Our Presidents Rock!

8/11/2019 Our Presidents Rock!

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ZONDERKIDZ

Our Presidents Rock! Copyright 2014 by Juliette Turner

Requests for information should be addressed to:

Zonderkidz, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids , Michigan 495 46

ISBN 978-0-310-73095-8

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Turner, Juliette.Our presidents rock! / Juliette Turner, National Youth Director of Constituting America .

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.Audience: Ages 8 and up. ISBN 978-0-310-73095-8 (softcover)1. Presidents--United States--Biography--Juvenile literature. I. Title.

E176.1.T87 201 4973.099--dc23[B] 2014015511

All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version, NIV . Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011by Biblica, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.

Any Internet addresses (websites, blogs, etc.) and telephone numbers in this book are offered as a resource. They are not intended in any way to be or implyan endorsement by Zondervan, nor does Zondervan vouch for the content of these sites and numbers for the life of this book.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic,

mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any otherexcept for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Editors: Kim Childress and Jacque AlbertaEditorial Assistance: Alyssa HelmCover design: Deborah WashburnCover photography: Larry Travis PhotographyMakeup artistry: Ro VielmaIllustrations: Brian OeschInterior design: Matthew Van Zomeren

Printed in China

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 /DSC/ 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


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For my mother, who inspiresme to love, respect, and protect

our wonderful country.

In memory of my grandfather,Turner Maurice Gauntt, Jr.,

a born leader and protectorof Americas Republic.


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16

HOW TO READ THIS BOOK

Since I am a teenager like you, I know its important to get information quickly. We livein the age of Facebook, Twitter, and Vines, where information must be concise, coher-ent, and quick to read. So why should a book on the presidents be any different? In everychapter, Ive broken down the information into these sections:

The Bottom LineA two-sentence overview of the presidents accomplishments during his time in office.

What Were They Thinking?A quick explanation of the viewpoints of every president, from his views on debt andforeign relations to his views on social issues and war.

Why Should I Care?Why should we care about a president no one even talks about anymore? Every chapterin this book contains Why Should I Care?, which will tell you why it is necessary tolearn about and understand the policies of that president in particular.

Breakin it DownAn overview of each presidents life, including his growing-up years, his family, and hispolitical or military career prior to becoming president.

PresidencyInformation about his actual time in officefrom his policies to his landmark accom-plishments to important events that affected his presidency.

What Has He Done for Me Lately?Ever wonder how some presidents affect your life today? Well, every chapter has a quickoverview of how the presidents accomplishments shaped our country and influence ourlives today.

Quick FactsLots of fun tidbits, including:

P r es i d e n t ia l T i m es

O u r P r e sid en t s Ro c

k s o f f ic ia l ne ws pa pe r i nc

l ud i ng b rea k i ng ne ws,

o n- t he-s i te

re po r t i ng, a nd h is to r ica

l e ve n ts occ u r r i ng d u r i

ng eac h p res ide nc y.


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P R E S I D E N T I A L P e r s o n a l i t y I n f o r m a t i o n o n h o w e a c h p r e s i d e n t c a r r i e d

h i m s e l f i n o f f i c e a n d i n h i s p e r s o n a l l i f e .

Q u ick in f orm a t ion abou t t he m an him

sel f .

F A S T S T A T S

L I B E R T Y L a n g u a gE as y - t o - und e r s t and d e f i n i t i o ns o f t e r ms t hus e d i n t he c hap t e r .

Interest ing things you might not have

known about each president .

F U N F A C T S !

T H O U G

H T S O N T H E C O N S T I T UT h e pr e si d e n t s t h ou g h t s on w h a t t h e C on st i t u t i on m e a n t t o h i m , a l on g w i t h a qu i c k e x pl a n a t i on f r om m e on w h y h i s w or d s a r e i m por t a n t .

E v e r y t h i n g y o u w a n t t o k n o w a b o u t e a c h e l e c

t i o n a t a

g l a n c e, f r o m w h a t s t a t e s e a c h

p r e s i d e n t w o n i n t h e e l e c t i o n,

t o t h e v o t e s h e g o t a n d w h o

h e r a n a g a i n s t.

E L E C T I O N R E S U L T S !

B T W : S o m e n e c e s s a r

y a n d

f a s c i n a t i n g

f a c t s y o u j u s t c o u l d n

t d o w i t h o u t

.

T h e i m p o r t a n t l e g i s l a t i

o n p a s s ed d u r i n g e ac h

p r e s id e n t s t i m e i n o f f i

c e.

C O N G R E S S I O N A

L C O R N E R

P L A T F O R M S P E E C H Im port a n t l in es f rom a

speech t h e presid en t g a ve t h a t sh ows h is f eel in g s on

a n issu e or e ven t .


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18

WHO IS THE PRESIDENT?Explaining the Presidency

We all know the presidentbut what is his job? Why do we pay so much attention tohis actions and his decisions?

In 1787, our Founding Fathers created the U.S. Constitution, which establishesour republican form of government. Our government has three branches: the legisla-tive (Congress), the executive (the president), and the judicial (the Supreme Court andfederal courts). Because our founders believed that men are not angels, they separatedour government into three branches in order to create a balance of power. This bal-ance ensures that the president is always checked by Congress and the Supreme Court.He can never obtain too much power and overthrow our government.

Because of the 22nd amendment, the president can only serve two terms, or eightyears. The president may seem to have a lot of authority and control these days, but theConstitution explicitly enumeratesspecifically listsall the powers of the president.The presidents primary function is to execute the laws passed by Congress (hence

the name, executive branch), however he (or she) also has thepower to veto these bills. The president, as the fig-

urehead of Americas government, representsthe compassion, power, and ability of

the American people not only here inAmerica but across the globe.

In Article II, Section 2, theConstitution explains the pow-

ers of the president:


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1

1. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the UnitedStates, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service ofthe United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officerin each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties oftheir respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons forOffences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

2. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to makeTreaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate,and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors,other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Of-ficers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise providedfor, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest theAppointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone,

in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.3. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the

Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End oftheir next Session.

To learn more about the presidential office and its powers, pick up a copy of OurConstitution Rocks!


