracket human arrival at Deaf Adder Gorge, Northern Territory. Quaternary

Geochronology (Quaternary Science Reviews) 13, 575-583.

Summerhayes, G.R., Leavesley, M., Fairbairn, A., Mandui, H., Field, J., Ford, A.,

Fullagar, R., 2010. Human adaptation and plant use in Highland New Guinea

49,000 to 44,000 years ago. Science 330, 78-81.

Denisova, Siberia

Krause, J., Fu, Q., Good, J.M., Viola, B., Shunkov, M.V., Derevianko, A.P., Pääbo, S.,

2010. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from

southern Siberia. Nature 464, 894-897.

Martinón-Torres, M., Dennell, R.W., Bermudez de Castro, J.M. 2011.The Denisova

hominin need not be an African story. Journal of Human Evolution 60, 251-255.

Reich, D., Green, R.E., Kircher, M., Krause, J., Patterson, N., Durand, E.Y., Viola, B.,

Briggs, A.W., Stenzel, U., Johnson, P.L.F., Maricic, T., Good, J.M., Marques-

Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Fu, Q., Mallick, S., Li, H., Meyer, M., Eichler, E.E.,

Stoneking, M., Richards, M., Talmov, S., Shunkov, M.V., Derevianko, A.P.,

Hublin, J.-J., Kelsom, J., Slatkin, M., Pääbo, S., 2010. Genetic history of an

archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468, 1053-1060.

Indonesia

Barker, G.W.W., Barton, H., Bird, M., Daly, P., Datan, I., Dykes, A., Farr, L.,

Gilbertson, D., Harrisson, B., Hunt, C., Higham, T., Kealhofer, L., Krigbaum, J.,

Lewis, H., McLaren, S., Paz, V., Pike, A., Piper, P., Pyatt, B., Rabett, R.,

Reynolds, T., Rose, J., Rushworth, G., Stephens, G., Stephens, M., Stringer, C.,

2007. The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity

15

and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo).

Journal of Human Evolution 52, 243-261.

Storm, P., F. Aziz, J. de Vos, J., D. Kosasih, S. Baskoro, Ngaliman & L.W. van den

Hoek Ostende 2005. Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens in a tropical rainforest

fauna in East Java. Journal of Human Evolution 49, 536-545; and/or:

Westaway, K.E., M.J. Morwood, R.G. Roberts, A.D. Rokus, J.-X. Zhao, P. Storm, F.

Aziz, G. van den Bergh, P. Hadi, Jatmiko & J. de Vos 2007. Age and

biostratigraphic significance of the Punung rainforest fauna, East Java,

Indonesia, and implications for Pongo and Homo. Journal of Human Evolution

53, 709-717.

Philippines

Mijares, A.S., Détriot, F., Piper, P., Grün, R., Bellwood, P., Aubert, M., Champion, G.,

Cuevas, N., De Leon, A., Dizon, E., 2010. New evidence for a 67,000-year-old

human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines. Journal of Human

Evolution 59, 123-132.

Laos

Demeter, F., L. L. Shackelford, A.-M. Bacon, P. Duringer, K. Westaway, Thongsa Sayavongkhamdy, J. Braga, Phonephanh Sichanthongtip, Phimmasaeng Khamdalavong, J.-L. Ponche, Hong Wang, C. Lundstrom, E. Patole-Edoumba & A.-M. Karpoff 2012. Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 109 (36), pp. 14375-14380.

The Americas

Eriksson, A. et al. 2012. Late Pleistocene climate change and the global expansion of

anatomically modern humans. PNAS 109, 16089–16094.

Art, symbolism, burials, language (and other tricky issues)

Burials: use Paul Pettitt’s book as a basic source; for art, Bahn’s Images of the Ice

Age is a convenient start.

16

Conard, N. 2003. Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and

the origins of figurative art. Nature 426, 830-832.

Conard, N., Malina, M. and Münzel, S.C. 2009. New flutes document the earliest

musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature 460, 737-740

Gibson, K.R. and Ingold, T., 1993. Tools, language and cognition in human evolution

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Dunbar, R.I.M. 2003. The social brain: mind, language, and society in evolutionary

perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 32, 163-181.

Gamble, C., Gowlett, J. and Dunbar, R., 2011. The Social Brain and the Shape of the

Palaeolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21,115-136.

Marwick, B. 2003. Pleistocene Exchange Networks as Evidence for the Evolution of

Language. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13, 67 – 81.

Schwarcz, H.P., R. Grün, B. Vandermeersch, O. Bar-Yosef, H. Valladas, & E. Tchernov

1988. ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. Journal of

Human Evolution 17, 733-737.

Soffer, O., Adovasio, J.M. and Hyland, D.C. 2000. The “Venus” Figurines:

Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic. Current

Anthropology

41, No. 4, 511-537.

Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., Stringer, C., James, S.L., Todd, J.A., Mienis, H.K.,

2006. Middle Paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312,

1785-1788.

Blombos, S. Africa (an important site in recent literature):

D’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaeren, Niekerk, K. van. 2005. Nassarius

kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in

the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 48, (1), 3–24.

17

Henshilwood, C., d’Errico, F., Marean, C.W., Milo, R.G., Yates, R. 2001. An early

bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa:

implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and

language. Journal of Human Evolution 41, 631–678.

D’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Nilssen, P. 2001. An engraved bone fragment from c.

70,000-year-old Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa:

implications for the origin of symbolism and language. Antiquity 75, 309-318.

Henshilwood, C., D’Errico, F., Niekerk, K.L. van, Coquinot, Y., Jacobs, Z., Lauritzen,

S.-E., Menu, M., García-Moreno, R. 2011. A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-

Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 334, 219-222.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1211535.

Robin Dennell10/09/2014