Ottoman, Isfendiyarid and Eretnid coinage : a curency community in fourteenth century Anatolia / Philip N. Remier

7/26/2019 Ottoman, Isfendiyarid and Eretnid coinage : a curency community in fourteenth century Anatolia / Philip N. Remier

1/27

NS N 25

1980)

1980

The

Am er ican

N u m i s m a t ic

Society

OTTOMAN, ISFENDIYARID,

AND

ERETNID COINAGE:

A

C U R R E N C Y C OM M U N ITY

IN FOURTEENTH CE N TU RY ANATOLIA

PLATES

18-20)

PHILIP N . REMLER

The fou rteenth Cen tury coinage of the

Turkish

beyliks

or principalities,

provides

crucial

documentation for the transition

from Tlkhnid M ongol

to

Turkish

power in Anatolia. The beylik coinages have not yet been

studied

systematically. The

purpose

of this article is to sketch the

currenciesof

three

ma jo r beyliks and,in analyzing them, to show a close

relationship among them, indicating a sort of cur rency Co m m un i ty based

on a

common

origin and close commercial ties.1

The three beyliks are of the Eretnid, Isfendiyarid, and Ottoman

dynasties. The time

f rame

varies

from

dynasty to dynasty,

beginning

for all in the reign of the last strong

Ilkhn,

A buSa id, and ending

with

the reigns of the Ot toman Orhan (d. 1362), the Isfendiyarid Ktrm

Byezld(d.

1385),

and the Eretnid Al

al-Dln

All (d. 1380).

Most

of the

research

for

this article

was

done dur in g

the

Amer ican Numismat ic

Society s

G rad ua te Sem inar of 1978. I would like to thank the Society for i ts kind-

ness,

and

also

the

Bri t i sh Museum

and Ashmolean for allowing m e to use

their

col-

lections. I would especially like to thank Michael

Bates

of the ANS for his super-

vision

and Inspiration, and to

acknowledge

the help and

suggestions

of

Nicholas

Lowick of the BM ) and Robert Doran.

167


2/27

168

P H I L I P N . R E M L E R

I n the heyday of the M on gol

empire

the

m a j o r

east-west trade

route

in

Anatoliathe

shh-rh or

R o y a l R o ad r an from Tabriz

in

I ran

to

Konya, the old

R u m

Seljq capital, and then to southern Anatolian

ports

such s

Al iyye.

W h e n

the

I lkhns los t Konya

to the

K a r am a n i d

Turkish tribesmen a new route became important, r u n n i n g t h r o u g h

E r z i n j a n

and Sivs in eastern Anatolia to Ankara and thence

west.

After the Ottoman s con q uered Bursa aro un d 1324 it quickly became the

western terminus of the route. A second major route ran from the

Crimea to the port of Sinop and west. The prim ary goods carried by

these routes were silks and spiceslow-volume and high-value commo-

dities.

After

M on go l

rulefaded from

An atol ia , beginning

in

1327, three be yl iks

gainedc on trol of these routes: E retna, in eastern A natolia w ith its capital

at E rz injan , s heir to the M on gol province of Anatolia; Isfendiyar,

centered atKastamonu; and the Ottomans, facingthe

West.

This paper is

an analysisof the typologies oftheir silver coinages inc lud in g decorative

motifs and types ofscript, s Uyghr script (italicizedin the catalogue)

is

sometimes used.

A

metrological study will

be

under taken

in a

sub-

sequent

article.

It is

m y

contention

that

the silver coinages of all three of these beyliks

are

interrelated

an d

derived ultimately

from

I lkh nid coinage. This

derivation is of two types: in the first, a styleusually from f u r t h e r

' T . X 1 I I I I / .

M J O R SILK R O U T E S OF B E Y L I K N T O L I P . R e m l e r .


3/27

FOURTEENTH

CENTURY ANATOLIAN

oiNS 69

east

was consciously imitated in a coin of another beylik; in the second,

a group of styles, usually Ilkhnid, formed a pool from which beylik types

were

draw n and redraw n over a period of generations. The first indicates

the strength of

trade

links in theareaandtheir biasin favor of the east.