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The Bottom LineDuring his presidency, George Washington set the precedents for all future presidents. In his first term,Washington preserved the country by maintaining peace between the United States and Great Britain

which was a big deal coming out of the Revolu-tionary War. During his second term, Wash-ington established that national legislation holdsauthority over state legislation (meaning all statelegislation and all citizens must abide by federallaws). He did so by suppressing the WhiskeyRebellion in 1794.

What Was He Thinking?George Washington believed that morality andhonesty should always be the guiding forces foranyone holding the office of the presidency. He be-lieved in the Constitution and a government witha system of checks and balances. He consideredhimself a man free of party limitations, believingthat establishing political parties would ultimately

Born February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County,Virginia

Parents: Augustine and Mary Ball Washington Died December 14, 1799, in Mount Vernon, Virginia;

age 67 Age upon Start of First Term: 57; Age upon Conclusion

of First Term: 61 Age upon Start of Second Term: 61; Age upon

Conclusion of Second Term: 65 Religious Affiliation: Episcopalian Political Party: Independent Height: 6 feet 2 inches Vice President: John Adams

First President of the United StatesNickname: The Indispensable ManTerms in Office: 17891793; 17931797

FAST STATS

B T W : W a shi

n g t

o n i s t h e f i r

s t a n d o n l y pr e si d e n t e l e c t e d w i t h ou t t he h e l p o f a po l i tica l p a r t y .

GEORGE

WASHINGTON


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A capital letter can make all the difference. In America, wehave two major political parties: the Republicans and theDemocrats. However, republican and democratic (withlowercase letters) refer to certain types of government:a republic where the people rule the government

through the people they elect to a congressthe type ofgovernment we have in Americaand a democracy wherethe people directly rule their government, for example,where everyone would vote on legislation.

Republican vs. republican

ruin Americas republican form of government.He thought political parties would influence thedecisions made by the president, congressmen, andevery government official, undermining the system ofchecks and balances established by the Constitution.

Why Should I Care?George Washington is the father of our country.As general of the Continental Army, he led the fightthat achieved the countrys independence. As chairof the Constitutional Convention, he helped give thecountry its government. As our first president, heguided the nation safely through its most vulnerableyears and established the precedents that still shape

the presidency today. He was an international celeb-rity and a national hero, even in his own day. He hadto define the Constitution, and transform the execu-tive branch from the paper and ink of the Constitu-tion into an actual, functioning, and governing office.

Breakin It DownEarly LifeGeorge Washingtons father, Augustine, was a

tobacco farmer, a justice of the peace, and sheriff forWestmoreland County, Virginia. Mary, Georgesmother, was Augustines second wife. George had sixsiblings, plus two stepbrothers and one stepsister.

Georges father died when he was eleven yearsold. His mother, who never remarried, raised himand his nine siblings by herself, and it was his old-est stepbrother, Lawrence, who mentored youngGeorge. They grew very close. George was mainlyhomeschooled by tutors, but he also educated him-self by reading books from the family library. Hisinterest in mathematics helped him in his first jobas a land surveyor.

His brother Lawrence died in 1752, leaving theMount Vernon estate to George. George loved to farmhis property and experiment with agriculture and croprotation. He once experimented with a tobacco crop,

Federalist: A major political party in the early years of the

United States that favored a strong, centralized nationalgovernment, the adoption of the U.S. Constitution,and unification of the states into one united country.Alexander Hamilton is considered the founder of the party.

Anti-Federalist: Another major political party in the earlyyears of the United States that favored state sovereigntyand a small to nonexistent federal government. Anti-Federalists opposed the adoption of the United StatesConstitution because they believed it took too muchpower away from the states.

POLITICAL PARTIES

W a s h i n g to n s j o b a s th e f i r s t p r e s i d e n t o f th e U n i te d S ta te s wad a u n ti n g a n d o v e r w h e l m i n g . H e k n e w em o v e h e m a d e w o u l d b e h e l d a s thes ta n d a r d f o r a l l f u tu r e p r e s i d e n ts .

L I B E R T Y L a n g u a g eP r e c e d e n t : In t he c ase of t he pr esidenc y , a pr ec edent is an ac t ion t ak en by a pr esident t hat set s t he st andar ds f or all f ut ur e pr esident s. Of t en , t he Supr eme C our t look s t o leg al pr ec edent s. Gov er ning indiv iduals look t o pr ec edent s f or

adv ic e on a c er t ain ac t ion.


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2

1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1791795 17981796

country to support France (led mainly by Thomas Jefferson).Washington realized allying with one country would outragethe othera lose-lose situation for America. So Washington issuedthe Neutrality Proclamation of 1793, which stated that the UnitedStates would not interfere with British or French affairs. This not only

prevented America from entering a war, but saved America from col-lapsing from foreign attacks and domestic arguments.

The Whiskey RebellionThe tax on whiskey that Washington signed during his first termsparked outrage among the farmers (who were most affected by thistax), causing them to rebel against the federal governments authority to enforce such a tax on the states. When rebels began to march to the capital from Pennsylvania, Washington put an end to the movement.

He organized the militias of New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia 15,000 troops combinedand accompanied them the entire way tomeet the rebels. The rebels dispersed, but the federal troops captured120 men. Twenty were tried in court, but only two were convicted oftreason, and Washington pardoned them both. Although he pardonedthe rebels, he set the standard throughout the entire country: legislationand laws passed by the national government held supremacy, or weresuperior, to legislation passed by the states.

Foreign PolicyIn addition to Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation,many foreign policy advances occurred during histime in office. Most important, Washington setthe precedent that the president and executivebranch could control the negotiations of treatieswithout consulting Congress first.

But Washington knew that once the treatywas on paper, it had to be approved by two-thirdsof the Senate.

B T W : E i g h t p r e si d e n ts w e r e b o r n i n ViW a sh i n g to n , J e f f e r so n , Ma d i so n , MH a r r i so n , T y l e r , T a y l o r , a n d W i l so

Construction on theWhite House begins,

1793Bill of Rightsis ratifiedin 1791

Vermontbecomes astate, 1791

Kentuckybecomes astate, 1792

Tennessee becomesa state, 1796

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

The Residence Act of 1790,District of Columbia becomes the

capital of the United States.

