OT Survey IOT Survey I

Kings Kings

EnglishLocation of Kings in CanonLocation of Kings in Canon

Hebrew[Historical Books] JoshuaJoshua JudgesJudges RuthRuth SamuelSamuel KingsKings ChroniclesChronicles Ezra/Neh/EstEzra/Neh/Est

[Former Prophets] JoshuaJoshua

JudgesJudges SamuelSamuel KingsKings

[Latter Prophets](Isa, Jer, Ezek, 12)

[Torah]

[Writings](e.g., E/N, Esth, Dan, Psa,

Prov)

Location of Kings in CanonLocation of Kings in Canon

Pentateuch (esp. Deuteronomy)

Joshua

Judges

Samuel

Kings

Noahic to Abrahamic CovenantNoahic to Abrahamic Covenant

Failure – Tower of Babel (Gen 11)

Promise – Noahic Covenant (Gen 9)

Renewal – Abrahamic Covenant (Gen 15 -> 17) [note the historical prologue in 15:7]

Theophany – Smoking Oven and Flaming Torch (Gen 15)

Concern – Disobedience will result in cutting off (Gen 17)

Waiting – Abraham grows old (Gen 16)

Impatience – Abraham takes Hagar (Gen 16)

Fulfillment Begins – Isaac born (Gen 21)

“Now it came about after the death of Abraham…” (Genesis 25:11)

Abrahamic to Mosaic CovenantAbrahamic to Mosaic Covenant

Failure – Israel in Egypt (Gen 37 - Exod 12)

Promise – Abrahamic Covenant

Renewal – Mosaic Covenant (Exod 19-31 -> Lev) [note the historical prologue in 19:4]

Theophany – God thundering from Sinai (Exod 19) Concern – Boundaries to obey (Exod)! God is holy (Lev)!

Waiting – For Moses to return (Exod 32:1)

Impatience – Golden Calf (Exod 32)

Fulfillment Begins – Tabernacle Finished (Exod 34-40)

“…after the death of the two sons of Aaron…” (Leviticus 16:1)

Mosaic to Deuteronomic Mosaic to Deuteronomic CovenantCovenant

Failure – All of Numbers; but esp. at Kadesh (Num 13)

Promise – Mosaic Covenant

Renewal – Deut. Covenant (Num 14 -> Deut 1-30) [note the historical prologue in Deut 1-4]

Theophany – God appears in tent (Num 14 -> Deut 31:15)

Concern – Israel won’t obey! (Num 14 -> Deut 31:16-32:52)

Waiting – 40 years in the wilderness (Num 13-19)

Impatience – Moses strikes the rock (Num 20)

Fulfillment Begins – East of the Jordan (Num 21-36)

“Now it came about after the death of Moses…” (Joshua 1:1)

Deuteronomic to Joshua’s Deuteronomic to Joshua’s CovenantCovenant

Failure – No Herem at Ai (Josh 7)

Promise – Deuteronomic Covenant

Renewal – Renewed Covenant (Josh 8 -> 24) [note the historical prologue in Josh 24:1-13]

Theophany – ???

Concern – Israel will not obey, has idols (Josh 24)

Waiting – As opponents assemble (Josh 9:1)

Impatience – Not inquiring of Yahweh (Josh 9) Fulfillment Begins – Israel starts to take land (Josh 12)

“Now it came about after the death of Joshua…” (Judges 1:1)

Joshua’s to Samuel’s CovenantJoshua’s to Samuel’s Covenant

Failure – Judges through 1 Samuel 8, esp. 1 Samuel 8

Promise – Joshua’s Covenant (i.e., renewed by Joshua)

Renewal – Samuel’s Covenant (1 Sam 10 -> 12) [note the historical prologue in 1 Sam 12:6-11]

Theophany – 1 Sam 12:16-19 Concern – Sin will lead to God’s opposition (1 Sam 12:15)

Waiting – Saul for Samuel (1 Sam 13:8) Impatience – Acting before Samuel’s arrival (1 Sam 13:9-10)

Fulfillment Begins – David anointed as king (1 Sam 16)

“Now it came about after the death of Saul…” (2 Sam 1:1)

Samuel to David’s CovenantSamuel to David’s Covenant

Failure – Righteous king not reigning (1 Sam 18 - 2 Sam 4)

Promise – Samuel’s Covenant (i.e., renewed by Samuel)

Renewal – David’s Covenant (2 Sam 7; 1 Kings ???) [note the historical prologue in 2 Sam 7:8-9]

Theophany – 1 Kings ??? Concern – Sin brings discipline (2 Sam 7:14; 1 Kings ???)