Thesecond

indicates

the continued

prestige

and legitimacy of theM ongol

empire

in

Iran

andhintsat the

prevalence

of

M ongol

methodsof admin-

istration, particularly

in coinage.

I L K N I

PROTOTYPES

Eretna

Uyghr,

founder

o f the E retnid dyna sty, was the

Mongol

lieutenant-governor

in

Anatolia

from

1314

to

1335

and

governor

there

for

thepuppet Ilkhns

controlled

byHasan-i

Buzurg

Jalyir

from

1335-42.

Between A.H. 742 and 746/A.D.

1341-46 Eretna

minted coins

both

in

his own name and in

those

of

various

Mongol khns. In 747 he began to

issue coins

in his own

name only.

As chief

civilian Mongol

official in

Anatolia E retna struck coins

of

types

S tandard throughout

th e empire.2

Certain

of these

types, occ urring

in An atolian

mints,

are prototypes for

later

beylik coinage.

ABU S A ID,

T Y P E III,

3

719-21/1319-21

Obv :

In omega-shape Reu : In

looped square

l ilha ill

duriba

Allah Muham mad fl

ayym

dawlat

al-sultn

rasl

Allah

al-a zam

A bu

Sa id

khallada Allah mulkahu

In loops

Nram/Allh/al-nasr

Margin Margin

fa-sayakflkahum Allah wa-huwa

duriba/(mint and

date)

al-samr al- allm

Plate 18,1:

Arzinjn

719/1319, 25 mm, 3.507 g,

A NS .

fi.< -J crJ T

3,? g)

2

At least 27

A natolian

mints are

attested

in the

coinage

of

A bu

Sa

Id.

The

typology

of

Abu

Sa id s

coinage

is

according

to the

system used

in I. and

G .

Artuk,

Istanbul

Arkeoloji Mzeleri Tehirdeki

Isldmt

Sikkeler Katalogu (Istanbul,

1971-74)(henceforth,Artuk). Also

cited

is

BMCOr

8.


4/27

170

P H I L I P

N . R E M L E R

A B O S A I D , T Y P E VIII, 724-28/1323-28

Obv.:

In

square Reu.:

In

circle

l

ilha ill

Allah duriba

M u ha m m ad

al-sultn

A b u

Sa id

rasl

Allah Bahdur

Khan

khulida mulkuhu

(mint)

M a rg in

Margin

A buBakr/ Umar/ Uthmn/ Ali f l

sana

(date)

Plate 18, 2:

Sivs

725/1325, 25 mm,

3.517

g,

ANS. 'W

( S,9

A B U

S A I D , T Y P E

IX ,

723-28/1323-28

Obv.\n

looped diamond Rev.: In square

la ilha ill Allah al-sultn A b u Sa id

Muhammad

Bahdur

Khan

khulida mulkuhu

rasl Allah

< S 1

^

- l l

M a rg in

Margin

Abu

Bakr/ Umar/ Uthmn/ Ali (mint anddate)

Plate

18, 3:Ma dan n.d., 18 mm,1.469g,ANS. X > ,

1\US A

Obv.:

s 3

Rev.:

In

looped

triangle:

s

3

margin:

s 3

Plate

18, 4:

ANS.

A B U

S A I D , T YP E XII, 729-33/1328-33

Obv.: In

octafoil

Rev.: In

octagon

l

ilha

ill

Allah al-sultn

ibn

al-sultn

Muhammad Abu

Sa id Bahdur Khan

rasl

Allah duriba (mint)

Margin

Margin

Abu Bakr/ Umar/ Uthmn/ Ali (date)

Plate 18, 5:

Sivs

730/1329-30, 21 mm, 3.307g,

ANS.

jrr-.TP

f

T ? . <


5/27

F O U R T E E N T H C E N T U R Y A N A T O L I A N oiNS 7

A B U S A ID ,

T Y P E

XIII, 733-36/1332-35

Obv :

shahda (in decorative Rev.: al-sultn al- alim

al- dil

kuf i c script)

dur iba

Bnsaida

B a h d u r

Khan

k h u li d a m u l k u h u

Margin

(date)

Plate

18, 6:

A r z i n j n

33 I lkhnf/1333, 19 mm, 2.833g,

A N S .