The Constitution is signed by theContinental Congress,September 17, 1787

L I B E R T Y L a ng u a g

Virg in ia House o f Burg esses: An assembl y

elected representati ves in the state o f Virgi

that met f rom 1619 to 1 7 76. The House dis

at the start o f the American Re volution an

replaced with the Virginia House o f Delega

Burg ess: A term used onl y in British f orms o

go vernment , burgess re f ers to an elected or

appointed o f f icial o f a municipalit y (cit y , to w

other district) or the representati ve o f a to w

suburb.

W as hi ng t o n r e mai ns t he o nl y p r e s i d e nt t o b e i naug ur at e d i n t w o d i f f e r e nt c i t i e s : Ne w Y o r k f o r hi s f i r s t t e r m and P e nns y l v ani a f o r hi s s e c o nd t e r m. H e i s al s o t he o nl y p r e s i d e nt w ho ne v e r r e s i d e d i n W as hi ng t o n , D .C .

F U N F A C T !

A t t he e nd o f hi s fir s t ter m, Wa s hi n g to n wa s read y to

re tire b u t t he po li tica l fac tio n s a t t he

ti me were so hi g h, a nd t he s piri t o f par t y

po li tic s so da n gero u s, Wa s hi n g to n decided to

s tic k aro u nd for a seco nd ter m to he l p

pre ser ve t he co u n tr y.

Whiskey Rebellionof 1794

First Term in Office Second Term in Office


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24

French and Indian WarIn 1753, at the age of twenty-one, Major George Washington was

sent on a mission to confront French forces in the Ohio region. He wasto deliver a message from the governor demanding that the Frenchleave the region and stop their interference with trade. Although his tripwas not successful and the French did not surrender, Washington waspromoted to lieutenant colonel. In the spring of 1754, he was chargedwith removing the French from the Ohio region.

Washington is most remembered for his surrender at Fort Neces-sitya battle that contributed to the start of the French and IndianWar. Fighting was made difficult because of heavy rainfall and floodingof the marshy ground. Both sides suffered casualties, but the British lostmore soldiers than the French and Indians.

During his time in the British army, he gained valuable military, political, and leadership skills. He was atough and courageous soldier and faced many difficult situations, including disasters and retreats. However, thisdid not translate into a high-ranking position, and Washington retired from the military in 1758.

The Revolutionary WarWithout Washington, it is very unlikely that the Revolutionary War, the war for American independence, couldhave been won. His determination, military strategies, and leadership held the straggling army together fornearly seven years.

Although Washington suffered many defeats, his leadership and rally cries led the men to victory, like dur-ing the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776, after the crossing of the Delaware River on Christmas Day.During it all, Washington held on to his humble spirit, staying alongside his men in Valley Forge and weather-ing the frigid conditions with little more provisions than the lowliest foot soldier.

At the end of the war, on December 29, 1783, Washington handed over his commission and his sword toCongress. He gave up all his military power to the astonishment of many, including King George III of England.

After the war, Washingtons career was far from over. He reentered the political spotlight as president of theConstitutional Convention, where, after much pleading from Alexander Hamiltonand James Madison, he served as president of the convention and pre-sided over the formation of Americas founding document, the Con-stitution. Washingtons leadership at the convention legitimized theConstitution in the eyes of all Americansif George Washingtonwas for it, who could be against it?

Mi l i t a r y

C a r e e r

W hen W ashing t on handed ov er his c om-mission , he sur r ender ed all of his milit ar y pow er , bec oming an or dinar y Amer ic an c it i-zen. T his w as not r out ine f or milit ar y leader s of t he t ime. Usually , t hey bec ame pow er hung r y w hile ser v ing in t he milit ar y and ev ent ually bec ame dic t at or s or r uler s of t he c ount r y . W ashing t on set a new pr ec edent by sur r ender ing his pow er , g iv ing it bac k t o t he people.

F U N F A C T S !

BT W : D uri n g the B a ttl e of Monon ga hela , two horses were shot out f rom und er W a shi n gton, a nd f our musket ba l ls ri pped throu gh hi s ov erc oa t.

B T W :

W a s

h i n g t o n

b e

l i e v e

d i n

b e i n g a

c i t i z e n s o

l d i e r , a c i t i z e n w

h o

a n s w e r e

d t o C o n g r e s s

f i r s t

, a n

d a

m i l i t a r y

l e a

d e r s e c o n

d .

Washington frequently felt like he was fightingfor alost cause, once writing that hefeared his country was on theverge of ruin. But he refused

to give up and kept on fighting.

B T W : H i s t o r y

c r e d i

t s

G e o r g eW as

hing

on

e

n s i b l e f o r w i n n i n g t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y W r a n d

A m e r i c a n

i n d e

p e n

d e n

c e

, M a n y a r g u e

t h

a t w i t

h o u t

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t

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t h

e

U . S .


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Washington Won

Washington Won

Territories

Territories

Washington was elected unanimously by the sixty-nine electors inthe Electoral College. Yet he only carried ten of the thirteen states.How so? North Carolina and Rhode Island had yet to sign the Constitution,so they did not take part in the election. New York could not decidewho to vote for.


2

O ur F o und i ng F at he r s e st ab l i she d t heE l e c t o r al C o l l e g e as a sy st e m f o r e l e c t i ng t he p r e si d e nt . E ac h st at e g e t s o ne e l e c t o r f o r e ac h c o ng r e ssman , i t s numb e r o f U .S . r e p r e se nt at i v e s , p l us i t s t w o se nat o r s. O ur F o und e r s w ant e d t o p r e v e nt st at e s w i t h l ar g e p o p ul at i o ns f r o m d o mi nat i ng t he e l e c t i o ns. And t he e l e c t o r s i d e nt i t i e s ar e k e p t se c r e t unt i l t he l ast p o ssi b l e d ay , b e c ause o ur F o und e r s w ant e d t o e nsur e t he e l e c t o r s w o ul d n t b e b r i b e d o r c o r r up t e d t o v o t e a c e r t ai n w ay . O ur C o nst i t ut i o n l e av e s i t up t o t he st

at e s t o d e c i d e ho w t he y w i l l ap p o i nt t he i r e l e c t o r s. E ac h me t ho d i s d i f f e r e nt d e p e nd i ng o n t he st at e .

