OSTA Notes Neck Part 1

8/12/2019 OSTA Notes Neck Part 1

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OSTA notes Neck part 1

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/necropsy-summer-1747742 anatomy

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/foundations-ii-neck-triangles-2290378quiz

Fig . 6.1. NIKOLAEV Neck area and triangles :I a - suprahyoid part of the anterior region ; submandibular triangle ;

I b - suprahyoid part of the anterior region ; submental triangle ;

II a - subhyoid of the front area; sleepy triangle ; II b - subhyoid of the front area; scapular-

tracheal triangle ;

III - clavisternomastoid region ; IV a - lateral region ; scapular- trapezoidal triangle ; IV b -lateral region ; scapuloclavicular triangle ; 1 - the lower edge of the mandible , 2 - anterior belly

of the digastric muscle , 3 - posterior belly of the digastric muscle 4 - hyoid 5 -

sternocleidomastoid muscle; 6 - upper abdomen scapular- hyoid muscles , 7 - trapezius , 8 -lower abdomen scapular- hyoid muscles , 9 - collarbone
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. 12.3. :Fig. 12.3. Superficial nerves of the neck:1 - cervical branch of the facial nerve, 2 - greater occipital nerve, 3 - small occipital nerve, 4 - Rear

auricular nerve, 5 - transverse nerve neck 6 - Front supraclavicular nerve 7 - middle supraclavicular

nerve, 8 - Rear supraclavicular nerve


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11

. 6.2. Fig. 6.2. Fascia of the neck on the horizontal section: Nikolaev

1 - fascia superficialis (yellow); II - lamina superficialis fasciae colli propriae (red); III - lamina

profunda fasciae colli propriae (green); IV - lamina visceralis fasciae endocervicalis (blue dotted

line), lamina parietalis fasciae endocervicalis (vagina carotica (blue); V - fascia prevertebralis

(brown), 1 - m. trapezius;

2 - the deep muscles of the neck, 3 - oesophagus; 4 - mm. scaleni; 5 - a. carotis communis, v.

jugularis interna et n. vagus; 6 - m. omohyoideus; 7 - m. sternocleidomastoideus; 8 - platysma; 9

- trachea; 10 - spatium previscerale; 11 - gl. thyroidea


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. 6.4. NIKOLAEV

():

Fig. 6.4. Fascias and cellular spaces of the neck on the sagittal section (diagram):

1 - os hyoideum; 2 - fascia superficialis (1stfascia ) 3 - lamina superficialis fasciae cervicalis

propriae (2nd

fascia ) 4 - lamina profunda fasciae cervicalis propriae (3rd

fascia), 5 - parietal layer


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fasciae endocervicalis (4 - I), 6 - leaf visceral fasciae endocervicalis (4th) and the isthmus gl.

thyroidea; 7 - arcus venosus juguli; 8 - spatium interaponeuroticum; 9 - spatium suprasternale; 10

- manubrium sterni; 11 - spatium previscerale; 12 - a. et v. brachiocephalicae; 13 - spatiumprevertebrale; 14 - spatium retroviscerale; 15 - trachea; 16 - oesophagus; 17 - cartilago cricoidea;

18 - rima glottica; 19 - epiglottis; 20 - fascia prevertebralis (5th

fascia )

NIKOLAEV

Cellular spaces of the neck ( )Located between the fascia of the neck are important in practical terms cellular spaces .

Submandibular cellular spaces , spatium submandibulare. This space is located between two sheets

2nd fascia of the neck, forming a bed of submandibular salivary gland. Third is the lower wall surface of

the lower jaw. Fiber surrounding the gland, in the course of the ductless glands associated with the oral

cavity . Therefore an infection of the oral cavity can penetrate into this space , whereby there phlegmon

submandibular cellular spaces . However, it is sufficiently insulated , and further spread of infection to

neighboring spaces is only possible along the vessels passing within this space.

Episternal mezhfastsialnoe space , spatium suprasternale interfasciale, located between two sheets

2nd fascia, sessile on the front and rear of the handle of the sternum. Cellulose this small narrow space

sometimes abscesses after accesses mediastinum through the sternum ( sternotomy ) .

