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Often set the price of commodities Sometimes set the quantity Quota: Legal amount of a commodity that one producer can make –Quota can be bought and sold
Citation preview
Other factors affecting pricing
…continued
2. Marketing Boards• Organizations designed to help market or sell
commodities– Advertise– Provide marketing info– Conduct research– Charge a fee to all producers
Example:
• Often set the price of commodities
• Sometimes set the quantity• Quota: Legal amount of a
commodity that one producer can make– Quota can be bought and sold
3. Product Positioning
• Premium Pricing: High-pricing strategy used to position a product as a luxury
Example:
• Discount Pricing: Reduced price from what a customer would expect to pay
Example:
4. Consumer Demand
• Price Elasticity: How much can a price be increased before customers stop buying
Elastic Customers will pay
higher prices
Inelastic Customers will NOT pay
higher prices
5. Competition
• Forces sellers of similar products to remain close in pricing
Example:
Pricing Strategies
Pricing Strategy: A plan developed by a business to make sure its product prices meet marketing objectives
3 main strategies…
1. Market Skimming
Market Skimming: Setting an initially high price before competitors enter the market. Then lowering the price as competition increases or new technology emerges.
Example
Advantages• Business tries to recoup its R&D costs
before competitors copy (break even sooner)
• Can limit demand until production catches up
Disadvantage• Competitors can undercut price, don’t have
the same R&D costs
More examples of Market SkimmingFirst Battery-Powered Calculator (1970)
$1,200$5,800 today
First VCR (1972)
$5,000$22,600 today
First portable radio (1937)
$350$4,600 today
2. Penetration Pricing
Penetration Pricing: Setting an initially low price to attract customers
• Usually happens when VC are low and R&D costs (FC) are high
• Taken to the extreme, it becomes predatory pricing
Advantages• Keep competitors out• High sales volume• Economies of scale
Disadvantage• Need to sell huge volume to hit break-even
point
3. Competitive Pricing
Competitive Pricing: Closely following the prices of competitors. Typically, pricing follows the market leader who sets a benchmark price
Example
3. Competitive Pricing
• Because price is not a major competitive advantage, the battle for market share is fought with advertising, promotion, distribution, & unique product features
• Some retailers have a competitive price police – they advertise that they will not be undersold and that they will match or beat any advertised price offered by their competitors– The onus is on the consumer to prove that there is a
price difference
Advantage• Will not be undersold by competition
Disadvantage• Cannot use price to position your products
Homework
• List 5 items you buy regularly and the price you normally pay– At what price would you be willing to buy more
of the product?– At what price would you buy less?
• List the three main pricing strategies, and explain when a marketer would use each