E L E C T O R A L C O L L E G E

E l e c t i o n o f 17 89

Ele c t o r a l

Vo t e s

1 s t Geo r ge Wa s h i n g to n 6 9

2 n d Jo h n A da m s 3 4

3 r d Jo h n Ja y 9

4 t h O t he r 2 6

1 s t

Washington was once again uvoted president for a second twhich he did not desireobtaof the 132 electoral votes fromnow fifteen American states. Tadditional electoral votes werthose voting for the vice presiback then, the second-place wbecame the vice president.

T h e E l e c t o r a l

C o l l e g e w a s

e s t a b l i s h e d b y A

r t i c l e I I,

S e c t i o n 1, C l a u s e

2

o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i

o n.

Y o u c a n r e a d m

o r e

a b o u t i t i n O u r

Co n s t i t u t io n

Roc k s .

E le c t i o n o f 17 9 3 Ele ct o ra lVo tes

1st Geor ge Washin gton 132

2nd John Adams 77

3rd George Clinton 50

4th Other 5

1st

B T W : G e o r g e W a s h

i n g t o n h a d t

o b o r r o w

$ 6 0 0 t o t r a v e l f r o m

V i r g i n i a t o

N e w

Y o r k a f t e r

b e i n g e l e c t e d p

r e s i d e n t.

H e h a d r e f u s

e d p a y f o r h i s

s e r v i c e s

d u r i n g t h e w

a r , s o h e h a

d s i g n i f i c a n t

f i n a n c i a l t r o

u b l e s o n t h e

f a r m h e h a d

l e f t b e h i n d

w h i l e s e r v i n

g h i s c o u n t r

y.


15/26

26

P R E S I D E N T I A L

P e r s o n a l i t y

Al thou gh Washin g ton was known f or his

quick temper , he worked his whole li f e to

comba t i t. People commen ted on his di gni f ied reserve , which som

e mis takenl y

took to be a snobbish a t ti tude. This aura o f

s tren g th and di gni t y is par tl y wh y people

looked to Washin g ton as a leader who could

reason wi th f airness and make level-headed

decisions.

Post-PresidencyWashington adamantly refused to run for a thirdterm, though he was most likely guaranteed to win.He awed the world by peacefully handing over hispower to his elected successor, John Adams, andretiring to private life.

George finally obtained his dream: farm-

ing and living on his beloved plantation, MountVernon, with his wife, Martha, and their grand-children. However, his joy was short-lived. Twoyears after his presidency, Washington wastaking a horseback ride around his property inmid-December when it suddenly started to sleet.He returned home drenched and cold, but he wasunable to immediately change into drier clothesbecause of unexpected company. The next day, asore throat left him nearly unable to breathe.

Major acts passed under Congress duringPresident Washingtons terms in office:

1. Judiciary Act of 1789 established the nationsfederal judiciary system.

2. The first tax lawa tariff on imported goodswas passed.

3. A charter for the First Bank of the United States was approved, which Washington signed intolaw in February 1791.

4. The Whiskey Tax set a tax on the sale andproduction of whiskey.

5. The Residence Act of 1790 established theDistrict of Columbia as the new capital of theUnited States.

6. The Naturalization Act of 1795 required anindividual to live in the U.S. for five yearsbefore becoming a U.S. citizen.

CONGRESSIONAL CORNER

L I B E R T Y L a n g u a g e S u p r e m ac y : W he n c e r t ai n l e g i s l at i o n , o r l aw s , hav e

s up r e mac y o v e r o t he r l e g i s l at i o n , i t me ans t hat t he

s up r e me l e g i s l at i o n mus t b e o b e y e d . I n o ur c o unt r y ,

t he ul t i mat e s up r e me l e g i s l at i o n i s t he C o ns t i t ut i o n ,

and i t mus t b e o b e y e d and i s s up e r i o r o v e r al l o t he r

l e g i s l at i o n p as s e d i n Ame r i c a.

B T W :

W

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w a r -

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a r e A

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J a c k s o n

, W i l l i a m

H a r r i s o

n ,

Z a c

h a

r y

T a y

l o r

, U

l y

s s e

s

G r an t ,

an

D w i g

h t E

i s e n h o w e r .

L I B E R T Y L a n

g u a g e

L e g i s l a t i o n : Le g i s l a t i

o n re fe r s t o a n y ac t o r

b i l l

p a s sed b y C o n g re s s o r

be i n g c o n s ide red a nd

de b a ted b y C o n g re s s.

H e r e , W a sh i n g to n i s sa y i n g th a t th e f o u n d a ti o n o f o u r r e p u b l i c a n f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t l i e s w i th i n th e p o w e r o f th e p e o p l e to c h a n g e th e i r g o v e r n i n g d o c u m e n t th r o u g h th e a m e n d m e n t p r o c e ss i n th e C o n sti tu ti o n .

T H O U

G H T S O N T H E C O N S T I T U T

I O N

T h e ba sis of ou r polit ica l syst em s is t h e ri g h t of

t h e peopl e t o m a k e a n d a l t er t h eir Con st it u t ion s of G o vern m en t . Bu t t h e

Con st it u t ion wh ich a t a n y t im e e x ist s , t il l ch a n g ed by a n e x pl icit a n d a u t h en t ic a ct of t h e wh ol e peopl e , is sa cred l y

obl i g a t ory u pon a l l .


16/26

2

For the next two days, threedoctors attempted to save Americas IndispensableMan through bleedinga common practice of the day until he begged them to stop. Soon after, he passed away,leaving behind a young country he had fought his entire lifeto build and preserve.

What Has He Done For MeLately?Washington truly was the Indispensable Man. First, hewas influential as commander in chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. His leader-ship, determination, bravery, and example helped the colonies win independence from Great Britain.

Second, Washingtons well-known reliability caused the colonies to place more trust in the Constitutionduring the Constitutional Convention.