Suprasternal space , spatium suprasternale, located between 2nd and 3rd fascia of the neck above the

upper edge of the sternum and partially behind her. His height - 2-3 cm above both the fascia , asalready noted, are fused . Laterally episternal space is limited coalescence third fascia with 2nd behind

the sternocleidomastoid muscle at its outer edge. Here emit so -called blind bags Gruber. In the

suprasternal space is arcus venosus juguli, jugular veins connecting the front and flows into the external

jugular vein ( Fig. 6.4).

Predvistseralnoe ( predtrahealnoe ) or previsceral space, the space located between the parietal and

visceral sheets 4th fascia anterior to the neck organs . It extends to the top of the hyoid bone , below the

transition is limited space in the parietal leaflet visceral level presternum . On the sides of the space is

limited predvistseralnoe major neurovascular bundle of the neck surrounded vagina carotica, parietal

layer formed 4th fascia.

In tissue spatium previscerale located unpaired thyroid venous plexus , plexus thyroideus impar, from

which the blood drains into the inferior thyroid vein. In some cases, passes through the cellular spaces

inferior thyroid artery , a. thyroidea ima, extending from the brachiocephalic trunk .


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Pozadivistseralnoe space , spatium retroviscerale, located between the visceral and parietal layer 4th

fascia ; parietal layer is fused with the 5th fascia. Above this space is associated with peripharyngeal

space, and along the bottom of the esophagus and periesophageal tissue communicates with the upper

and posterior mediastinum and extends from the base of the skull to the diaphragm.

Kletchatochnyh gap sleepy vagina , vagina carotica , parietal layer formed 4th fascia. Also carotid artery

internal jugular vein and vagus nerve , sleepy vagina contains cellulose chain and deep lymph nodes ,

which are located along the wall of the internal jugular vein . Downstream of the common carotid artery

tissue associated with the upper mediastinum .

Kletchatochnyh gap around m. sternocleidomastoideuslocated between muscle and fascia 2nd

forming for her isolated case.

Prevertebral space , spatium prevertebrale, located between the prevertebral ( 5th) fascia and the front

surface of the cervical vertebrae .

Cellular spaces of the lateral area of the neckis located between the 2nd and 5th fascia . In addition to

adipose tissue in the cervical outer space contains blood and lymph vessels , nerves, lymph nodes.

Deep cellular spaces under the 5th fasciain the lateral neck surrounds subclavian artery and brachial

plexus and over the course of the neurovascular bundle with fiber reported armpit .


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Fig . 12.2 KAGAN . Topography of the neck on the horizontal sawing :

1 - superficial fascia of the neck , 2 - superficial fascia own piece neck , 3 - piece own deep fascia of the

neck , 4 - parietal layer vnutrisheynoy fascia , 5 - piece vnutrisheynoy visceral fascia , 6 - thyroid capsule ,

7 - the thyroid gland , 8 - trachea 9 - the esophagus , 10 - the neurovascular bundle of the medial triangle

of the neck 11 - retrovistseralnoe cellular spaces , 12 - prevertebral fascia , 13 - spurs second fascia of

the neck , 14 - superficial muscles of neck 15 - sternohyoid and sterno - thyroid muscles ; 16 - breast -

noklyuchichno - mastoid muscle; 17 - scapular- hyoid muscle; 18 - internal jugular Vienna , 19 - common

carotid artery , 20 - the vagus nerve ; 21 - Edge sympathetic trunk , 22 - scalene muscles ; 23cucullaris

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https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_53.html
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http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-glottis.htm

The glottis is the term used to describe the part of thelarynxthat contains thevocal cords.It also

includes thevocal foldsas well as the spaces found between them. The glottis is instrumental in the

development and creation of speech in humans.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_plexus

The cervical plexusis aplexusof theventral ramiof the first fourcervical spinal nerveswhichare located from C1 to C4 cervical segment in theneck.They are located laterally to the

transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral (m.

scalenus,m.levator scapulae,m.splenius cervicis)from lateral side. There is anastomosis with

accessory nerve,hypoglossal nerveandsympathetic trunk.

It is located in theneck,deep tosternocleidomastoid.Nerves formed from the cervical plexus

innervate the back of thehead,as well as some neck muscles. The branches of the cervicalplexus emerge from theposterior triangleat thenerve point,a point which lies midway on the

posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid.

The cervical plexus has two types of branches:cutaneousand muscular.

