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ISBN: 978-93-87085-19-0
Osteologyfor Dental Students
Faruq
iNafis Ahmad Faruqi
Oste
olo
gy
for D
enta
l Stu
dents
for Dental StudentsOsteology
Third Edition
Third Edition ThirdEdition
is the thoroughly revised and updated edition. Every chapter has been rewritten and updated in the light of the recent advances. All the diagrams have been redrawn to make them more accurate, illustrative and visually appealing. The book has been made extremely specific by strictly following the recommendations of Dental Council of India (DCI) for the benefit of the dental students. International norms have been adopted for terminology, abbreviations, definitions, description and labelling. Multicolour effects have been incorporated in the diagrams to make them more realistic and attractive. All the chapters in the text have been elaborated for easy approach to specific descriptions. This edition will fulfil the academic requirements for undergraduate and postgraduate students of dental sciences.
4819/XI, Prahlad Street, 24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India [email protected], [email protected]; www.cbspd.com
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|| | | Jharkhand Pune
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd
De
dic
ate
d to
Ed
uca
tion
Nafis Ahmad Faruqi
Manual of Practical AnatomyHuman Osteology: A Clinical Orientation
• , 2/edn (in 3 vols) • , 3/edn• , 3/edn•
MBBS, MS
is currently Professor, Department of Anatomy, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP. He completed his MBBS (1976) and MS in Anatomy (1981) from the same college and has been teaching anatomy since 1979; he was promoted as Professor in 2003.
His special areas of research are neuroanatomy, microanatomy, morphometry, histomorphometry and foetal anatomy. He has to his credit over 100 papers published both in national and international journals. He has supervised/cosupervised many postgraduate candidates in anatomy and other medical subjects, participated in several conferences and research courses, and delivered a large number of invited lectures.
Owing to his exceptionally bright academic career, he was offered membership of New York Academy of Sciences in 1997 and awarded ‘Man of the Year’ in 2002 by American Biographical Institute. He is the author of other four books aimed at medical and dental students during 39 years of his teaching career.
Handbook of OsteologySelf Assessment in Human Anatomy
Dedicated to Education
THIRD EDITION
Osteologyfor Dental Students
Osteologyfor Dental Students
THIRD EDITION
Osteologyfor Dental Students
Osteologyfor Dental Students
Nafis Ahmad FaruqiMBBS, MS, MNYAS (USA), Man of YK2 (USA)
ProfessorDepartment of AnatomyJN Medical College, AMU
Aligarh-202002, India
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd
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Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for
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Printed at: International Print-O-Pac Limited, Noida, UP, India
ISBN: 978-93-87085-19-0
Copyright © Author and Publisher
Third Edition: 2018First Edition: 2001
Second Edition: 2011
Disclaimer
Science and technology are constantly changing fields.New research and experience broaden the scope ofinformation and knowledge. The author has tried his bestin giving information available to him while preparingthe material for this book. Although, all efforts have beenmade to ensure optimum accuracy of the material, yet itis quite possible some errors might have been leftuncorrected. The publisher, the printer and the authorwill not be held responsible for any inadvertent errors,or inaccuracies.
THIRD EDITION
Osteologyfor Dental Students
to
My father Late Jamil Ahmad Faruqi, my father-in-lawLate Asloob Ahmad Ansari who left for heavenly abodebefore admiring my work. I would also like to dedicateto my beloved mother Sajida Khatoon, who will not be
able to appreciate this book due to her illness. TalatAra, my mother-in-law is the only person cherishing
this special moment
Preface to the Third Edition
Third edition of Osteology for Dental Students has been thoroughly revised in the light oflatest recommendations by Dental Council of India. The irrelevant material has been
removed making the book more specific for dental students. All the diagrams have beenredrawn and many new added by the author himself to ensure the accuracy. Coloured diagramsin this book have made it more fascinating. In the light of recent advances, additional appliedanatomy has been incorporated in all the chapters. All these features will surely make thebook palatable and more graspable.
A feedback from the readers will be highly appreciated to further improve the manuscriptsin subsequent editions.
