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Our Decade in Space Plug-and-play Avionics (SPA)
James Lyke, AFRLQuinn Young, Jacob Christensen, David Anderson,
Space Dynamics Laboratory
August 5, 2014
2
Outline
• History / Background• Overview of Plug-and-play Technology• Current Status• Road Ahead
5 August 2014
3
History/Background
• Motivation• Early History• Flight Projects and International Collaboration• Maturation / Transition
5 August 2014
4
The ProblemMulti-year schedule slips, multi-billion dollar overruns has become typical….
“Whether or not cost overruns are inherent in U.S. military satellites under development, we cannot say for sure. We can say that these overruns seem to be endemic. There are about 10 major satellite systems under development by the DOD, including the Advanced Extremely HighFrequency (AEHF) satellites, the Future Imagery Architecture (FIA) satellites, the GPS IIR-M/IIF, the GPS III, the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS), the National Polar-orbiting Operational EnvironmentalSatellite System (N-POESS), the Space Based Infrared System-High(SBIRS-High), the Space Radar (SR), the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS), and the Wideband Gapfiller Satellites (WGS).All of these programs are over budget (way over, in some cases) and behind schedule or delayed.” [1]
1. Marco Cáceres , “Cost overruns plague military satellite programs”, Aerospace America (publication of AIAA), January 2006, pp 18-20, 23. Specific URL (working as of 2 Jan 08): http://www.aiaa.org/aerospace/images/articleimages/pdf/AA_Jan06_II.pdf .
“What are the things that these programs share in common that make it seem as though cost overruns are part of their nature?”
6
Problem Formulation
Create a spacecraft in less than one week
7
The Barriers of Complex Systems
• Tweaking existing processes will not revolutionize• Requires fundamentally new approaches• Standards alone are not enough
The “Marching Army”
End Use
Operator
Acquistion AgentSpace Systems Prime (BD)
Space Systems Prime (PM)
Orbit Analyst
Mission/Payload Analyst
Launch Segment Systems Engineer
Ground Segment Systems Engineer
User Segment System Engineer
Space Vehicle System Engineer
Communications Subsystem EngineerPropulsion Subsystem Engineer
Structures and Mechanisms Subsystem Engineer
Thermal Subsystem Engineer
CDH Subsystem Engineer
Electronics Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Payload Subsystem Engineer
Power Subsystem Engineer
AI&T System Engineer
Space Systems Prime (SE)
Space Segment Systems Engineer
GNC Subsystem Engineer
Software Engineer
Structural Analyst
Thermal Analyst
Optical Engineer
Materials Engineer
Radiation Analyst
Mechanical Engineer
Controls Analyst
Configuration Manager
Test Engineer
Manufacturability Engineer
Survivability Engineer
Reliability Engineer
Parts Engineer
EMI/EMC Engineer
Buyer
Subcontractor
Facilities
Technician
Courtesy of Michael Enoch, LM
Complex Systems
8
Benefits of open, modular, plug-and-play approach
• Build systems dramatically faster (100x ?)– Simplify integration and test
• Promotes hardware and software re-use• Open architecture
– Data exposed in a natural way (vs. obscure / proprietary)– Everyone can “play” – Best ideas win
• More robust / resilient (a la carte redundancy)• Last minute changes are easy• Future-proofing: Focus on invention and creation
of missions, not the “tyranny of interface”
9
Early History
• “Responsivonics” / SPA Workshops (2003-2006• Internal testbeds / PnPSats
PnP-Sat-1
PnP-Sat-2
CubeFlow – over 600 served…5 August 2014
10
Flight Projects / International Collaboration
• Flight Projects / Major Insertion Efforts
• ReEntry Space Exp. (2007)• TacSat-3 On-orbit SPA (2009)• Operationally Responsive Space
Office Modular Space Vehicle • International Programs• Sweden “NAPA” joint program
– QuadSat nanosatellite– ORS-Squared 6U cubesat– TechEdSat 1U cubesat– SPA Research Cubesat (SPARC)-1
• International Standardization (CCSDS)
TechEdSat, 2012Sweden/JAXA/NASA
QuadSat/PnP-1 (launch in 2015)
Modular Space Vehicle (MSV)
TechEdSat
5 August 2014
11
Maturation / Transition• Small Space Meets Big Space
– Independent review (September 2011)– Subset of “Space Plug-and-play Avionics (SPA)” Ideas
renamed to “Modular Open Network ARCHitecture(MONARCH)”