Cutaneous (4 branches):o Lesser occipital nerve- innervates lateral part ofoccipitalregion (C2 ONLY)o Great auricular nerve- innervates skin near concha auricle (outer ear)andexternal

acoustic meatus(ear canal)(C2&C3)

o Transverse cervical nerve- innervates anterior region of neck (C2&C3)o Supraclavicular nerves- innervate region ofsupraspinatus,shoulder,and upperthoracic

region (C3,C4)

Muscularo Ansa cervicalis(loop formed from C1-C3), etc. (geniohyoid(C1 only),thyrohyoid(C1

only),sternothyroid,sternohyoid,omohyoid)

o Phrenic(C3-C5 (primarily C4))-innervates diaphragm and the pericardiumo Segmental branches (C1-C4)- innervates anterior and middlescalenes
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roidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrohyoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniohyoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansa_cervicalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraspinatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraclavicular_nerveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_cervical_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_acoustic_meatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_acoustic_meatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinna_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_auricular_nervehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/occipitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_occipital_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_innervationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erb%27s_point_%28neurology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_trianglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternocleidomastoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_trunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglossal_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenius_cervicishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_scapulaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalenushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_ramihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_plexushttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-vocal-folds.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-vocal-cords.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-larynx.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-glottis.htm


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http://dentallecnotes.blogspot.com/2011/07/lecture-notes-for-muscles-of-head-and.html
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http://jb004.k12.sd.us/my%20website%20info/human%20anatomy/CHAPTER%2010/SKELETAL%20MUS

CLE%20REVIEW.htm
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http://quizlet.com/3237857/triangles-of-the-neck-1-54-flash-

cards/ neck anatomy quizlet questions

quizlet neck anatomy nerves muscles

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http://quizlet.com/3237857/triangles-of-the-neck-1-54-flash-cards/

https://web.duke.edu/anatomy/Lab21/Lab21prelab.html

https://web.duke.edu/anatomy/Lab21/Lab21prelab.html
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. 12.13. : Fig. 12.13. Branches of the subclavian artery:

1 - internal thoracic artery, 2 - vertebral artery; 3 - schitosheyny trunk, 4 - ascending cervical

artery; 5 - inferior thyroid artery; 6 - inferior laryngeal artery, 7 - suprascapular artery; 8 -rebernosheyny trunk; 9 - deep cervical artery; 10 - supreme intercostal artery; 11 - transversecervical artery

1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 -

; 5 - ; 6 -

; 7 - ; 8 - ; 9 -

; 10 - ; 11 -


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Schitosheyny trunk (truncus thyrocervicalis) departs from the subclavian artery at the medial edge of the

anterior scalene muscle and gives four branches: the inferior thyroid (a. thyroidea inferior), neck upward

(a. cervicalis ascendens), suprascapular (a. suprascapularis) and transverse cervical artery (a. transversa

colli). = (truncus thyrocervicalis)

4 :

(a. thyroidea inferior), (a. cervicalis ascendens), (a.suprascapularis) (a. transversa colli).

KAGAN : Schitosheyny or thyrocervical trunk (truncus thyrocervicalis) departs from the

subclavian artery at the medial edge of the anterior scalene muscle and gives four branches: the

inferior thyroid (a. thyroidea inferior), neck upward (a. cervicalis ascendens), suprascapular (a.

suprascapularis) and transverse cervical artery ( a. transversa colli).

A. thyroidea inferior, rising upwards, forms an arc at the transverse process of the cervicalvertebra VI crossing lies behind the vertebral artery and passing in front of the common carotid

artery . Nizhnemedialnoy from the arc inferior thyroid artery branches depart to all the organs of

the neck : rr. pharyngei, oesophagei, tracheales. The walls of the thyroid gland and thicker these

branches anastomose with branches of other arteries of the neck and the lower branches opposite

and superior thyroid artery .

A. cervicalis ascendens goes up to the front surface of the m. scalenus anterior, parallel to n.

phrenicus, medially from him.

A. suprascapularis sent to the lateral side, then with the same name is located vein behind the

clavicle and the upper edge with the lower abdomen m. omohyoideus reaches transverse cutting

blade.

A. transversa colli may depart from both the truncus thyrocervicalis, and from the subclavian

artery. Deep branch of the transverse artery of the neck, or the dorsal artery of the blade lies in

the interval cellulate back at the medial border of the scapula .