T> 3> ^ C?;U

T he

dom i nan t m ot i f s

in al l

these coins

are the

geometr ical f ields

in

variou s form s. These fields, s well s t he d is t inc t ive

r end i t i on

of the

s hahda

a re

imi ta ted

by

beylik coins , s

w e

shall see.

A f t e r the death o f A b u Sa id in 736 Eretna issued coins in the n a m e of

some successor

T lkhns .

A l though E r e tna was by this time v i r t u a l l y in -

dependent , these coins

are ind is t inguishable both in styleand

m e t r o logy

f rom

coins produced in I ran proper. They also are m ar k ed by the geo-

metr ical moti f .

By and large

these coins

are not

s igni f icant

for the

pur -

pose of this study. \\ e shall m en tio n the coins o f on ly two of these rulers

s

prototypes

for

beylik coinage.

Coins were struck briefly

in 739 in the

n a m e

of

Taghytimr,

a

general

who was not in

f a c t

descended f rom C h i ngg i s K h a n bu t

f rom

h is brother

Q j i g h n . It is interesting to note that T a g h y t i m r a c t u a l l y

mied

only i n K h u r s n ; this co inage in h is na m e indicates f i rs t A n a t o li a s p o l i -

tical

i ndependence and second the cont inui ty o f economic l inks

across

the silk route.

T G H Y T I M R 739/1338-39

Obv : In hexagon Rev.: In hexagon

l i lha

ill

A llah al-sultn

M u h a m m a d

al- li

Taghytimr

ra s l

A l la h k h u l i d a m u l k u h u

sana tis thalthin

wa-saba

f mi a


6/27

1 7 2 P H I L I P N .

R E M L E R

M a rg in

d u r i b a / m i n t ) / A b B a k r /f U m a r /

r

U t h m n /

r

A li

Plate

18, 7: A rz i n jn739/1338-39,19 mm,

2.035

g, A N S . TD

T he

last

n o m i n a l

Tlkhn

forw h o m

Eretna struck

coins w as Sulaymn,

whose coins app eared betw een 7 40 and 746. T hese were issued in two

types, app aren tly simultaneously.

S U L Y M N

T Y P E I

Obu :

In hexafoil

Reu :

I n

eye-shape

l

ilha ill A llah al-sultn

M u ha m m ad

Sulaymn

rasl

Allah khulida m u l k u h u

M a rg in

M a rg in

A b uBakr/'Umar/'Uthmn/'Al m i n t a n d date)

Plate

18, 8:

A r z a r m

741/1340-41,

18 mm,

1.252

g,

A N S .

S U L Y M N T Y P E

I I

Obu : In octafoil

Rev :

In octafoil

l ilha ill A llah al-sultn

al-'ll

M u ha m m ad Sulaymn

rasl Allah khallada Allah m ulkahu

M a rg in

M a rg in

A b u B a k r / f U m a r / r U t h m n / r A l i

m i n t a n d

date)

Plate 18, 9:

A r z a r m

743/1342-43, 19 mm,

1.385

g, ANS j,P

E R E T N I D

C O I N A G E

S u l a y m n , Type

II, provides a direct transition to

Eretnid

coinage,

for Eretna issued it u n d e r his ownn a m eswell , presumably at the same

period.


7/27

FOURTEENTH

CENTURY ANATOLIAN CoiNS 173

E R E T N A ,

T Y P E

I

Obv : In octafoil Reu : In octafoil

l ilha ill A llah duriba

M u h a m m a d

sultan

rasl Al lah retna

khal lada A l lah m u l k a h u

Qirshahir

Plate 19, 10: Qirshahir n.d., 20 mm, 1.396 g, A N S.

A n o th er

type,

issued by

Eretna

while he was also issuing coins for

Sulaymn, uses

the

hexafoil

of the

S u la y m n T y pe

I

s

the

reverse,

and

derives its square obverse

from

the

A bu Sa id

T y p e

V I I I

Plate18,2), a

traditional

motif which

dates

back to the coinage of

A b u

Sa Id s pre-

decessor Uljyt.