Nafis Ahmad Faruqi
Osteology for Dental Students is a sort of gift to the dental undergraduate andpostgraduate students. Descriptive details have been carefully monitored to make the
book relevant for dental students. A unique feature of the book is the highly simplifiedillustrations which have been drawn by the author himself, minimizing the chances of thefactual mistakes often discovered in the diagrams made by professional artists. Extremelyprecise treatment of the subject and clarity of linguistic expression are the focus of attention inthis book.
The readers of the book are requested to kindly communicate to the author any shortcomingsnoticed by them and suggestions towards improvement when the book goes into subsequenteditions.
Nafis Ahmad Faruqi
Preface to the First Edition
Reader’s CommentsDear Reader,
I will feel honoured if you spare a fewminutes from your precious time andcomment on this book. Your suggestions willgo long way in improving this book insubsequent editions.
Address
Dr. Nafis Ahmad FaruqiGulfishanAllahwali KothiDodhpur, Civil LinesAligarh-202001Mob. 9358256504WhatsApp no. 7060888167Email: [email protected]
Publication of a book needs involvement of large number of persons, directly or indirectly.Coincidently 3rd edition of this book entitled Osteology for Dental Students came into
existence, when our beloved colleague Professor Tariq Mansoor of department of surgery,became the Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University. I trust in his ability to run thisgreat institution and wish him all the best.
Dr Krishna Garg, ex-Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge MedicalCollege, New Delhi, and chief editor of BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy, vols 1–4 and author ofmany other books on anatomy, is the one who inspired me maximally during the period ofmy writing recent books. Her enthusiasm and vision have no match, not only in this countrybut all over the world. I really feel proud of being associated with her.
I do not have words to thank Prof Khursheed Alam, Professor and Head, Department ofAnatomy, Patna Medical College, Patna, who liked my books and always encouraged me. Hisvaluable advice was of great help in improving all my books in general and this book inparticular. I feel obliged for promotion of my books by him among undergraduate as well aspostgraduate students.
My special thanks to Dr SN Kazi (ex-Professor of Anatomy), Director, Kazi Medical ClassesAcademy and author of multiple books of anatomy, for his valuable suggestions which helpedme in improving this book.
I am thankful to following individuals who not only personally took interest in my booksbut also recommended them to undergraduate and postgraduate students.
1. I am zero without the help of following members of CBS team, Mr SK Jain (CMD),Mr YN Arjuna (Senior Vice President—Publishing, Editorial and Publicity), Mrs Ritu Chawla(AGM–Publishing), Ms Ritu Tiwai (DTP Operator), Mr Sanjay Kishan Chauhan (GraphicDesigner), Mr Neeraj Prasad (Cover and Graphic Designer) and Mr Kshirod KumarSahoo (Reader)
2. Prof. Tabassum Shahab, Department of Paediatrics, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh, UP.3. Prof. Mujahid Beg, Department of Medicine, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh, UP.4. Prof. Shaista Vasenvala, Retired from Department of Pathalogy, JNMC, AMU Aligarh,
UP.5. Colleagues Prof. Tariq Zaidi (Head of the Department), Prof. Aijaz Ahmed Khan, Prof.
SM Yunus, Dr SM Dawar Husain, Dr Farhan Kirmani, Dr Fazal Ur Rehman, Dr FarahGhaus, Dr Nema Usman, Dr Mohd Imran, Dr Mohd Ajmal (SR), Dr Israr Ahmad Khan(SR), Dr Ragya Bharadwaj (SR).