Third, his humility and sensibility allowed him to hold the office of thepresident without overstepping his constitutional limitations, and hisactions set precedents for all future American presidents. In es-sence, we have Washington to thank for America.

The Treaty of San Lorenzo: Opened theMississippi for U.S. citizens all the way

down to New Orleans. Negotiated byCharles Pinckney.

Algerian Treaty: Freed American sailorswho had been taken hostage by Barbarypirates. Negotiated with the country ofAlgiers.

The Jay Treaty (with Britain): Successfullymoved British soldiers off the Great Lakesand the Ohio frontier and settled for theBritish to pay for the damage they caused

by plundering American ships.

Other TreatiesNegotiated by Washington

L I B E R T Y L a n g u a g eT a r i f f : A t ar if f is a t ax plac e d on impor t e d and e x por t e d g oodsin ot he r w or ds , a t ax on t r ade d g oods.

P LA T F O R M S P E E C H

GEORGE WASHINGTON

[Pa rt y f a ct ion s] a re l ik ely , in t h e cou rse of t im e

a n d t h in g s , t o becom e pot en t en g in es ,by wh ich cu n n in g ,a m bit iou s , a n d u n prin cipl ed m en wil l be en a bl ed

t o su b vert t h e power of t h e peopl e ,a n d t o u su rp f or t h em sel ves t h e

rein s of g o vern m en t .

W a shi n gton bel i eved the pa rt y s ystem woul d be the

d emi se of the countr y a nd the d estructi on of

our l i berti es.

T w i c e d u r i n g W a s h i n

g t o n s t e r m s i n

o f f i c e, h e c h e a t ed d e

a t h. T h e f i r s t t i m e

c a m e i n M a y o f 1 7 9 0

w h e n h e f e l l p e r i l-

o u s l y i l l w i t h p n e u m o

n i a. Y e t w i t h i n a

w e e k, h e w a s b a c k i n

p u b l i c, c e l e b r a t i n g

R h od e I s l a nd s r a t i f i c

a t i o n o f t h e C o n s t i-

t u t i o n. T h e s e c o nd t i m e o c c u r

r ed w h e n

h e u nd e r w e n t t h e d a

n g e r o u s r e m o v a l o f

a g r o w t h o n h i s l e g .

F U N FA C T !

K e e p i n m i n d , a n e s th e s i a w a s n o t a r o u n d b a c k th e n

.


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2828

GEORGE WASHINGTON Terms in Office 17891797

A HOUSE FOR THEPRESIDENT October 13, 1792Washingtonis residing on Cherry Street,but plans to build a house forthe current president and allfuture presidents are under way. Designed by Irish-bornJames Hoban, constructionis set to begin next year. Heplans a magnificent buildingbuilt with white-painted AquiaCreek sandstone in the Neo-classical style. The house willbe located on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C.

Presidential Times April 30, 1789Despite theurging of John Adams andpressure from the Ameri-can people over his new title,George Washington decidedagainst such lofty titles as Your

Highness or His Majesty.Instead, in the humble spirit

that has befallen him, George Washington has decided in hisnew role to be called simply,Mr. President.

April 30, 1789Today theChancellor of New York, Rob-

ert Livingston, administered Washingtons oath of office.Upon taking office, President Washington was heard to say, I walk upon untrodden ground.

Ever humble, in his sub-sequent address, Washingtonremarked, The magnitudeand difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country

called me, being sufficient toawaken in the wisest and most

experienced of her citizens adistrustful scrutiny into hisqualifications, could not butoverwhelm with despondenceone who (inheriting inferiorendowments from nature andunpracticed in the duties ofcivil administration) ought tobe peculiarly conscious of hisown deficiencies.

NOW KNOWN AS MR. PRESIDENT

THE FIRST PRESIDENT TAKES OFFICE

Written by Juliette Turner


18/26

2

February 25, 1791The Revo-lutionary War leaves behind agreat debt. Some states are leftbankrupt. In a bold suggestion, Alexander Hamilton, the Sec-

retary of the Treasury, wants toform a national bank that willunite the states financially un-der one bank and create oneunified currency. His idea is thata national bank will pay off theRevolutionary War debt throughincome received from taxes.

The United States debt,foreign and domestic, was the

price of liberty, he said. Thisnational bank will also havethe ability to tax, borrow, andloan money to American busi-nesses to encourage the start of

new enterprises.Opponents Thomas Jef-

ferson and James Madison areagainst the formation of such abank, arguing against keepingall the money in one place. Mostpeople assumed a plan like this would never be accepted, but ina surprise move, Washington went ahead with the plan and

signed the bill. The First Bankof the United States will soonbecome a reality.

STATE OF THE UNIOPOPULATION IN 1790

3,929,214

$1 WORTH IN 1790NOW WORTH

$25.64 $1 WORTH IN 1797

NOW WORTH

$18.52

$71,060,508.50 Jan. 11790

Jan. 11797 $82,064,479.33

UNITED STATES DEBT

INTRODUCTION OF THEDecember 15, 1785Washing-ton was recently presented witha donkey named Royal Giftby the King of Spain. Wash-ington is planning to send thisdonkey through the southernstates, where he plans for it tosire the first American mules.

The name of American, whichbelongs to you in your nationalcapacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism morethan any appellation derivedfrom local discriminations.

George Washington

June 20, 1790In an unprec-edented move, Thomas Jeffer-son, Secretary of State, sched-uled a dinner in New York andinvited fellow politicians JamesMadison and Alexander Ham-ilton, Secretary of Treasury, todiscuss the raging issue of theFirst Bank. During this dinner,a deal was struck. Hamiltonmanaged to convince Jeffer-son and Madison to agree to

the proposition of the nationalbank. However, this agree-ment was dependent on theterms that the national capi-tal would be moved furthersouth to a plot of land takenfrom Maryland and Virginia:the District of Columbia. Thisproposal greatly pleased thetwo proud southerners, andJefferson and Madison agreedto support the bank.

August 27, 1793It is no secretthat President Washington hasstruggled with poor dental hy-giene his whole life, from losing

his first tooth at age twenty-oneto his first year of his presidency, when only one lower left premo-lar remained.