– Review panel directs SPA to engage with “big space” community
• Study initiatives– Global Positioning Satellite Study Projects
• MOOG / Broadreach• Northrop Grumman
– Hosted Payload Development• Standard Network Adapter for Payloads
5 August 2014
12
driver
USB interface chip
plug-and-playcomponent
“platform”
electronicdatasheetcomponent
Appl
iqué
Sens
or
Inte
rfac
e M
odul
e (A
SIM
)
interface module
“platform”
plug-and-playcomponent
Overview of Plug-and-play Technology
13
Space Plug-and-play AvionicsTechnologies
Core technologies• Single-point interfaces (e.g. SPA-S) and
protocols• Appliqué Sensor Interface Module (ASIM)• Electronic datasheets (XTEDS)• Software -- Satellite data model (SDM)“Extension” technologies• Synchronization, testing• Future: optics, radio-frequency, wire, thermalOther important supporting concepts• Pushbutton toolflow
What is SPA?Data-centric plug-and-play approach
Self-describing Components
SPA promotes composable systems (hardware and software)
C&DH
Host
x x x
Plug-and-play middleware
Cam
era
x x
Thru
ster x
Thru
ster
Radi
o
x
GPS
x
Pow
er
x
Network
Composable Applications
APP APP APP APP
Plug-and-play aware software
APP APP APP APP
C&DH
Host
x x x
Plug-and-play middleware
Cam
era
x x
Thru
ster x
Thru
ster
Radi
o
x
GPS
x
Pow
er
x
Network
Self-organizing Networks
I’m a gyro.
I’m a router.
electronic datasheet
development tools
Interface stack – “Standard” Compared “Plug-and-play” Interfaces
Mechanical (connector set, pin definitions)
Physical Layer (correct voltages, 1’s and 0’s, bytes/words)
Transport Layer (structure of messages)
Network Layer (sources destination)
Semantic Layer (data representation)
Application Layer (managing system, implementing mission)
Data bits
Fully specified
Fully specified
Fully specified
Fully specified
xTEDS, SDM/ SSM
RS-422 SPA
16
Applique Sensor Interface Module (ASIM) Putting Components on the Network
Legacy Conversion 1“loosely coupled”
Native incorporation
Legacy Conversion 2“tightly coupled”
Ove
rhea
d (s
ize,
wei
ght,
pow
er)
Lega
cy C
onve
rsio
n 1
Lega
cy
Conv
ersio
n 2
Nat
ive
S/W
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c)
(d) “software-only”
(e)
17
SPA >> Hardware >> Self-Organization
SPA-x Network
SPA-y Network
Bridge Node
18
SPA >> Software >> Self-description
• eXtensible Transducer Electronic Datasheet (xTEDS)
• Electronic datasheets embedded inside hardware and software components
• Conveys “semantic precision” through a common data dictionary (CDD)
• Enforces order in the “LEGO universe” of SPA (features only exist if known through xTEDS)
xTEDS
(facet)Interface
(facet)Interface
Message
Variable
Message
Variable
CDD
19
Current Status
• Standards development• “Last-mile issues”• On-going research projects
– NAPA 3 – SPARC-1– Flexible Weapons
5 August 2014
20
Standards Development
• Ten approved standards documents (AIAA)• On-going work with Office of Director of
National Intelligence (ODNI) to create national standards – SUMO (“Space Universal MOdulararchitecture”)
• International work – CCSDS committee on Spacecraft Onboard Information Systems (SOIS)
5 August 2014
21
“Last Mile” Issues
• Refers to the “rough edges” of PnP that remain barriers to ease of use / maturation– Ontology and representation– Component / application association– Open source intellectual property
• Examination of other factors relating to maturity / acceptance in “big space” enterprise– Network determinism– Implementation in mature (TRL 9) silicon
5 August 2014
22
MONARCH Activity:Network Determinism Study
• Goal: Correlation of network simulation to experiment
• Advantages: support for scalability, fault-tolerance, and controlled excursions to study network-related phenomenon (e.g. latency, bottlenecking, jitter) with rigor
• Hypothesis: spacecraft can be reduced to traffic models– We can translate into OPNET– We can generate scripts to configure
MONARCH networks to emulate the same benchmarks
OPNET model of spacecraft
Traffic model of Israeli satellite (partial)
Standard Component Template Library (SCTL)
• For each node in a taxonomy, define a standard template structure (i.e., canonical)
• Template must be sensible, reasonable, minimal (hard to prove it’s the “right one”)
• SCTL is the set of all templates
24
On-Going Research Projects