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http://www.betterhealthbodywork.com/2014/01/13/muscle-monday-scalenes/

http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/8221/22185/

http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Images0100/0122.shtml

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/immune-lymphatic/thoracic-duct-left-lymphatic-duct#full-

description
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_duct

In humananatomy,the thoracic ductis the largestlymphatic vesselof thelymphatic system.It

is also known as the left lymphatic duct, alimentary duct, chyliferous duct, and Van Hoorne'scanal.

In adults, the thoracic duct is typically 38-45cm in length and an average diameter of about 5mm.The vessel usually starts from the level of the secondlumbar vertebraand extends to the root of

theneck.It drains into thesystemic (blood) circulationat the left subclavian vein. It also collects

most of thelymphin the body other than from the right side which is drained by therightlymphatic duct.

Thelymph ductoriginates in theabdomenfrom the confluence of the right and leftlumbar trunksand

theintestinal trunk,forming a significant pathway upward called thecisterna chyli.It traverses the

diaphragmat theaortic apertureand ascends thesuperiorandposterior mediastinumbetween thedescendingthoracic aorta(to its left) and theazygos vein(to its right). The duct extends vertically in the

chest and curvesposteriorlyto the leftcarotid arteryand leftinternal jugular veinat the C7 vertebral

level to empty into the junction of the left subclavian vein and leftjugular vein,below theclavicle,near

theshoulders.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lymphatic_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lymphatic_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lymphatic_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lymphatic_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_trunkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_trunkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_trunkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_trunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_trunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_trunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna_chylihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna_chylihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna_chylihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_aperturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_aperturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_aperturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mediastinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mediastinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mediastinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_mediastinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_mediastinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_mediastinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azygos_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azygos_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azygos_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouldershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouldershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouldershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouldershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_jugular_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azygos_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_mediastinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mediastinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_aperturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna_chylihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_trunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_trunkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lymphatic_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lymphatic_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_duct


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_angle

Venous angle(Pirogoff's angle, Latin: angulus venosus) is the junction of theinternal jugularand

subclavianveins at both sides of the neck. Theexternal and the anterior jugularand thevertebralveins

converge toward it. The left venous angle is where the thoracic duct returns lymph to the circulatory

system.

http://www.bartleby.com/107/176.html thoracic duct

2. The Thoractic Duct

The thoracic duct(ductus thoracicus)(Fig. 599)conveys the greater part of the lymph and chyle

into the blood. It is the common trunk of all the lymphatic vessels of the body, excepting those on

the right side of the head, neck, and thorax, and right upper extremity, the right lung, right side of

the heart, and the convex surface of the liver. In the adult it varies in length from 38 to 45 cm.

and extends from the second lumbar vertebra to the root of the neck. It begins in the abdomen

by a triangular dilatation, the cisterna chyli,which is situated on the front of the body of the

second lumbar vertebra, to the right side of and behind the aorta, by the side of the right crus of

the diaphragm. It enters the thorax through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, and ascends

through the posterior mediastinal cavity between the aorta and azygos vein. Behind it in this

region are the vertebral column, the right intercostal arteries, and the hemiazygos veins as they

cross to open into the azygos vein; in front of it are the diaphragm, esophagus, and pericardium,

the last being separated from it by a recess of the right pleural cavity. Opposite the fifth thoracic

vertebra, it inclines toward the left side, enters the superior mediastinal cavity, and ascends

behind the aortic arch and the thoracic part of the left subclavian artery and between the left

side of the esophagus and the left pleura, to the upper orifice of the thorax. Passing into the neck

it forms an arch which rises about 3 or 4 cm. above the clavicle and crosses anterior to the

subclavian artery, the vertebral artery and vein, and the thyrocervical trunk or its branches. It also

passes in front of the phrenic nerve and the medial border of the Scalenus anterior, but is

separated from these two structures by the prevertebral fascia. In front of it are the left common

carotid artery, vagus nerve, and internal jugular vein; it ends by opening into the angle of junction

of the left subclavian vein with the left internal jugular vein. The thoracic duct, at its

commencement, is about equal in diameter to a goose-quill, but it diminishes considerably in

caliber in the middle of the thorax, and is again dilated just before its termination. It is generally

flexuous, and constricted at intervals so as to present a varicose appearance. Not infrequently it

divides in the middle of its course into two vessels of unequal size which soon reunite, or into

1
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Documents

OSTA Notes Neck Part 1