93
<start>

oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

<start>

Page 2: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

“regulation is like sausages: the less you know about how it’s done, the 

better for your appetite”*

*The Editor of New York Times to Noam Chomsky in “Manufacturing Consent”, the documentary,1991, 39’40’’.

Page 3: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Open your mind:Participation, transparency and openness in the Creative 

Commons project in the context of Free/ Open Source principles

Prodromos Tsiavos 

Creative Commons England & 

Wales

The London School of 

Economics

regulation + ecologies + beyond

Date: 11.04.06

OSS_Watch, Said Business School

Page 4: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

backbone

Parallel trajectories [4]

Forms of Participation [5]

Ecologies of Regulation [7]

A world of ideas [3]

CC basics [1]

CC EW [2]

A path of discontinuity [6]

Page 5: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[1]

Creative Commons: the basics 

Page 6: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[chronicle]

Founded 2001

1st Project: December 2002

Initiation: Berkman/ Harvard 

Housed @ Stanford Law School

By:

James Boyle

Michael Caroll

Lawrence Lessig

Hal Abelson

Eric Saltzman

Eric Eldred

Page 7: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[an NGO]

run by International Lawyers and Academics

Page 8: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[supported]

(mother ship): Center for the Public Domain and various other charitable foundations

CC­England and Wales: 

The London School of Economics

Page 9: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[middle ground]

•providing a set of user­friendly online licenses combined with a sophisticated search technology

• authors, musicians and other creators of content can use these licenses to protect some of their ownership rights, while giving others away

• the result is a new global standard or layer of copyright law promoting the dissemination of digital content and the free exchange of ideas

Page 10: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[three expressions]

[1]

Human­Readable:  Commons Deed

[2]

Lawyer­Readable: Legal Code

[3]

Machine­Readable: Meta Data

Logo + Link

Page 11: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

schematic

Page 12: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Attribution

No Commercial Use

No Derivative Works

Share Alike

logos

Page 13: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Creative Commons England and Wales

Organizational Structure[2]

Page 14: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

Page 15: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

First CC UK licences – Law Firm [March –May 2004]

Page 16: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Schematic 

Page 17: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

First CC UK licences – Law Firm [March –May 2004]

Page 18: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

First CC UK licences – Law Firm [March –May 2004]

Amended CCUK licences – Oxford Team [ July 2004]

Page 19: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Give Credit

No Endorsement

Share Alike

No Commercial Use

UK only

• BBC initiative

• Worked together on the drafting of the licences

• Issues as a result of their charter

• Future alignment?

Page 20: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Give Credit

No Endorsement

Share Alike

No Commercial Use

UK only

• Not really enforced

• Some elements may be included in the CC licences?

Page 21: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

First CC UK licences – Law Firm [March –May 2004]

Amended CCUK licences – Oxford Team [ July 2004]

Page 22: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

First CC UK licences – Law Firm [March –May 2004]

Amended CCUK licences – Oxford Team [ July 2004]

The BBC Creative Archive – Oxford Team and BBC team [ October­November 2004]

Page 23: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International
Page 24: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

We are here

Page 25: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

First CC UK licences – Law Firm [March –May 2004]

Amended CCUK licences – Oxford Team [ July 2004]

The BBC Creative Archive – Oxford Team and BBC team [ October­November 2004]

Page 26: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

First CC UK licences – Law Firm [March –May 2004]

Amended CCUK licences – Oxford Team [ July 2004]

The BBC Creative Archive – Oxford Team and BBC team [ October­November 2004]

CCEW licences 2.0 – Oxford and BBC [March 2005]

Page 27: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A story of licences translation

Original CC licences [February 2004]

First CC UK licences – Law Firm [March –May 2004]

Amended CCUK licences – Oxford Team [ July 2004]

The BBC Creative Archive – Oxford Team and BBC team [ October­November 2004]

CCEW licences 2.0 – Oxford and BBC [March 2005]

CCEW licences 2.5 – LSE following CC Scotland [April 2006]

Page 28: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Organizational Structure