6. Postgraduate students: Dr Pallavi Ranjan Anand, Dr Fayezah Ahsan Khan, DrMahammad Asif Khan, Dr Waqar Akram.
Acknowledgements
Osteology for Dental Studentsxii
7. Dr Rati Tandon, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi8. Dr Mohd Arshad, Department of Anatomy, Glocal Medical College, Superspeciality
Hospital and Research Centre, Saharanpur, UP.9. Prof (Colonel) Arvind Kishor Shukla, Sena Medal, Principal and Dean, Jauhar Institute of
Medical Sciences, Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Jauhar Nagar, Rampur, UP.10. Prof. Navneet Sharma (Principal and Dean), Head, Department of Biochemistry, DJ College
of Dental Science and Research, Modi Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP.11. Dr (Mrs) Renu Agrawal, Department of Anatomy, DJ College of Dental Sciences and
Research, Niwari Road, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, UP.12. Dr Archana Tiwari, Head, Department of Anatomy, DJ College of Dental Sciences and
Resarch, Niwari Road, Modi Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP.13. Dr Mah Paiker, Tutor, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Luknow, UP.14. Dr Deeba Hasan, Senior Dental Surgeon, Motilal Nehra Divisional Hospital, Allahabad,
UP.15. Dr Shruti R Varshney, Senior Lacturer, KD Dental College, Mathura, UP.16. Dr Sarah Mariam, Dental Surgeon, Flat No 2, Konark Indrayu Phase-2, NIBM Road,
Kondhwa, Pune.17. Dr Shakil Siddiqi (ex-Professor of Anatomy, KGMC and Era’s Lucknow Medical College,
Lucknow), 3/193, Vikas Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, UP.18. Dr SH Hashmi, ex-Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ex-Principal,
Dr ZA Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.19. Dr Anand Mishra, Professor, Deptartment of Anatomy, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, UP.20. Dr Naresh Chandra, Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Hind Institute of
Medical Sciences, Safedabad, Barabanki, UP.21. Dr Zeba Khan, Department of Anatomy, Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ
Group of Hospitals, Byculla, Mumbai, Maharashtra.22. Prof. (Mrs) Geeta Rajput, Department of Prosthodontic/Dental Materials, Dr Ziauddin
Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.23. Prof. Syed Saeed Ahmad, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr Ziauddin
Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.24. Dr Shadab M Rizvi, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr Ziauddin Ahmad
Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.25. Dr Ghulam Sarwar Hashmi, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr Ziauddin
Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.26. Dr Sajjad Abdur Rahman, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr Ziauddin
Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.27. Dr Kausar Jahan Khwaja, Department of Oral Pathology/Oral Medicine and Radiology,
Dr Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.28. Prof. ND Gupta, Department of Periodontia and Public Health Dentistry, Dr Ziauddin
Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.29. Prof. (Mrs) Afshan Bey, Department of Periodontia and Public Health Dentistry,
Dr Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.30. Dr Afaf Zia, Department of Periodontia and Public Health Dentistry, Dr Ziauddin Ahmad
Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
xiii
31. Dr Saima Yunus Khan, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr ZiauddinAhmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
32. Prof. (Mrs) Sandhiya Maheshwari, Department of Orthodontics and DentofacialOrthopaedics, Dr Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
33. Dr Sanjeev Kumar Verma, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, DrZiauddin Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
34. Dr Mohammad Tariq, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, DrZiauddin Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
35. Dr Syed Naved Zahid, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, DrZiauddin Ahmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
36. Dr Arbab Anjum, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Dr ZiauddinAhmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
37. Prof SK Mishra, Department of Conservative Dentistey and Endodontics, Dr ZiauddinAhmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
37. Dr Sharique Alam, Department of Conservative Dentistey and Endodontics, Dr ZiauddinAhmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
38. Dr Saba Khan, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial orthopaedics, Dr. ZiauddinAhmad Dental College, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
39. Dr Upendra Kumar Gupta, Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, National Institueof Medical Sciences and Research, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
40. Dr Rekha Parashar, Department of Anatomy, National Institue of Medical Sciences andResearch, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
To my wife Roshan Ara, my children Arsalan Moinuddin and Anam Faruqi, daughter-in-law Siddiqua Abdullah and granddaughter Miss Fariha, I express my grateful appreciationfor their patience, love, understanding and support.