E R E T N A , T Y P E

I I , CA .742/1341-42

Obv :

In

square Rev :

In hexafoil

l

ilha ill A llah du rib a

M u h a m m a d

sultan

rasl A llah

Eretna

khallada A l lah m ulka hu

min t )

Margin

date)

A N S coins:

A qshahir A qsaray)

742 2 2 m m 1.635g Plate 19,11

A n q a riyy a

742 21 mm

1.705

g

A n q a riyy a

747 20 mm

1.486

g

Baybirt

7xx 21 mm

1.670

g

Ma dan 74x 22 mm 1.453 g

T hecoinage issued byEretna after hebegan to strike in hisown n a m e

only is of a completely different

type,

but squarely within traditional

bounds. T h e new

style

is derived in its obverse

from

th e looped square

of the c o m m o n

A bu Sa id Type

I I I , and the hexagram reverse is drawn

from

Isfendiyarid coinage discussed below.


8/27

174

P H I L I P

N .

R E M L E R

E R E T N A , T Y P E I I I , 747-53/1346-52

I n

looped square

l ilha ill A lla h

M u h a m m a d

ras l A l lah

Obv :

I n

looped square Rev :

I n

hexagram

Eretna

khal lada A l lah

m u l k a h u

Margin

(mint a n d date)

1.758g

1.757

g

1.776g

1.726 g

1.786 g

0.882g

T . V * . * .

1.750 g, Plate 19, 12

1.773 g , m i n t in hexagram

1.757 g , m i n t in hexagram

1.773

g,

m i n t

in

hexagram

1.748

g ,

m i n t

in

hexagram

1.726

g ,

m i n t

in

hexagram

1.754 g

1.568 g

1.509

g

0.732g ^ V1

1.654 g

l

0.551

g

1.650

g

Coins imi tat ing

the

S u l a y m n

Type I and

bearing Eretna s regnal

epithet TAl

al Din

were struck in Eretnid cities; normally one would

assume these dated

f rom the 742-47/1341-47

period. C ertain speci-

m e n s are dated a f te r Eretna s death in 753, however , and bear dates

A N S

coins:

A r zin j n

A r z in j n

A r z in j n

A r z in j n

Sivs 747 ?

Qarhisr

Kughniyye

Kik

Kik?

A nkariyye

Qaysariyye

M a d an

X

X

X

X

x

(barbarous)

x

(barbarous)

x (double str.)

752

749

747

751

749?

x

n.d.4

x

x

x4x

x4x

748

74x

74x

75x

x

X

X

X

20mm

19 mm

18 mm

18 mm

18 mm

16

mm

19

mm

19 m m

20 mm

20mm

2 0 m m

2 0 m m

19 mm

18 mm

2 2 m m

16

m m

19

m m

13 mm

17

m m

1

1

1

1,

1.

0.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

0.

1 .

0.

1.

4 This specimen c arries s m arg inal inscription

the

f o u r rshidn (i.e. earliest

caliphs, A b u Bakr , U m a r ,

U t h m n ,

an d All) instead of a date; the m int is inside

the h exagr am.


9/27

F O U R TEEN TH

C E N T U R Y

A N A T O L I A N CoiNS

175

in

the

mid-750s,

such

s the one

specimen

in the

A shmolean M useum

dated

x56. Since

Eretna s son

M uha m m ad succeeded

s a

minor we

may

concludethat these

comprise a posthumous issue.

ERETNA, TYPE

IV

P O S T H U M O U S )

Obu :

s Sulaymn

Type

I Reu : In

eye-shape

al-sultn

al- dil

al al-duny wa-l-dln

khal lada A l lah mulkahu

Margin

(mint

and

date)

Plate

19, 13: x, x, 21 mm, 1.715 g, ANS .

The coins of Eretna s successors M uh am m ad (753-67) and A l al-DIn

All

(767-82) fall within the Mongol

tradition.

While M u h a m m a d makes

some inno vation w ithinthis t radit ion,

All

draws on old m otifs .