• NAPA3 (Sweden) – SPA Research Cubesat– 6U modular development
• Flexible Weapon (USAF/ Eglin AFB)– The development of flexible, weapons on-demand
based on SPA technology
SPA Research Cubesat (SPARC-1) 6U concept
5 August 2014
Interoperability for hosted payloads
Hosted Payload Spacecraft (hosting platform)
hosted payload interface
Hosted Payload
Spacecraft (hosting
platform)
hosted payload interface unit
adap
ter
adap
ter
Host (SSM, apps)
customized spacecraft interface
customized payload interface
(a)
(b)
(Demonstrations Apr 2013 – Jan 2014, three Phase 1 SBIR projects)
26
Road Ahead
• The Frontier of Plug-and-play– Push-button toolflow– Configurable wiring systems– Composable and Compilable systems on demand
• Challenges– The many open architectures and standards– Proving disruption and benefits
• Establishing an Open-source Repository for this work
5 August 2014
27
Ultra-Rapid Upfront Specification Generation: Mission Driven Tools
Component Icons
Connections
Drag & Drop Design
Mission Goals and Requirements Component Capabilities
************************************************************************** CATEGORY RULES **************************************************************************predCategory( catidReferenceFrame ).predElementOf( catidReferenceFrame, catidReferenceFrame ).
predCategory( catidCoordinateSystem ).predElementOf( catidCoordinateSystem, catidCoordinateSystem ).
************************************************************************** INTERFACE RULES **************************************************************************
predInterface( iidIEnvironmentObject ).predElementOf( iidIEnvironmentObject, catidEnvironment ).
predInterface( iidIMomentumStorage ).predElementOf( iidIMomentumStorage, catidActuator ).
************************************************************************** COMPONENT RULES **************************************************************************predComponent( clsidCEarth ).predElementOf( clsidCEarth, catidReferenceFrame ).predElementOf( clsidCEarth, catidEnvironment ).fncIn( iidIEnvironmentObject, clsidCEarth ).
Desig
n Ve
rific
atio
n Ru
les E
ngin
e
Automatic Verification
Performance Modeling
Itera
te
1.
MISSIONCAPTURE
2.
SPACE-CRAFT
PROFILER
3.
AUTO-GENERATE
“EVERYTHING”
4.
COMPARESIM VS. THEORIGINALMISSION
28
Challenges
• Open Architectures / Standards– So many to choose from– Open is not enough, but
articulating “what is” has caused even more problems
• Proof of disruptive benefits – How can a fair comparison of
plug-and-play even be done?– Can the proof only be done by
retrospection?
5 August 2014
29
What Does a Successful Transition Mean
• Baseline into programs of record is one of the highest aspirations of AFRL research (warfighter impact)
• Insertion into eclectic flight programs is beneficial (TRL++, tipping point?)
• Long-term impacts are more difficult to measure but can be equally profound
• Leaving a sound repository of intellectual property and documentation– Preserves the legacy of a significant
investment– Allows others to follow and extend
the research
30
SPA/MONARCH Server• Web Based Source Code Repository• Source Code
– SPA Services Manager (SSM) core middleware– ASIM Core Library development framework to implement different
components on physical hardware – SPA TEST Suite (SPATS) to validate a SSM service, manager, or component
with the SPA standards– Eclipse SPA/MONARCH development plugins to design, build, and compile
components for the SSM– Standard Component Template Library (SCTL)– MONARCH Studio tool suite to facilitate SSM development including a Log
Analyzer, Lookup Service Editor, xTEDS System Validator, System Explorer and Network Map
• Documentation• Issue Tracking
toolssoftware VHDL/Verilog
31
Summary
• Space Plug-and-Play Architecture (SPA) has been one of aerospace’s most ambitious attempts to modernize the approaches of building systems
• Primary emphasis was original to enable building systems extremely quickly by reducing interface uncertainty and system complexity
• Many of the problems we tried to tackle ten years ago still remain and seem to have universal appeal (medicine, munitions, test equipment,..)
• The ideas remain controversial and provocative• An open repository is being readied to expose ideas
for broader study (to space and non-space)
5 August 2014