OUR SEAL

The olive branch symbolizes peace.

E Pluribus Unum

is Latin for “Out

of many, One”. It

is the national

motto.

The arrows symbolize war.

How many stars are there?

How many stripes are

there?

The 13 Stars and Stripes

represent the original 13

states.

The bald

eagle

represents

freedom and

power.

Election of 1796- John Adams! (yay!)

• Created Alien and Sedition Acts

• Was a Federalist

• 2nd President of the United States

•Election of 1800- Adams v Jefferson • Deadlock election for Republicans-

• went to House for a vote to break tie

•Jefferson won – 12th Amendment

created

CHAPTER 12

Foreign Policy

• “Foreign” means that it involves other nations or governments.

• A “policy” is a plan or course of action that a government intends to follow (one example – a policy of isolationism)

Thus, “foreign policy” is a plan or course of action that a government follows when dealing with other parts of the world.

Isolationism Involvement

Washington’s Attempt at F.P. •Knew country was not prepared for

another war with anyone, but had signed

an alliance with France…

•Proposed Neutrality (would do nothing to

help France or Britain during their war

times)

•This became knows as Isolationism!!

• (avoiding alliances with other countries)

Adam’s attempt to follow GW

•Dilemma #1: (pg. 164)

• The Jay Treaty: Chief Justice John Jay went to

Britain to negotiate w/ Brits to leave Ohio Valley

• France felt betrayed- started attacking American

merchant ships

• The XYZ Affair- When French secret agents

met US reps and demanded money or else no

peace talks

Outcomes of Dilemma #1

• Adams sent peace mission to France

• Napoleon had taken over France- was eager to make

peace with US and Brits- already ended the seizure of

merchant ships!

• More importantly, N.B. ended the 1778 alliance with the

US (France did not have to pay for seized ships, in return)

• Made Adams unpopular- lost to Jefferson in election of

1800

Peace did not last long

•France and Britain began fighting

again

•Started seizing American ships that

traded with their enemies

•Big pirate problem!!

Dilemma #2: How should Pres.

Jefferson deal with ships/Pirates? • Problem-- Impressment: When Brits kidnapped

American sailors to serve in British navy.

• Piracy: Robbery at sea. • Barbary States of North Africa = piracy for American ships

• Both GW and Adams paid tribute to State rulers

in exchange for safety of American ships, almost

2 million dollars by the time Jefferson became

Pres.

• The ruler of Tripoli demanded more- even

declared war against the US

• TJ hated war but hated paying $$ just as

much.

Outcome: TJ solves half the Problem

•Sent small fleet of war ships to Med. to

protect US ships. One got captured,

crew held for ransom.

•TJ begged Brit and France to stop

plundering, despite France under

order not to. When diplomacy failed-

tried an embargo!

• Embargo- a complete halt in trade with other nations. (not smart)

• Embargo Act of 1807- no foreign ships could enter US ports and no US ships could leave.

• TJ hoped this would hurt UK and France so they would stop

• Backfired! Crews lost their jobs, ships rotted in port, etc. It was repealed in 1809- UK /France kept attacking

Dilemma #3: What can Madison do?

• James Madison took a new approach; offered UK

and France a deal…

• If you stop, the US will stop trading with their

enemy

• Napoleon agreed! (but secretly still ordered the

attacks) Madison cut off trade with British

• Maybe Madison should go to war with Britain…

• Not popular with New Englanders and Federalists

• Did not want a blockade (closing off an area to

keep people/supplies in or out)

• South was in favor of war

Outcome of Dilemma #3

•War of 1812!

•Madison chose to abandon isolationism

•Congress declared war on Britain

•Wanted to acquire Canadian lands

•Britain proved tough!

• Held off Canadian takeover, and attacked

DC…

•Then they attacked Baltimore harbor

•A lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched the bombing of Ft. McHenry-

•He wrote a poem which later became….

•THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER!!!

Battle of New Orleans

• One of the greatest American victories

during the war was the Battle of New

Orleans.

• General Andrew Jackson’s men killed or

wounded about 2,000 British soldiers, while

only about 20 American soldiers were killed

or wounded.

• The victory made Jackson a war hero,

which would later aid him when he ran for

the presidency.

The End of the War

• Although both sides claimed victory, neither

Britain nor the U.S. really won the War of

1812.

• The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war,

settled none of the issues that had led to

the fighting.

• Instead, the problems of impressment and

ship seizures faded away as peace settled

over Europe.

How and who we inspired

•One by one, Latin

American nations would

rise up against Spain and

gain their independence.

1811- Paraguay

1816- Argentina

1818- Chile

1819- Colombia

1821- Mexico

Venezuela

1822- Ecuador

1823- United Provinces

of Central

America

1824- Peru

1825- Bolivia

1828- Uruguay

James Monroe

•What should

President Monroe

do to support the

new Latin

American

nations?

The Monroe Doctrine

•North and South America were no longer’ subjects’ to European countries for future colonization.

The First 5 Presidents

• Washington

• Adams

• Jefferson

• Madison

• Monroe