M U H A M M A D

Obv : In trefoil foils

Rev :

In circle

A b u

B a k r / U m a r / U t h m a n

dur iba (some specimens)

In t refoil center M uh am m ad A ratn

All al-sultn al-a zam

Ghiyth

a l-duny wa-l-dln

khallada A llah m ulk ahu

(mint)

Margin

l ilha

ill

A l la h /M u h a m m a d /

rasl

Allah

A N S coins:

Arzin jn n.d. 15 mm 0.863 g

Aqsary n.d. 20 mm 1.522 g

Baybirt n.d. 19 mm 1.393 g

Sivs

n.d.

19 mm

1.439

g

Sivs n.d. 19 mm 1.365 g

Qaysariyye n.d. 2 0 m m 1.800

g,

Plate

19, 14.

M a dan Gm shpa^ar n .d. 20 mm 1.782 g


10/27

176

P H I L I P

N . R E M L E R

Obv :

n.d .

n . d .

n . d .

n .d .

2 1 m m

20 mm

19

mm

19 m m

1.746

g

1.543 g

1.657 g

1 . 5 0 5 g

C L

I n

square ins ide looped

square

l

i lha

ill

A l l a h

M u h a m m a d

rasl

A l lah

I n loops of s q u a r e

A b u B a k r / U m a r / U t h m a n / A l i

Rev :

I n octafoi l .

al-sul tn a l -a c z a m

c

a l

a l - duny wa-l-din

k h a l l a d a A l l a h m u l k a h u

( m i n t )

(date

in

n u m e r a l s )

Ali s

looped square h as

s

its p ro to ty p e th e

moti f

o f

b is

g r a n d f a t h e r

Eretna which in t u r n goes back to the

A b u

Sa id Type I I I . S imi lar ly

th e

octafoil l ikewise goes back

to the

I l k h n S u l a y m n Type

I I a n d

before that

to the A b u Sa id

Type X I I . K n o w n d ate s

f o r

A I I s c o i n s

a re

767

and

768. Som etime

in 768 the

word

llah

in the

phrase

khallada

llah mulkahu w as

enclosed

in an

eye-shaped group

o f

dots.

That

this

Symbol

had some s ignif ican ce is shown by

c A H s p ract ice

of counter-

s tamping b is

o lder

coins with

th e

s a m e s y m b o l .

A N S c o i n s (asterisk indic ates issues with eye-shaped dots):

A r z i n j a n

A r z i n j a n

A r z i n j a n

A r z i n j a n

A r z i n j a n

A r z i n j a n

Arzin jan

A r z i n j a n

A r z i n j a n

B a y b i r t

x

x

x

x

768

76x

x

768 ?

767

768

x

768

x

767

x

x

X

X

19 mm

19

mm

19 mm

18 mm

19

m m

19 m m

19 mm

20 mm

20 mm

19

mm

16 mm

2 3 m m

19 mm

18 mm

1.597

g,

1.554

g

1 . 1 4 4 g

1.431

g

1.573

g,

1 . 4 1 5 g

1.472 g*

1.571 g*

1.436 g*

1.696 g

1.017

g

1.525

g*

1.453 g*

1.499

g*

cstp.

Plate

19, 15

,Plate 19, 16

,

cstp.


11/27

FOURTEENTH ENTURY ANATOLIAN

COINS

77

x

(brbarous)

x 19 mm

1.520

g*

x x 20 mm

1.521

g*

x x 18mm 1.306g*,cstp.,Platel9,17

ISFENDIYARID C O I N A G E

We now turn to the currency of the Isfendiyarid dynasty ofnorthern

Anatolia which

has not

been schematized chronologically.

Sleyman I Pasha, who conquered the cities of Qastamniyye

(Kastamonu)

in

1309

and

Sinop

in

1322,

was the

first important ruler

of

thisdynasty. Thatheissued coins in the

name

of A b u Sa Idisattested

by an ANS

coin

of the

A bu Sa id Type

IX from

Qastamniyye clearly

dated 725/1325. A sSleyman s coinage is not dated we can only guess

whenhe

began

his own

sikke Uzun^arsilP believes this

is not until

1335,

the year of

A b uSa id s

death; it could, however, have been

s

early s

1327, the end of

effective

Mongolrule in western Anatolia and the year of

the

earliest Ottoman coinage.