This struggle is about toend. Washington has recentlyreceived dentures. Despite ru-mors that these dentures would

be made of wood, the teeth aremade either of ivory, humanteeth, hippopotamus teeth, ormost shockinglylead. Yet this

inconvenience is not withoutits own dose of pain. Washing-ton has complained of pain andhas occasionally drunk lauda-num, an opiate alcohol drinkthat serves as a pain killer for hisaching gums.

A BOLD MOVE: A NATIONAL BANK OF THE UN

THE CANDLELIGHT BARGAIN, OR THE COMPROMISE OF 1790

A PRESIDENT WITH SORE GUMS?

U n

i v e r s a

l I m a g e s

G r o u p

/ G e t t y

I m a g e s


19/26

3030

The Bottom LineAlthough Adams called for political unity among Americans, his term was still filled with party division.Many Americans urged him to declare war against France after the XYZ Affair and the naval Quasi War.Realizing war would destroy the young America, however, Adams chose to go against popular opinion and choose neutrality. Though this decision cost him reelection, his foresight preserved the young country.

What Was He Thinking?Adams adamantly believed in the checks andbalances of government and the limited pow-ers of the executive branch. Adams believedthe government should reflect the desires of

the people to best represent them. Additionally,he believed a strong central government wasnecessary for solidifying the young nation anduniting the states. Adams also consistentlywarned against the dangers of debt and theperils of fiscal irresponsibility.

Born October 30, 1735, in Braintree, Massachusetts Parents: John and Susanna Boylston Adams

Died July 4, 1826, in Quincy, Massachusetts; age 90 Age upon Start of Term: 61; Age upon Conclusion ofTerm: 65

Religious Affiliation: Unitarian Political Party: Federalist Height: 5 feet 7 inches Vice President: Thomas Jefferson

JOHN

ADAMSSecond President of the United States

Nickname: Atlas of IndependenceTerm in Office: 17971801

FAST STATS

B T W

:

A

d a

m s

a

n d

J e

f f

e r s

o n

w e r e t

h e o n

l y t wopres

i

the D

e c la r a t i o n o f

I n d e p e n d e n c e .

B T W : W ashi n gto n a lm o s t ne ve r co n s u l t e d A d a m s d u r i n g h i s p re

side n c y , and the m e n

rarel y

sa w e a c

h o the r e x ce p t a t g o v e r

n m e n t s o c i a l f u nc t ion s .


20/26

3

Why Should I Care?Because Adams cared so much for the survival of America,he absolutely refused to be swayed by the passionate emo-tions of a country that wanted to go to war with France. LikeWashington, Adams believed that the developing country

would not be able to hold together if she were to go to war especially with a major European superpower likeFrance. Adams successfully negotiated apeace treaty with the French but not in timeto encourage his reelection for a second term.

Breakin It DownEarly Life Johns father was a church deacon, a farmer, served on

local government boards, and at one time served as localtax collector. John had two younger brothers, Peter andElihu, who both served in the Revolutionary War.

John grew up attending school at a local schoolhouse.However, he frequently skipped class to hunt and fish inthe surrounding woods or, in winter, to go skating onthe frozen ponds. Once, attempting to get out of goingto school, he explained to his father that he wished tobe a farmer, so education was unnecessary. His fathermade him stay in school, and John proceeded to attendHarvard University at age fifteen, where he studiedlanguages, rhetoric, and logic, joined a literary club, andconstantly practiced his public speaking, which he found hereally enjoyed.

After leaving college, John decided to become a teacher at aschool in Worchester, Massachusetts, while he decided his pathfor life. Soon law became the apparent job choice for John, andhe traveled to Boston regularly to argue cases on everything fromcriminal to menial property disputes.

Adams w as t he le ade r , t he or c he st r at or , and t he or g ani z e r b e hi nd t he f oundi ng of Ame r i c aHe w as ne v e r af r ai d t o sp e ak hi s mi ndw he t he r i n t he C ont i ne nt al C ong r e sse s , as t he v i c e p r e si de nt , or as p r e si de nt b ut Adams w as r ar e ly r e c og ni z e d f or hi s ac c omp li shme nt s.

F U N F A C T !

1796 1797 1798 1799 18011800

The Rosetta Stone isdiscovered in Egypt,

1799

13th presidentMillard Fillmore isborn, January 7,

1800

William Herschel discoversinfrared rays, 1800

The Indiana Territoryis added, 1800 Alessandro Volta

produces electricity, 1800

Napoleon becomesFirst Consul of France,

1799

The French general NapoleonBonaparte conquers Rome and

Egypt, 1798Tennessee joins

the Union,June 1, 1796

The MississippiTerritory is organized,

April 7, 1798

Edward Jennerintroduces the smallpox

vaccination, 1796

Catherine the Great ofRussia dies, 1796

W hi l e a l aw y e r , Ad ams r e p r e s e nt e d t he B r i t i s h s o l d i e r s w ho f i r e d o n B o s t o ni ans , mar k i ng t he B o s t o n Mas s ac r e o f 17 7 0 , b e c aus e he b e l i e v e d i n up ho l d i ng t he l aw . O f t he s e v e n me n , o nl y t w o w e r e c o nv i c t e d o f mans l aug ht e r and s u

f f e r e d t he

t e r r i b l e p uni s hme nt o f a b r and i ng o n t he w r i s t .

F U N F A C T !

T h ere a re t wo wa ys t o con qu er a n d en sl a ve a

cou n t ry. On e is by t h e sword . T h e ot h er is by d ebt .

BT W :

A d

a m s s

l a s t

w o r

d s

w e

r e J e

f f

e r s o n

l i v e

s , a

l t h o u g h i n r

e a

l i t y J

e f f

e r s o n h a

d p a s s e

d a f

e w h

o u r s

b e

f o r

e .