Creative Commons England and Wales

OpenBusiness.cc 

Public Advisory Board

CCUK mailing list

Face to Face Consultations

Friends of Creative Commons

Free Culture Mailing List

Open Knowledge Network

Legal Advisory Board

Page 29: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[3]

A world of Ideas

Page 30: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Lessig and Stallman I

“We stole the basic idea from the Free Software Foundation ­­ give away free copyright licenses. (…)The idea (again, stolen from the FSF) was to produce copyright licenses that artists, authors, educators, and researchers could use to announce to the world the freedoms that they want their creative work to carry.” (Lessig 2005b)

Page 31: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Lessig and Stallman II

“Owners often describe the current state of the law, and the harsh penalties they can threaten us with. Implicit in this approach is the suggestion that today's law reflects an unquestionable view of morality­­­yet at the same time, we are urged to regard these penalties as facts of nature that can't be blamed on anyone. This line of persuasion isn't designed to stand up to critical thinking; it's intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway. It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American should know that, forty years ago, it was against the law in many states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only racists would say sitting there was wrong.”(Stallman 2002) 

Page 32: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Lessig and Stallman III

“Like the Free Software Movement, we believed this device would help open a space for creativity freed of much of the burden of copyright law. But unlike the Free Software Movement, our aim was not to eliminate "proprietary culture" as at least some in the Free Software Movement would like to eliminate proprietary software. Instead, we believed that by building a buttress of free culture (meaning culture that can be used freely at least for some important purposes), we could resist the trends that push the other way.” (Lessig 2005d)

Page 33: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Some elements to be taken into consideration

Page 34: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

We stole the basic idea from the Free Software Foundation

Page 35: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Owners

Page 36: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

harsh penalties

Page 37: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Implicit

Page 38: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

today's law

Page 39: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

unquestionable view of morality

Page 40: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

facts of nature

Page 41: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

critical thinking

Page 42: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

habitual mental pathway

Page 43: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

laws don't decide right and wrong

Page 44: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Americans

Page 45: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

forty years ago

Page 46: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

against the law

Page 47: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

black person

Page 48: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

only racists would say sitting there was wrong

Page 49: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

open a space for creativity freed of much of the burden of copyright law

Page 50: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

culture that can be used freely at least for some important purposes

Page 51: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Resist the trends

Page 52: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Back to theory

• “Along one front of the battle between Critical Legal scholars and others is a struggle over the nature of social transformation, a debate over the ease with which a society should be able to change itself from what it is to something else” (Lessig 1989) 

Page 53: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Back to theory

• “Along one front of the battle between Critical Legal scholars and others is a struggle over the nature of social transformation, a debate over the ease with which a society should be able to change itself from what it is to something else” (Lessig 1989) 

Page 54: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[4]

Parallel Trajectories

Technology and the Law

Page 55: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Bo Dahlbom’s Four Stages of Computing

• Limitation: make a point not give a historical account

• Sources: Dahlbom (1997, 2002, 2003), Ceruzzi (1991)

• Idea: trace the evolution of the user – creator – organizational entity triangle

Page 56: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Stage I: Calculators

• Organizational Setting: the military, science research centers

• Creator: scientists• User: scientists (as an interface), the organization

Page 57: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Stage II: Data set handlers 

• Organizational Setting: government, large organizations

• Creator: software developers• User: specialized personnel (as an interface), the 

organization

Page 58: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Stage III: Personal Computing

• Organizational Setting: SMEs, Individual users• Creator: software developers• User: individual users, SMEs

Page 59: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Stage IV: Networking and Ubiquitous Computing

• Organizational Setting: ubiquitous use• Creator: software developers, recombination of 

elements by non experts • User: individual users, SMEs, non experts for daily 

tasks

Page 60: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

From development to cultivation

• The four stages of Dahlbom’s model represent a gradual movement to a network or ecology model for how technology is developed and used

• Dahlbom and Janlert (1996) propose the idea of cultivating rather than developing and Information System

Page 61: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Stuck in the past

Developer

Organizing entity User

Transfer or Rights

Licensing Use

Page 62: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Open  Artifact

User/Developer1

User/Developer2

User/Developer4

User/Developer3

The GPL Structure

ShareAlike Operation

Free/Open Source Operation

Page 63: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Open  Artifact

User/Developer1

User/Developer2

User/Developer4

User/Developer3

The GPL Structure

The organization is the product

Page 64: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[5]

Forms of Participation

Open + Transparent 

Page 65: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

HOW?