Waiting – David waiting for army’s return (2 Sam 11:1-3)

Impatience(?) – Taking of Bathsheba (2 Sam 11)

Fulfillment Begins – Solomon is born (2 Sam 12:24-25)

Samuel to David’s CovenantSamuel to David’s Covenant

Failure – Righteous king not reigning (1 Sam 18 - 2 Sam 4)

Promise – Samuel’s Covenant (i.e., renewed by Samuel)

Renewal – David’s Covenant (2 Sam 7; 1 Kings 9:1-9) [note the historical prologue in 2 Sam 7:8-9]

Theophany – 1 Kings 8:10-11 Concern – Sin brings discipline (2 Sam 7:14; 1 Kings 9:6-9)

Waiting – David waiting for army’s return (2 Sam 11:1-3)

Impatience(?) – Taking of Bathsheba (2 Sam 11)

Fulfillment Begins – Solomon is born (2 Sam 12:24-25)

Solomon and the Davidic Covenant Solomon and the Davidic Covenant (Hope)(Hope)

Expecting him as initial fulfillment (2 Sam Expecting him as initial fulfillment (2 Sam 12:25)12:25)

Selected instead of older brotherSelected instead of older brother 11stst: Amnon has died (2 Sam 3:2; 13:28-29): Amnon has died (2 Sam 3:2; 13:28-29) 22ndnd: Kileab never again mentioned (2 Sam 3:3): Kileab never again mentioned (2 Sam 3:3) 33rdrd: Absalom has died (2 Sam 3:3; 18:15): Absalom has died (2 Sam 3:3; 18:15) 44thth: Adonijah, son of Haggith (2 Sam 3:4; 1 Kgs : Adonijah, son of Haggith (2 Sam 3:4; 1 Kgs

1:5)1:5) David’s instruction (1 Kgs 2:1-4)David’s instruction (1 Kgs 2:1-4) Adonijah’s demise (1 Kgs 2:23-25) Adonijah’s demise (1 Kgs 2:23-25) Abiathar’s dismissal (1 Kgs 2:26-27)Abiathar’s dismissal (1 Kgs 2:26-27) Joab’s demise (1 Kgs 2:31-34)Joab’s demise (1 Kgs 2:31-34) Shimei’s demise (1 Kgs 2:44-46)Shimei’s demise (1 Kgs 2:44-46)*** 1 Kings 1-2 really completes the story of Samuel

Solomon and the Davidic Covenant Solomon and the Davidic Covenant (Fulfillment) (Fulfillment)

Warning to the reader (foreign wife, but loves God)!Warning to the reader (foreign wife, but loves God)! (3:1-4)(3:1-4)

God appears to SolomonGod appears to Solomon Wisdom requested and granted (3:5-12)Wisdom requested and granted (3:5-12) Glory not requested but granted (3:13)Glory not requested but granted (3:13) Requirement [and concern?] (3:14)Requirement [and concern?] (3:14)

Story of women, Wisdom of Solomon (3:15-28)Story of women, Wisdom of Solomon (3:15-28) Government of Solomon (4:1-34) [note 4:20-25!]Government of Solomon (4:1-34) [note 4:20-25!] Works of Solomon (with Hiram) (5:1-18) [note 5:4, 7!]Works of Solomon (with Hiram) (5:1-18) [note 5:4, 7!] Temple of Solomon (6:1-7:51)Temple of Solomon (6:1-7:51) KEY CHAPTER: God dwells in temple! (8:1-66)KEY CHAPTER: God dwells in temple! (8:1-66) God appears to SolomonGod appears to Solomon

Renewal! (9:1-5)Renewal! (9:1-5) Concern! (9:6-9)Concern! (9:6-9)

Solomon and the Davidic Covenant Solomon and the Davidic Covenant (Failure) (Failure)

Hiram unpleased with cities given to him (9:10-14)Hiram unpleased with cities given to him (9:10-14) Gov’t of Solomon (Canaanites still there!) (9:15-28)Gov’t of Solomon (Canaanites still there!) (9:15-28) Story of woman, Wisdom of Solomon (10:1-13)Story of woman, Wisdom of Solomon (10:1-13) Glory of Solomon (10:14-22)Glory of Solomon (10:14-22) Wisdom of Solomon (10:23-25)Wisdom of Solomon (10:23-25) Failure of Solomon (10:26-11:43)Failure of Solomon (10:26-11:43)

Involves foreign wives, loves them, not God.Involves foreign wives, loves them, not God.

See David Dorsey, See David Dorsey, Literary Structure of the Old TestamentLiterary Structure of the Old Testament

Deuteronomy 17!Deuteronomy 17!