Nafis Ahmad Faruqi
Acknowledgements
Preface to the Third Edition viiPreface to the First Edition ix
1. General Considerations of Bone 1
Properties 1
Functions 1
Chemical composition 1
Structure of bone 1
Classification of bones 3
Blood supply of bones 4
Applied anatomy of bones 5
2. Skull: General Features 7
Introduction 7
Neurocranium 8Facial skeleton (viscerocranium or
splanchnocranium) 8
Anatomical position of skull 8
Applied anatomy 9
3. Exterior of the Skull 11
Norma verticalis 11
Norma occipitalis 13
Norma frontalis 15
Norma lateralis 19
Norma basalis 23
4. Orbital Cavity 33
Definition 33
Shape and parts 33
Bony contributions 33
Communications 34
Measurements 35
Features 36
Applied anatomy 38
5. Nasal Cavity 40
Features 40Applied anatomy 42
6. Interior of the Cranial Vault 44
Definition 44Shape 44Bones 44Sutures 44Features 44Applied anatomy 45
7. Interior of the Base of the Skull 46
Definition 46Subdivisions 46I. Anterior cranial fossa 46
II. Middle aranial fossa 48IIII. Posterior cranial fossa 51Applied anatomy 54
8. Mandible 56
Peculiarities 56Features and attachments 56Ossification 61Age changes in mandible 61Applied anatomy 62
9. Dental Anatomy 66
Introduction 66General arrangement 66Dental formula 67Clinical notation system 67Morphology of permanent teeth 70
Contents
Osteology for Dental Studentsxvi
Eruption of teeth 72Functions of teeth 72Structure of tooth 73Occlusion 74Applied anatomy 75
10. Maxillae 77
Location 77Features and attachments 77Ossification 80Age changes in maxilla 80Applied anatomy 80
11. Parietal Bones 83
Side determination 83Features and attachments 83Ossification 85Age changes 85Applied anatomy 85
12. Frontal Bone 87
Location 87
Features and attachments 87
Ossification 90
Applied anatomy 90
13. Temporal Bones 92
Side determination 92
Features and attachments 92
Spaces and canals 99
I. External acoustic meatus 99II. Middle ear space (tympanic cavity) 100
III. Mastoid antrum 102IV. Mastoid air cells 102V. Bony labyrinth (osseous labyrinth) 103
Ossification 105
Applied anatomy 105
14. Auditory Ossicles 107
Terminology 107Features and attachments 107I. Malleus 107
II. Incus 108
III. Stapes 108Ossification 108Functions 108Applied anatomy 108
15. Occipital Bone 110
Locations 110Features and attachments 110Ossification 114Applied anatomy 115
16. Zygomatic Bones 116
Terminology 116Features and attachments 116Ossification 118Applied anatomy 118
17. Nasal Bones 120
Location 120Features and attachments 120Ossification 121Applied anatomy 121
18. Lacrimal Bones 123
Terminology 123Peculiarities 123Location 123Features and attachments 123Ossification 124Applied anatomy 124
19. Ethmoid Bone 126
Terminology 126Location 126Features and attachments 126Ossification 128Applied anatomy 128
20. Inferior Nasal Conchae 130
Terminology 130Location 130Features and attachements 130Ossification 131Applied anatomy 131
xvii
21. Vomer 132
Terminology 132
Location 132
Features and attachments 132
Ossification 133
Applied anatomy 133
22. Sphenoid Bone 135
Terminology 135
Anatomical position 135
Articulations 135
Shape 135
Features and attachments 135
Ossification 141
Applied anatomy 142
23. Palatine Bones 143
Terminology 143
Location 143
Features and attachments 143
Ossification 146
Applied anatomy 146
24. Hyoid 148
Location 148
Features and attachments 148
Ossification 150
Applied anatomy 150
25. Vertebrae 151
General considerations 151
Curvatures of vertebral column 152
Movements of vertebral column 152
Features of a typical vertebra 152
Distinguishing features 153
I. Cervical vertebrae 153
A. Typical cervical vertebra 154
B. Atypical cervical vertebrae 156
First cervical vertebra 156
Second cervical vertebra 158
Seventh cervical vertebra 159
II. Thoracic vertebrae 160
III. Lumbar vertebrae 160
IV. Sacrum 161V. Coccyx 161
26. Sternum 163
Terminology 163Features 163I. Manubrium 163
II. Body 165III. Xiphoid process 165
27. Ribs 166
General considerations 166First rib 167
28. Bony Pelvis 170
Terminolgy 170
Pelvic girdle 170
Divisions of pelvis 171
29. Ossification at a Glance 172
Definition 172Centre of ossification 172Primary and secondary centres 172Fusion of ossification centres 172Fusion between adjacent bones 172Clinical significance 172
Cartilaginous nasal capsule 172
Ossification of mandible, hyoid, parietal boneand frontal bone 174
Ossification of occipital bone andsphenoid 175
Ossification of temporal bone, palatine bone,lacrimal bone, zygomatic bone andmaxilla 176
Fate of cartilaginous nasal capsule 177
Index 179
Contents