Eradicate the trichotomy of developer, user, organization

The negotiation of the terms

Draft the contract

Know and influence the legislation

Participate in

The creative process

Understand the transaction

The drafting of the licences

The political process

Page 66: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Understanding the legal instruments

Icons + simple language

Creative Commons

JISC

BBC Creative Archive

ClearWare.org

Page 67: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Participate in the drafting and use of the licences

• Forums for the development of licences and discussions on their issues and problems 

•Debian Legal

•Cc­Licences mailing list

•GPL

•FDL new version

•More focused groups (e.g. JORUM)

•Emergence of new forms of licences

•CC mixter

•Commercial Commons

• Choice of licence

• Most importantly there is realization that I can license my own work according to my own needs and choices

Page 68: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Participate in the political process

• By debating on the content and use of the licences, IPR issues become less esoteric

• By understanding I may need to license my works, I start understanding:

• how copyright law works

• how copyright law DOES NOT work

• An emancipation process

• More focused action is possible:

• Patent Directive Recall

• WISIS and open education policies

• Creation of Open Publishing

• Creation of Open Archives

• FLOSS as a consideration for the European Commission

• Calls for responses to reviews

• Gowers Review

• EU database directive

• Scientific Publications

• Collecting Societies 

Page 69: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[6]

A path of discontinuity

FSF – Creative Commons

Page 70: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Institutional basis and history

• Free Software Foundation and Creative Commons are structurally and historically different 

Page 71: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[Lawrence (Larry) Lessig]

(that’s him)

Age: 45

Background: 

Economics

Management

Philosophy

Law

• Constitutional law professor

• Clerk for Richard Posner/ Antonin Scalia

• Special interest in former Soviet Union democracies

• Free Speech on the Net

• IPR ­ Commons

Page 72: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

The GPL case

• Time: 1984• Place: MIT• Context: Printing out material• Human Actors: Richard Stallman (software developer)

• Source of problem: disparity between working practices/ social ethos and Copyright Law

• Solution: the General Public Licence (Free/ Open Source Software)

• Source: Stallman, R. M. (2002). Why Software Should Not Have Owners. Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. J. Gay, GNU Press: 224.

Page 73: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

+ = GPLv3

Page 74: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Differences at a glance

• It is Lawyer and Academic driven

• It follows a hands­off approach

• It focuses on supporting the transaction (contracts)

• It does not own any IPR on the product

• It is based on formal hosting institutions

• Different licences for different jurisdictions

• Licenses content

Creative Commons

• It is Engineer and practitioner driven

• It follows a hands­on approach

• It focuses on supporting the production of the content (software)

• It owns IPR

• It is based on informal volunteers

• One licence for all jurisdictions and a set of standards

• Licenses mainly software 

Free Software Foundation

Page 75: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Not all the material produced is of the same kind

Regulatory Artifacts

Technical Standards

Legal instruments

Information Intensive artifacts

[Internet released] software

Databases/ Encyclopedias

“Cultural reference” works

RemixesConventional artwork

Page 76: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A rule of the thumb for openness

Regulatory Artifacts Information Intensive artifacts

“Cultural reference” works

Consensus required for their construction

Engagement required for their use

The tension of openness

Page 77: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Relationship between openness and the innovation – conservation dipole

The more regulatory characteristics an artifact has, the more it needs to maximize the links with the network of other elements, human an non human. Hence, openness is required at least in the initial stages of its conception and construction. Conservation will occur after a point through the re­iteration of the links. 

The more cultural characteristics an artifact has the more it needs to make reference to other cultural elements. The participation happens not through the creation of the artifact per se but through the co­definition of its use. Conservation occurs through the ritual of use. 