Samuel to David’s CovenantSamuel to David’s Covenant

Failure – Righteous king not reigning (1 Sam 18 - 2 Sam 4)

Promise – Samuel’s Covenant (i.e., renewed by Samuel)

Renewal – David’s Covenant (2 Sam 7; 1 Kings 9:1-9) [note the historical prologue in 2 Sam 7:8-9]

Theophany – 1 Kings 8:10-11 Concern – Sin brings discipline (2 Sam 7:14; 1 Kings 9:6-9)

Waiting – David waiting for army’s return (2 Sam 11:1-3)

Impatience(?) – Taking of Bathsheba (2 Sam 11)

Fulfillment Begins – Solomon is born (2 Sam 12:24-25)

Now it came about after the death Now it came about after the death of…of…

Now it came about after the death of Moses the servant of the LORD . . . (Joshua 1:1)

And it came about after the death of Abraham . . . (Gen 25:11) [Hebrew is the same]

Now it came about after the death of Joshua . . (Judges 1:1)

Now it came about after the death of Saul . . . (2 Samuel 1:1)

. . . after the death of the two sons of Aaron. (Lev 16:1) [Similar Hebrew]

. . . after the death of Ahab. (2 Kings 1:1)

Samuel to David’s CovenantSamuel to David’s Covenant

Failure – Righteous king not reigning (1 Sam 18 - 2 Sam 4)

Promise – Samuel’s Covenant (i.e., renewed by Samuel)

Renewal – David’s Covenant (2 Sam 7; 1 Kings 9:1-9) [note the historical prologue in 2 Sam 7:8-9]

Theophany – 1 Kings 8:10-11 Concern – Sin brings discipline (2 Sam 7:14; 1 Kings 9:6-9)

Waiting – David waiting for army’s return (2 Sam 11:1-3)

Impatience(?) – Taking of Bathsheba (2 Sam 11)

Fulfillment Begins – Solomon is born (2 Sam 12:24-25)

“Now Moab rebelled against Israel after the death of Ahab” (2 Kings 1:1)

David to Elisha’s CovenantDavid to Elisha’s Covenant

Failure – Northern kingdom not recognizing Davidic king Davidic kings not ruling in righteousness

Promise – David’s Covenant

Renewal – Elisha’s Covenant (2 Kings ???) Theophany – 2 Kings ??? Concern – Sin brings discipline (2 Kings ???)

2 Kings 17, 25!

EnglishLocation of Kings in CanonLocation of Kings in Canon

Hebrew[Historical Books] JoshuaJoshua JudgesJudges RuthRuth SamuelSamuel KingsKings ChroniclesChronicles Ezra/Neh/EstEzra/Neh/Est

[Former Prophets] JoshuaJoshua

JudgesJudges SamuelSamuel KingsKings

[Latter Prophets](Isa, Jer, Ezek, 12)

[Torah]

[Writings](e.g., E/N, Esth, Dan, Psa,

Prov)

Structure of Kings*Structure of Kings* 1 Kings 1 -11** – Beginning of Davidic kingdom1 Kings 1 -11** – Beginning of Davidic kingdom 1 Kings 12-16 – Beginning of northern 1 Kings 12-16 – Beginning of northern

kingdomkingdom 1 Kings 17- 2 1 Kings 17- 2

Kings 1 – Beginning of Ahab’s kingdomKings 1 – Beginning of Ahab’s kingdom 2 Kings 2-8 – The prophet Elisha2 Kings 2-8 – The prophet Elisha 2 Kings 9-13 – End of Ahab’s kingdom2 Kings 9-13 – End of Ahab’s kingdom 2 Kings 14-17 – End of northern kingdom2 Kings 14-17 – End of northern kingdom 2 Kings 18-25 – End of Davidic kingdom2 Kings 18-25 – End of Davidic kingdom

** 1 Kings 1-2 actually ends section of 2 ** 1 Kings 1-2 actually ends section of 2 SamuelSamuel

* Modified from * Modified from Literary Structure of the OTLiterary Structure of the OT by David by David DorseyDorsey

Purpose Statement of KingsPurpose Statement of Kings

Because of the wickedness of Israel's Because of the wickedness of Israel's leadership and populace, God leadership and populace, God severely disciplines them in severely disciplines them in accordance with the covenant curses.accordance with the covenant curses.

but, there is more . . .but, there is more . . .

In addition, true prophets are exhibited to the In addition, true prophets are exhibited to the remnant as God’s spokesmen to listen to remnant as God’s spokesmen to listen to while awaiting the ushering in of a new while awaiting the ushering in of a new covenant.covenant.

Major ThemesMajor Themes KingsKings

David – Pattern for the kingsDavid – Pattern for the kings Solomon – What heights and depths!Solomon – What heights and depths! Jeroboam – Pattern for the northern kingsJeroboam – Pattern for the northern kings Ahab – As low as you can goAhab – As low as you can go Jehu – Exterminator turned worshipperJehu – Exterminator turned worshipper Hezekiah – A deliverer for the remnantHezekiah – A deliverer for the remnant Manasseh – As low as you can goManasseh – As low as you can go Josiah – Loved God with all his heart, but Josiah – Loved God with all his heart, but

not even Noah, Daniel, and Job would do not even Noah, Daniel, and Job would do (Ezek 14).(Ezek 14).