Four types

m ay

be

ascribed

to

Sleyman

I.

Three

are

definitely linked

in a

stylistic

sequence; the fourth may possibly belong to the later

Isfendiyarid ruler Sleyman II s its fabric and certainly its weight

Standard are somewhat different. The similarity in the styleof reverse

inscription would militate against

this,

however, and place

this

type in

the coinage ofSleyman I.

S L Y M N

I

TYPE

I

Obv : In square Reu : In square

l ilha illAllah Sulaymn

M u h a m m a d zida mulkuhu

rasl

Allah

A N S

coins, no mints,no

dates:

17 mm 1.092 g 16 mm 1.143 g

15 mm

1.029

g,

Plate

19, 18 16 mm

1.120

g

5

I. H. Uzun?arslli, nadolu Beylikleri (Ankara, 1969), p. 122.


12/27

1 7 8

P H I L I P

N . R E M L E R

14mm

1.188g

16mm 1.110g

16

mm

1.051

g 15 mm

1.182

g

This coinis very interesting in several respects. As to its prototype,

this

is clearly a crude imitation of the very common

A b u

Sa id

Type

VIII

(Plate

18, 2). Its

very crudeness

c o n f i r ms

this

s the

earliest

of Sley-

man s issues. Also its almost unrecognizable

f o r ma l i z e d

rendition of the

wordmulkuhu

s

U U

wi l lturn

up

later

in

Ottoman coinage;

the

inscription

here mandates

the

reading

of mulkuhu

Sleyman s second type

is

midway between

his Types I and

III,

the

mostcommon of his issues. Type II leaves the inscriptions the same but

replaces the obverse square with a hexagram, possibly derived

f rom

Golden Horde prototypes.6 This hexagram in Isfendiyarid coinage is

itself

the

prototype

for the

later Eretna Type

III (Plate 19,

12); this

is

the only instance of west-to-east stylistic borrowing.

SLEYMA.N I T Y P E I I

Obv \n hexagram

Reu :

As

Type

l

l ilha

ill

Allah

M u ha m m a d

rasl

Allah

A N S coins,

no

mints,

no

dates:

16mm

1.288

g

15mm 1.272 g

Type

III is

identical

in

motif

to Type II but

changes

the reverse

inscription.

S L E Y M N I

T Y P E

I I I

Obv

As

Type

II

Rev :

In

square

Amir-i

a dal

Sulaymn

khulida mulkuhu

6 See the coinage of TeleBuq (686-89/1287-90).


13/27

FOURTEENTH

CENTURY

ANATOLIAN

CoiNS

79

A N S coins, no mints , no

dates:

11 mm 0.647 g 16 mm 1.258 g

l lmm

0.634g 1 5 m m

1.282g

1 5 m m

1.313g

1 5 m m 1.294g

17 mm

1.273

g 16 mm

1.395

g

1 5 m m 1.272g 1 7 m m

1.321g,

mm 1.293g Plate 19, 19

1 6 m m

1.231g

1 6 m m 1.232g

17 mm

1.273

g 15 mm

1.287

g

1 6 m m

1.184g

1 6 m m 1 .272g

15

mm

1.259

g 16 mm

1.280

g

16

mm

1.316

g 15 mm

1.299

g

16 mm

1.325

g

The

four th type ascribed

to

S leyman

I

retains

the

t i tulature

on the

reverse o f Type

I I I

bu t replaces the motifs

with

an obverse hexafoil and a

reverse looped squa re which imitates

the

A bu Sa Id Type

III

(Plate 18,1).

S L Y M N I, TYPE IV

Obv \n hexa fo i l Rev : In

looped square

la

i lha

ill Allah

amir - i a dal

M u h a m m a d S u l a y m n

rasl Allah kha lada m u lk u hu

A N S

coins, no mints, no

dates.

1 5 m m

1.450g 1 6 m m

1.511g

17 mm

1.495

g 15 mm

1.506

g

16 mm

1.447

g 16 mm

1.501

g

15

m m

1.504

g,

Plate

20, 20

Sleyman I was dethroned around 1340, but the coinage of his son a nd

successor Ibrahim

(1340-45)

has not been identif ied. The coins of the

ne x t tw o rulers, di l Bey

(1345-62)

and his son Bayez id Ktrm

(1362-85), revert to the squares of the S leyman I Type I, but much

more finely

worked.