Term in Office

L I B E R T Y La n g u a g e

A r t ic le s o f C on f e d e r a t io n : Be fore th

e Cons ti tu tion ,

America was g o verned b y the Ar ticl

es o f Con federa ti

documen t onl y loosel y bound the s t

a tes tog e ther , res

in much disuni t y and bickering amon

g the s ta tes. As

deleg a tes from e ver y s ta te (e xcep t Rhode Island ) g

a t

wri te a ne w documen t , which resul ted

in our Cons ti


21/26

32

First Couple John Adams married Abigail Smith on October 25, 1764, and theyremained together for fifty-four years until Abigail died in 1818. She waseleven years younger than John, but he often wrote to his wife, stating, I could do nothing with-out you. They had five children, four of whom lived into adulthood: Abigailcalled Nabby John Quincy, Charles, and Thomas Boylston.

Previous Political Career 1774: Representative of Massachusetts at the First Continental Congress. 1775: Member of the Second Continental Congress. Adams soon became a leader in the group of Con-

gress members who pushed to declare independence. 1776: Member of the committee in charge of writing the Declaration of Independence with Thomas

Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Liv-ingston, and Roger Sherman.

1777: Adams was sent to France to help ne-gotiate a treaty with the French to elicit fundsand military assistance vital to winning theRevolutionary War.

1779: Member of the new Massachusetts statelegislature. He helped compose the state con-stitution, creating a bicameral state legislature.

1781: Adams helped negotiate the Treaty ofParis, which brought an end to the Revolu-tionary War.

1781: Ambassador to the Netherlands. 1785: Adams became the first U.S. ambassa-

dor to England. 1788: The nations first presidential election

landed Adams in second place.

Ad a ms wrote a n essa y ca l led T hou ghts on Govern-ment, where he expl a i ned hi s pl a n f or governmentthree bra nches: le gi sla tive, executi ve, a nd jud ici a l . I wond er where I ve seen

tha t bef ore?

A d a m s r e a d L a t i n a n d

G r e e k, a n d p r e f e r r e d t h e c o m p a

n y

o f h i s b o o k s t o s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s

l i k e

p l a y i n g c a r d s a n d d a n c i n g. H e o f

t e n c a r r i e d

p o e t r y i n h i s p o c k e t, t e l l i n g h i s

s o n, Y o u

w i l l n e v e r b e a l o n e i n t h e w o r l d

w i t h a

p o e t i n y o u r p o c k e t.

BTW: N a b b y s u f f e r e d f r o m b r e a s t c a n c e r

a n d s u r v i v e d a m a s t e c t o m y w i t h o u

t a n e s t

h e s i a .

BTW : Talk about revolutionar y sacri fi ce. Abigail once melted some of her pewter spoons in her cookin g kettle to make bullets for her brother-in-law, Eli hu.

A B I G A I L A D A M S

[T h e of f ice of t h e vice presid en cy is] t h e m ost

in si g n if ica n t of f ice t h a t t h e in ven t ion of m a n con t ri ved or h is im a g in a t ion con cei ved .

The first political parties began to form under thepresidency of George Washington, but not untilthe election of 1796 was an election based aroundcandidates of specific parties.

The Democratic-Republicans: the members of the

Democratic-Republicans believed in small governmentand state sovereignty. Thomas Jefferson and JamesMadison formed the party in 1792 over fears that theFederalists dream of a strong central governmentwould lead to government corruption and favoring thenorthern states over those in the south.

POLITICAL PARTIES

B T W : I n a l e tte r to h e r h u sb a n d d u r i n g th e c r e a ti o n o f th e D e c l a r a ti o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e , Ab i g a i l w r o te I d e si r e y o u r e m e m b e r th e l a d i e s a n d b e m o r e g e n e r o u s a n d f a v o r a b l e to th e m th a n y o u r a n c e sto r R e m e m b e r a l l m e n w o u l d b e t y r a n ts i f th e y c o u l d .


22/26

3

PresidencyAdams assumed the office of the presidency on March 4,1797, amid extreme political tensions. At first, he decided tokeep all of Washingtons cabinet. Soon, however, he foundthat to be a great mistake: the cabinet was loyal to Alexander Hamilton, a man whodespised Adams and had worked behind the scenes in the three previous elections to try to prevent Adamsfrom obtaining the presidency. Despite quarrels and hard feelings among his inner circle, Adams realizedthere were bigger problems at hand, notably one with

ex-ally France.Quasi War Between 1798 and 1800, an informal war between theUnited States and Franceknown as the Quasi War ensued, during which the French seized three hundredAmerican ships. Instead of calling for an official war,which he believed would spell doom for the youngcountry, Adams sent three envoys to France to negotiatea peace treaty. However, they found the minister would

only be available to see them if they paid a hefty fee,which the envoys refused to pay.

Adams asked Congress for money to enlarge thearmy and create a small naval fleet in case Francedeclared war. Congress demanded to see the record ofthe affair, which Adams begrudgingly turned over onlyafter replacing the names of the envoys to France withthe letters X, Y, and Z (thus the name, the XYZ Affair).

John Adams Federalist Won

Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican Won

Territories

The first election based on the party syelection of 1796, marked the engagemnewspapers in the campaigning procemuch like today but more scathing, chthe election and were loyal to either AJefferson. However, with Washingtonment, Adams was able to pull off a sliwinning by only three electoral votes few hundred popular votes.


E l e c t i o n o f 17 96

Ele c t o r a l

Vo t e s

1 s t Jo h n A da m s 7 1

2 n d T ho ma s Je f fe r so n 6 8

3 r d A da m s V P T ho ma s P i nc k ne y 5 9

4 t h Je f fe r so n s V P Aa ro n B u r r 3 0

5 t h O t he r 4 8

1 s t

L I B E R T Y L a n g u a gB i c a m e r a l l e g i s l a t u r e : A l e g i s l at i v e b o d y hav i ng t w o b r anc he s o r c hamb e r s .

Alien and Sedition Acts: President Adams approvethese acts with the hope that they would stopFrench influence in American affairs and preventAmerica from being torn apart by divisive politics.This legislation, passed in 1798, included four acts:the Naturalization Act, which extended the waitingperiod for immigrants to receive citizenship and

also extended the prohibition on a new immigrantsright to vote from five years to fourteen years; theAlien Act and the Alien Enemies Act, which gavthe president the power to deport or jail foreigncitizens during wartime; and the Sedition Act,which made it illegal to criticize the government.

