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OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Bony structure
• Gross section
photographic image of
proximal part of the
femur
• X-ray image of the
same gross section
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Distribution of lines of
force in the region of
femoral neck
Bone Tissues with greater density will absorb
more of the xray so less of the beam reaches
the film plate. The resultant image is
therefore lighter.
Bone Tissues with less density will allow
more xray to reach the film so it will be
darker. This is called radiodensity and is
determined by:
*composition of the structure
*thickness of the structure
ANATOMY OF BONE
Compact Bone: forms outer shell or cortex
of bone; dense
Cancellous Bone
(synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy
bone): forms the inner aspect
of bone except for the marrow
cavity; spongy
Periosteum: Covers the
cortex; fibrous layer which
contains blood vessels,
nerves and lymphatics.
Endosteum: Membrane lining
the inner aspect of the
cortex and medullary
(marrow) cavity
Diaphysis: Shaft
Metaphysis: Flared part at
either end of shaft
Epiphysis: Either end of the
bone
The MAINradio-imagistic
methods of investigation
Radiography / Radioscopy
CT
MRI
Fistulography
Angiography
Scintigraphy, PET-CT
USG
Computer Tomography
Definition:
Classification of fracture:
Complete
By mechanism;
By number
By direction of fracture’s line
Incomplete
By mechanism;
Types of fracture: by mechanism
Force fracture
Stress fracture
Direct fracture
Indirect fracture
Gunshot fracture
Pathological fracture
Gunshot fracture
Uncommon fractures
◆ Stress andpathologic etiologies
Presentation material for educational purposes only.
All rights reserved. © 1999 URMC Radiology. 21 / 30
Types of fracture: by number:
Unique
Multiple
Communited
Concurrent
Unique (simple) fracture
Multiple fracture = more than
one line of fracture
Concurrent
fracture
Complete fracture
Types of fracture: by direction
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Symptom of fracture – line of fracture
• a. Transversal • d. T-shaped
• b. Oblic • e. V-shaped
• c. Longitudinal
Imaging semiology of fractures:
Fracture’s trajectory
Displacement of fractured fragments
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Symptom of fracture – displacement of fragments
• a. Lateral • d. Longitudinal by
• b. Longitudinal by interlocking
sliding • e. Angular
• c. Longitudinal with • f. Rotation
elongated extremity
Fracture Rx vs CT
Mandible Fracture
Mandible fractures are due to direct trauma. Most are comminuted
and typically involve both sides of the mandible
Spine Fractures
Oblique fracture of a lower cervical
spinous process,
commonly C7.
It results from hyperflexion, commonly from
shoveling snow.
Compression Fracture
Compression fractures of the spine are
common in elderly and osteoporotic
patients. They result from anterior or
lateral flexion. The typical appearance
is loss of height of the anterior aspect
of the vertebral body with preservation
of the posterior elements and generally
the posterior aspect of the vertebral body.
.
Pathological Fracture - Humerus
Pathologic fractures result from an
underlying abnormality of the bone,
usually either from a primary bone
tumor or from metastatic disease.
However, pathologic fractures may
result from metabolic conditions as
well. A pathologic fracture results
when normal stress is placed onto
abnormal bone.
Greenstick Fracture
The greenstick fracture results from
direct trauma. There is an incomplete
fracture of a long bone (radius or ulna)
with cortical disruption on one side and
deformity on the other, resulting in
bowing of the bone.
Boxer’s Fracture
So named because of the common
occurrence in prizefighters, the
fracture involves the distal
metacarpal neck, usually of digit
five. The distal fracture fragment
is volarly angulated and may be
externally rotated. The injury
results from direct trauma to the
hand.
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Radiograph of the femur
Shortening of the bone
by sliding of the
fragments
Imaging semiology of luxation (dislocation)
◆ Posterior
elbow
Dislocations
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Radiograph of the
elbow
Changes in correlation
of articular surfaces
(displacement)
Imaging diagnosis of osteoarticular
pathology
• Changes in shape and dimensions
1. Bone atrophy / hypertrophy
2. Bone inflation
3. Bone deformation
• Changes of structure
1. Osteoporosis
2. Osteosclerosis
3. Destruction
4. Osteonecrosis
5. Osteolysis
• Changes in periosteum
1. Periostosis
2. periostitis
• Changes in soft tissues
Changes in shape and dimensions
Bony deformity
Arched • Angular • S-shaped
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Bone atrophy
Eccentric • Concentric
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Radiograph of the leg
Bone atrophy by
compression
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the femur
Blown bone (bone
inflation)
X-ray of the
femur
Thickening of the
bone
(hyperostosis=
hypertrophy)
a. Uniform
b. Unilateral
Changes of the contours
Osteoporosis
Normal
Spongiose bone
Compact bone
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Changes of structure
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of lumbar part of spine
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the knee
Hypertrophic
osteoporosis
Ankilosis
Osteosclerosis
Normal
Spongiose bone
Compact bone
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the leg. Osteosclerosis.
Focal sclerosis • Diffuse sclerosis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the femur
Osteodestruction in
osteomyelitis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the foot
Osteodestruction in tuberculosis osteitis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the leg
Osteodestruction in
osteogenic sarcoma
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the leg
Osteodestruction in
metastasis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the arm
Osteodestruction in
solitary bony cyst
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the forearm
Osteodestruction in giant cell tumor of the bone
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the leg
Osteodestruction in giant cell tumor of the bone
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the foot fingers
Osteolysis of the falangs
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the elbow
Osteolysis of the articular
ends
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the knee
Spongiose sequestrum
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the femur
Cortical sequestrum
Localization of sequestrum
Intraosseous • Penetretion • Extraosseous
(in cavity)
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Changes in soft tissues
The options are many such as:
• Gas in the soft tissues - a sign of an open
fracture or gas gangrene
• calcification of various nature
• Increase and decrease volume
• The presence of foreign bodies
Calcification of various nature
Gas in the soft tissues
Increase and decrease
volume
The presence of foreign bodies
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the femur
Intraosseous localization
of the sequestrum
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the leg
Linear periostosis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the femur
Stratified periostosis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the femur
Fringe-shaped periostosis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the femur
Ruche-shaped periostosis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the leg
Acicular periostosis
X-ray of the knee
Thinning of the radiological articular space Uniform • Non-uniform
Articular changes
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the pelvis
Thickening of the radiological articular space on
right in osteochondropathy
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Thickening of the
radiological articular
space by destruction of
articular ends.
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the knee
Subchondral plate
sclerosis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the shoulder
Osteophytosis
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
X-ray of the
coxofemoral joint
Arthrosis deformans
OSTEO-ARTICULAR SYSTEM
Radiograph of the
elbow
Changes in correlation
of articular surfaces
(displacement)