E.g. Process of developing the Creative Common Licences and the Gnutella protocol

Process of using a music track or developing a graphic user interface

Info­intensive Artifacts

Page 78: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

The cultivation phenomenon

Core material

Crystallization and inter­linking

Discussions and iterations

time

Openness is pushed to the edges and conservation to the core as 

the process develops 

Page 79: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Open  Artifact

User/Developer1

User/Developer2

User/Developer4

User/Developer3

GPL model: Information Intensive

ShareAlike Operation

Free/Open Source Operation

Page 80: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Completed Product/ element1

Remix1

A CC trajectory: the cooking metaphor*

Remix1a

Completed Product/ element2

Remix2Copy1

Copy2 Copy3

RemixCopy1

John Buckman, Founder of Magnatune: “there is only a limited amount of times you can mix food ingredients together before you end up with something disgusting ”

Page 81: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Of Nests, libraries and stores • It is not necessarily a matter of licensing as it is one of the type of material:

• Incomplete/ Open material developed in “nests” like Sourceforge (GPL) or CCmixter/ RemixReading (CC)

• Completed or elements material may be found in “libraries”, where people use them in order to develop further material:  Docs4u, BBC Creative Archive (partially also CCmixter)

• Completed material is downloaded for use by stores or repositories like Magnatune or the Internet Archive

Loose/ Hybrid communities

Community of users building

Community of developers building

Page 82: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Some early conclusions

• Transparency may be increased through allowing participation in the negotiation phase or the constructions of all regulatory artifacts

• Openness does not remain static over time but tends to decrease as the project stabilizes 

• The type of developed material influences the boundaries of participation:

• non expert content

• there are different workflows even when the licences have the same features

• Depending on the type of the supporting infrastructure, different types of participation are developed:

• developers that talk to each other: talkative bees

• developers/ users of elements that do not talk to each other: lonely bees

• users that talk to each other: talkative leechers

• users that don’t talk to each other: lonely leechers  

Page 83: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

High

Low

High

Low

Communication

Contribution

talkative bee lonely bee

talkative leecher lonely leecher

Types of participants

Page 84: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

[7]

Ecologies of Regulation

Where next?

Page 85: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Ecologies

A Definition

“Ecology, or ecological science, is the study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how these properties are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both the physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors like climate and geology, as well as the other organisms that share its habitat. “

Source: WikiPedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology 

Page 86: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Ecologies

Elements to be taken into consideration

Interactions

Environment

Complexity

Possible to cultivate NOT engineer

Interdependence

Tensions

Engagement

People

Page 87: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Remember 

The product is not a licence; it is rather the community debating about  the licence

Page 88: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Remember 

The product is not a licence; it is rather the community debating about  the licence

Page 89: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Remember 

The product is not a licence; it is rather the community debating about  the licence

Page 90: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A CC cultivation model

Identify an area of interest

Suggest a particular issue or a project

Have an unfinished document, policy, artifact for further elaboration

Identify tensions

Moderate the discussion with comments/ materials

Engage the stakeholders

Identify related issues/ link with familiar concepts

Use an institutional basis

Page 91: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

A CC cultivation model

Identify an area of interest

Suggest a particular issue or a project

Have an unfinished document, policy, artifact for further elaboration

Identify tensions

Moderate the discussion with comments/ materials

Engage the stakeholders

Identify related issues/ link with familiar concepts

Use an institutional basis

Education

How can European Schoolteachers share material/ the EUN project

Build the Licensing, technical and organizational model for EUN

Commercial vs. non Commercial interests

Live Meetings in BECTA/ EUN

Participate in the public events

The CCmixter, Pix’nMix, Docs4U projects/ what’s next? The Learning Resources Exchange Project

Oxford/ The London School of Economics

Page 92: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Copyright means many things to many people

• CC is about remixing culture as it is about remixing ideas 

• CC needs to learn from the FLOSS communities and practice  

• CC is about creating an alternative regulatory space 

• CC is about people not about licences

Page 93: oss-watch.ac.uk/events/2006-04-10-12/presentations/prodromostsiavos.pdfMichael Caroll Lawrence Lessig Hal Abelson Eric Saltzman Eric Eldred [an NGO] run by International

Prodromos Tsiavos: [email protected]

Contact