Jehoiachin – Not much to hope inJehoiachin – Not much to hope in

Major Themes (continued…)Major Themes (continued…) ProphetsProphets

ExamplesExamples Elisha – At the center of the bookElisha – At the center of the book Elijah – The forerunner of ElishaElijah – The forerunner of Elisha Nathan, Ahijah, Jehu, Micaiah, HuldahNathan, Ahijah, Jehu, Micaiah, Huldah Isaiah, JonahIsaiah, Jonah

True vs. lyingTrue vs. lying Prediction, fulfillmentPrediction, fulfillment Israel’s current need to repent, future hopeIsrael’s current need to repent, future hope

The TempleThe Temple A glorious site to beholdA glorious site to behold Diminishing in gloryDiminishing in glory A sure defense?A sure defense? Its destructionIts destruction

Time PeriodTime Period Bible does not give absolute dates but Bible does not give absolute dates but

rather relative onesrather relative ones We can determine absolute dates for biblical We can determine absolute dates for biblical

events by looking at other documentsevents by looking at other documents Battle of Qarqar, involving AhabBattle of Qarqar, involving Ahab Jehu paying tribute to ShalmaneserJehu paying tribute to Shalmaneser

From this, we can move forward and From this, we can move forward and backwards to establish the following time backwards to establish the following time period:period: 970 BC – Death of King David970 BC – Death of King David 561 BC – Release of Jehoiachin from prison561 BC – Release of Jehoiachin from prison

1 Kings 6:1 Now it came about in the four hundred and eightieth year after the sons of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD.

966 + 480 = 1446 BC for the date of the Exodus966 + 480 = 1446 BC for the date of the Exodus

Interpretative IssuesInterpretative Issues

“Every Old Testament scholar knows of the many chronological details in the biblical record that seem to be in hopeless disagreement with each other and with the chronological pattern of neighboring states. In spite of almost endless research and discussion, biblical chronology remained in a state of almost hopeless confusion.”

Edwin Thiele, Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew KingsThe Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, p. 33, p. 33

Interpretative Issues Interpretative Issues (continued . . .)(continued . . .)

Interpretative Issues Interpretative Issues (continued . . .)(continued . . .)

2 Kings 9:29 Now in the eleventh year of Joram, the son of Ahab, Ahaziah became king over Judah.

2 Kings 8:25 In the twelfth year of Joram the son of Ahab king of Israel, Ahaziah the son of Jehoram king of Judah began to reign.

Interpretative Issues Interpretative Issues (continued . . .)(continued . . .)

Jeroboam & Rehoboam began the same year (1 Kings 12).

Joram & Ahaziah died the same year (2 Kings 9) ISRAEL JUDAH

Jeroboam 22 Rehoboam 17

Nadab 2 Abijah 3

Baasha 24 Asa 41

Elah 2 Jehoshaphat 25

Zimri (7 days) Jehoram 8

Omri 12 Ahaziah 1

Ahab 22

Ahaziah 2

Joram 12

----------------- ---------------------

98 years, 7 days 95 years

Interpretative Issues Interpretative Issues (continued . . .)(continued . . .)

How do we reconcile these? Again, see Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious

Numbers of the Hebrew Kings. A summary (taken from House, NAC, p. 41)

Judah used accession-year system, Israel didn’t During one period, both used the same system! Israel and Judah had a different new year (six

months apart) The difficulty of coregencies

Two Canonical LinksTwo Canonical Links 1) John 21:25 “And there are also many

other things which Jesus did, which if they were written in detail, I suppose that even the world itself would not contain the books which were written.”” Compare with, for example, 1 Kings 11:41 “Now the rest of the acts of Solomon and whatever he did, and his wisdom, are they not written in the book of the acts of Solomon?” (see also 1 Kings 14:29; 15:7, 23, 31; 16:5, 14, 20, 27; 22:39, 45; 2 Kings 1:18; 8:23; 10:34; 12:19; 13:8, 12; 14:15, 18, 28; 15:6, 21, 36; 16:19; 20:20; 21:17, 25; 23:28; 24:5)

Two Canonical Links Two Canonical Links (continued . . .)(continued . . .)

2) Kings is indeed a very sobering and negative book. It exhibits the ‘end’ of God’s promises and does not fulfill our longing for another covenant.

But, remember, the idea of true prophets over against false prophets is important in Kings

One prophet in this regard was Jeremiah Jeremiah 29:1-11 – A letter to those in exile “When seventy years have been completed . . .” Daniel 9 – “observed in the books the number of

years . . .” When will a new covenant be cut???

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