CONGRESSIONAL CORNER

BTW: The Adamses were staunch opponents of slavery and never owned a slave.

BT W :

A d

a m s a

l m o s t

d i d n o t r u n f o r r

e e l e c t i o

n . R i g h t

b e

f o r

e t h

e c a

m p a i g n , h

e r

e c e

i v e d

n e w

s o f h i s s o n C h a r

l e s s

d e

a t h . C h a r

l e s h a

d s u

c c u m b

e d

t o t h

e e

f f

e c t s

o f a

l c o h o

l i s m .


23/26


24/26

3

The election of 1800 was one of personal attacks and viciouscampaigning. Hamilton even went so far as to write a f ifty-pageeditorial, where he accused Adams of humiliating the nation.Adams ended up losing his reelection bid to his former vice presi-dent, Thomas Jefferson, by eight electoral votes, making him the

first of ten future presidents who would lose their reelection bids.

Post-PresidencyAdams retired with his wife to his farm in Braintree (nowcalled Quincy), where he continued to write and read. During his service as vicepresident and president, he and Jefferson allowed politics to harden their close friendship. How-ever, in 1812, at the request of fellow Declaration of Independence signer Benjamin Rush, the twomen reconciled. On July 15, 1813, Adams wrote the f irst of 158 letters that would pass betweenthe two patriots. The style of the letters represented their different personalities: Jeffersons wererestrained and organized while Adamss were opinionated, witty, and impulsive.

John Adams lived to the age of ninety, dying almost a year after seeing his son inaugurated asthe sixth president. He died on the f iftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Inde-pendence, July 4, 1826, the same day Thomas Jefferson died.

What Has He Done for Me Lately? John Adams guided America through nearly every aspect of her founding. He chose Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence and selected George Washington to lead theContinental Army. He negotiated the vital treaty with France that helped us win the Revolution-ary War, and he secured a loan from the Netherlands that saved our young nation from economiccollapse. He set the bar as the nations first vice president, and he helped secure her new sea legs asthe nations second president. He kept us out of a war that would have ruined the fledging countryand, like Washington, prevented the country from falling victim to party division.

Most important, independence had no greater advocatethan Adams. Without Adams and his brilliant mind, who

knows what America would look like today?

Ad ams w as t he l o ng e s t l i v i ng p r e s i d e nt ( 9 0 y e ar s and 25 3 d ay s ) unt i l Ro nal d Re ag an d i e d i n 20 0 1 ( 9 3 y e ar s and 119 d ay s ) . T he r e c o r d w as b r o k e n o nc e ag ai n b y G e r al d F o r d ( 9 3 y e ar s and

120 d ay s ) .

F U N F A C T !

[ N ]o f reem an

s hou l d be su b jec t to

an y ta x to w hic h he had

no t g i ven his o wn

consen t.

P L A T

F O R M S P E E C H

JOHN ADAMS

A d a m s b e l i e v e d

t h a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t

s h o u l d n o t b e a b l e t o o r

d e r

A m e r i c a n s t o p a y t a x e s

w i t h o u t t h e i r c o n s e n t.

Bu t a Con st itu tion of Govern m en t once cha ng ed f rom Freed om , ca n n ever be

restored . L iberty , on ce lost ,

is lost forever.

Li be r t y canno t

be p rese r ved wi t hou t a

g ene ra l k no w l ed g e

am on g t he peop l e

A da m s be l ie ve d t ha t a n i n te l l i ge n t A me r i-

ca n po p u la t io n wa s t he ke y to p re se r v i n g A me r ica s go ve r n me n t.

B T W :

W h i l

e J o h n w a s a t t h

e C o n t i n e n t a l C

o n g r e s s , A b i g a i l

m

a n a

g e d t h e f a r m a t B r a i

n t r

e e

b y

h e r s

e l f .


25/26

JOHN ADAMS Term in Office 17971801

Presidential Times

SECRETARY OF THE NAVY NAVAL FLEET XYZ AFFAIRMay 1, 1789Amid concernsabout the safety of Americanmerchant ships at sea during theQuasi War with the French, Ad-ams asked Congress to approvethe funding for the creation of anew naval fleet and the positionof Secretary of the Navy.

September 30, 1800It feels likethe country is at war, but the ad-ministration will not call it that. After the French successfullyseized three hundred Americanships at sea, Congress agreed tocreate a naval fleet. Congressexpressed their belief that this will enhance Americas abilityto fight and protect this new-found nation.

July 11, 1797In his efforts to tryto subdue the high tensions withFrance, Adams sent ElbridgeGerry (Massachusetts politician),John Marshall (Virginia Federal-ist), and Charles Pinckney (for-mer Minister to France) to nego-tiate a treaty with the French.

The Minister of France re-fused to meet with the men andinstead sent three aides, who would only grant them a meeting with the minister in return for a$250,000 fee, a loan of $10 millionfor France, and an apology from Adams. The three men rightfullydisagreed and returned to Amer-ica to a disappointed presidentand a fuming Congress.

IS THIS WAR?

$82,064,479.33 Jan. 11797

Jan. 11801 $83,038,050.80

November 1, 1800Today the Adamses moved into the na-tions first permanent presiden-tial house. It is the largest per-sonal residence of the day, butconditions might not be up topresidential par.

Only about half of the thirty-six rooms are plastered and theplastered walls are still wet.Closet doors have not beenhung, servant bells have notbeen assembled, and the onlydecoration is a full-length por-

trait of George Washington byGilbert Stuart. Adams may haveto write down directions to hisnew home, because the Capitalis so isolated that the carriagetaking Abigail Adams to the new White House succeeded in get-ting lost in the woods on the way.

Adams reportedly consid-ers the new seat of the Capitalas a muddy, malarial swamp inthe middle of nowhere, but hestill considers the White Househome.

POPULATION IN 1797

5,308,483

$1 WORTH IN 1797NOW WORTH

$18.52 $1 WORTH IN 1801

NOW WORTH

$18.52UNITED STATES DEBT

PRESIDENTIAL PALACE CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED

STATE OF THE UNIO

36

Written by Juliette Turner


26/26
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Our Presidents Rock!