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Our OriginsDiscovering Physical
Anthropology
Second Edition
W. W. Norton & Company
byClark Spencer Larsen
Chapter 3Genetics: Reproducing Life and
Producing Variation
©2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Clark Spencer Larsen
Our OriginsDISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Chapter 3
The Cell
Two types of organisms– Prokaryote (one cell)– Eukaryote (many cells)
The Cell
Two types of cells– Somatic (body) cells– Gamete (reproductive) cells
Figure 3.3f Somatic Cells—Skin CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.4a Gametes—Human Male Sex CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
The DNA Molecule
Nuclear DNA– Contained within the nucleus of a
cell– Makes up chromosomes– Complete set called genome
Figure 3.5a ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
The DNA Molecule
Mitochondrial DNA– Contained in organelles in cell’s
cytoplasm– Inherited from the mother
The DNA Molecule
DNA: the blueprint of life– Chemical template for every
aspect of organisms– Double helix, ladderlike structure
• Ladder forms nucleotide• Ladder base made up of four types
– Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
– Complementary pairs (A&T, C&G)
Replicating the Code
One function of the DNA molecule is replication
– Part of cell division—meiosis or mitosis
– DNA makes identical copies of itself Chromosome Types
– Occur in homologous (matching) pairs
• One in each pair from each parent
Figure 3.12a The Human Karyotype Consists of 46
Chromosomes of Various Sizes in 23 PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Replicating the Code
Autosomes (nonsex chromosomes) Sex chromosomes
– X, Y– Females carry only X
chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome
– The father determines the sex of the offspring
Mitosis: Production of Identical Somatic Cells DNA replication followed by one cell
division Diploid cell (contains full set of
chromosomes)
Figure 3.14a The Steps of Mitosis in HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Meiosis: Production of Gametes One DNA replication followed by two
cell divisions Gametes are haploid (half the
number of chromosomes) Does not result in identical cell
copies Errors can occur during meiosis
– Nondisjunction, translocation
Figure 3.15 MeiosisOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Producing Proteins
Proteins are chemicals that make up tissues
Also regulate functions, repair, and growth of tissues
Proteins are made up of amino acids– Twenty different types
Producing Proteins
Structural proteins responsible for physical characteristics
Regulatory proteins responsible for functions: enzymes, hormones, antibodies
Protein synthesis involves two steps.– Transcription (unzipping, template for
RNA)– Translation (template attaches to
ribosomes)
Producing Proteins
DNA in protein synthesis is coding DNA.
Most of human DNA is noncoding.
Genes: Structural and Regulatory Structural genes are responsible for
body structures. Regulatory genes turn other genes
on and off.– Homeotic (Hox) genes– Master genes
Figure 3.21 Homeotic (Hox) GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Polymorphisms
Each gene has a specific physical location (locus).
Loci are valuable to understanding genetic variation.
Alleles on different loci are chemically alternative versions of the same gene.
Polymorphisms
Some genes have one allele, while others have more
– Mendel’s Law of Segregation: a parent passes one allele to offspring
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
– Make up variation between and within human populations
Figure 3.23 Law of SegregationOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Polymorphisms
Genotypes and phenotypes: genes and their physical expression
– Chemically identical alleles are termed homozygous.
– Chemically different alleles are heterozygous.
• Dominant allele is expressed in the pair.
• For a recessive allele to be expressed, there must be two copies.
Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Much of genetics is based on the
“one gene, one protein” model. However, many traits are polygenic
and are determined by genes at more than one locus.
Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy For some traits, only some of the
genetic variation can be calculated (heritability).
– Heritability ranges from 0 (none of the variation is genetic) to 1 (all of the variation is genetic).
– Only heritable traits respond to natural selection.
Polygenic Variation and Pleiotropy Measurement of heritability is
complicated by pleiotropy, or a single allele having multiple effects.
– Most complex traits are both pleiotropic and polygenic.
Chapter 3: Clicker Questions
Human and chimpanzee DNA is about _____ similar.
a) 100%
b) 98%
c) 90%
d) 75%
Chapter 3: Clicker Questions
If one side of the DNA ladder includes the sequence CTAATGT, the complementary base configuration for this sequence will be:
a) GCAACGC.
b) AGCCGTG.
c) TAATGTC.
d) GATTACA.
Chapter 3: Clicker Questions
The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes.
a) 23
b) 46
c) 48
d) 24
Chapter 3: Clicker Questions
Blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are passed on for generations are called:
a) phenotypes.
b) genotypes.
c) karyotypes.
d) haplotypes.
Chapter 3: Clicker Questions
Regulatory or functional proteins include:
a) lactase.
b) testosterone.
c) antibodies.
d) All of the above
Chapter 3: Clicker Questions
In protein synthesis, ___________ refers to “unzipping” the DNA and ____________ refers to the formation of polypeptide chains.
a) division; replication
b) transcription; translation
c) meiosis; mitosis
d) translocation; nondisjunction
Chapter 3: Clicker Questions
Prokaryotes have multiple cells while eukaryotes have one.
a) True
b) False
Art Presentation SlidesChapter 3
Chapter OpenerOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.1 Cells and Their OrganellesOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.2a Prokaryotes and EukaryotesOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.2b A Bacteria that Aids Digestion in the Intestines
of Mammals, Including HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.2c The Eukaryotic Cells of a Primate’s KidneyOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.3a Somatic Cells—A Heart MuscleOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.3b Somatic Cells—Brain TissueOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.3c Somatic Cells—Motor Neurons (Nerve Cells)Our Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.3d Somatic Cells—Red Blood Cells (the Larger Cells Are
White Blood Cells, and the Small Dots Are Platelets)Our Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.3e Somatic Cells—Osteocyte (Bone Cell)Our Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.3f Somatic Cells—Skin CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.4a Gametes—Human Male Sex CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.4b Gametes—A Human Female Sex CellOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.4c Gametes—OvumOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.5a ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.5b Number of ChromosomesOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.6 Nuclear DNAOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.7 MitochondrionOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.8 The Structure of DNAOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.9 NucleotideOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.10 The Steps of DNA ReplicationOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Human Chromosome 3Our Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Normal Bone, on the Left, and Osteoporotic Bone, on the RightOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
DNA from 4,000-Year-Old Human HairOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.11 Chromosome PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.12a The Human Karyotype Consists of 46
Chromosomes of Various Sizes in 23 PairsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.12b In this Karyotype, the Pair Labeled “XY”
Belong to a Human MaleOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.13 Embryonic DevelopmentOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.14a The Steps of Mitosis in HumansOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.14b A Human Skin Cell Undergoing Mitosis, Dividing
into Two New Daughter CellsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
The Skeletons of Native AmericansOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.15 MeiosisOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.16a The Law of Independent Assortment, AssertsOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.16b Hair Color, for Example, Is Inherited
Independently from Eye ColorOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.17 LinkageOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.18a Structural Proteins—KeratinOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.18b Structural Proteins-CollagenOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.19a Protein SynthesisOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.19b Protein SynthesisOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.20a The Hand on the Right Shows Normal Finger Growth.
The Hand on the Left Has Much Longer and Thinner Fingers.Our Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.20b Marfan SyndromeOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.21 Homeotic (Hox) GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.22a Antibody–Antigen SystemOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.22b Antibody–Antigen SystemOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.23 Law of SegregationOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 3.24 Polygenic Traits and Pleiotropic GenesOur Origins, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Our Origins
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http://www.wwnorton.com/college/anthro/our-origins2
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This concludes the slide set for Chapter 3
Our OriginsDiscovering Physical Anthropology
Second Edition
by
Clark Spencer Larsen