14/27

8

P H I L I P N . R E M L E R

' D I L

Obv

In

square

lilha

ill

Allah

M u h a m m a d

rasl Allah

Rev In square

al-sultnal-a'zam

khallada Allah

mulkahu (mint)

Margin

(date) or decorations

ANS coins:

Q a s t a m ni y y e

Qastamniyye

Qastamniyye

x (barbarous)

Sinp

X

X

X

X

X

13 mm

13 mm

12 mm

14 mm

13 mm

0.998g

0.988g

0.952

g,

Plate

20, 21

0.882 g

0.986

g

The

coinage

ofr

d i l

Bey is

a n o n y m o u s

and has

been identified

tenta-

tively through dates,

7

and through its similarity to the coinageof his son

Bayezid. The

titles

c

d i l

Beyuses, i.e.

al-Sultn

al-azam mostpuissant

sultan,

an d

even

the

a n o n y m i t y

o f the

coins show

that

they

are

conscious

imitations

of

A bu

Sa

r

ld's

coinage, especially

hisType VIII

(Plate

18, 2).

Bayezid

more

realistically styled himself the ju st

amir.

B Y E Z I D

Obv In square

lilha ill Allah

M u h a m m a d

rasl Allah

Exergue

(date

in

numerals)

A N S coins:

Qastamniyye

Qastamniyye

Q a s t a m ni y y e

Qastamniyye

Rev

I n square

amir-i afd a l

Byazid

khulida

m u l k u h u

(mint)

X

X

X

X

16 mm

16

mm

15 mm

16 mm

1.746 g

1.795 g

1.732g

1.741g

7

See

Art uk , l, nos.

1366-68.


15/27

FOURTEENTH CENTURY N TOLI N CoiNS

8

Qstamniyye x 16 mm

Qastamniyye x 16 mm

Qstamniyye 761 12 mm

Qastamniyye

x 15 mm

Qastamniyye x 18 mm

Qastamniyye

x 15 mm

Qastamniyye x

16 mm

Qastamniyye

x 16 mm

Qastamniyye

x 15 mm

Qastamniyye x 16 mm

Qastamniyye x 16 mm

1.822

g

1.752

g

0.881 g, Plate 20, 22

1.769g

1.718g

1 783 g

1.713g

1.719 g

1.749 g

1.764 g

1.750g

THE

OTTOMAN COINAGE

OF

O R H A N

The silver coinage of Orhan, the second Ottoman sultan and the first

to

strike

coins, hasbeen described a number of times without an adequate

systemization

or

chronology.

The following is an

ordered catalogue

of

Orhan s coins

with

probable dates.

The

oldest

extant

Ottoman

type

is

evidently

a

coin

in the

collection

of the Yapi ve

Kredi

Bankasi

collection clearly dated 727. This

is the

year

of the fall of the

Mongol governor

of

Anatolia, Timrtsh

bin

Chobn and the consequent retreat of Mongo l power f rom western

Anatolia. This type

is

clearly derived

f rom the

A bu Sa id Type

IX

(Plate 18, 3). As mentioned above, p. 177, coins of

this

type

were

minted

at least in 725 in nearby Qastamniyye, showing that the design was

known in western Anatolia. The workmanship on the Yapi ve Kredi

Bankasi coin

and others of this type is of

such high quality (higher than

laterissues

of

Orhan s) that

we may

speculate

he

hired

a die

sinker f rom

one of the older Ilkhnid

mints.

Obv

In square

l

ilha ill Allah

Muhammad

rasl Allah

ORHAN

TYPE I

Rev \n looped di mond

khulida

duriba

Orkhn

bin Uthmn

Bursa

mulkuhu


16/27

182

P H I L I P

N .

R E M L E R

M a rg in

A b u

B a k r / U m a r / U t h m n /

Documents

Ottoman, Isfendiyarid and Eretnid coinage : a curency community in fourteenth century Anatolia / Philip N. Remier