OSS 106 Hand-Out

Christian Science MonitorMarch 21, 2000

Top-Secret Kodak Moment In Space Shakes Global Security

New satellite images of a Pakistani nuclear facility show howsnapshots could be used to influence diplomacy.

By Alexander Colhoun, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor

The images are clear and, according to Jim Pike, clearly troubling.

Posted on the Web site of the Federation of American Scientists, thehigh-resolution satellite pictures reveal to civilian eyes for thefirst time a completed nuclear reactor and missile base in Khushab,Pakistan.

To Mr. Pike and other members of the Federation of AmericanScientists (FAS), the images show the danger of Pakistan's nuclearprogram. As President Clinton this week travels to India andPakistan, they should serve as a reminder that Pakistan must befirmly dealt with, says the FAS.

But to policy experts worldwide, the images are an indication of howthe commercialization of ever-clearer satellite images promises toreshape the global diplomatic landscape.

Never before have private organizations been able to buy satellitephotos of such high quality and detail - new "superbirds" candistinguish objects the size of a tank. Moreover, with morecommercial satellites going up each year, the opportunity forpurchasing images is only increasing.

In turn, the emerging marketplace for high-resolution pictures isclashing with issues of privacy and national sovereignty as countriesworry that precious information could be sold to the highest bidder.

"The deployment of commercially operated, satellite-based cameras isfurthering the denationalization of the planet's informationinfrastructure," says Gernot Brodnig of Harvard's Kennedy School ofGovernment in Cambridge, Mass. "In today's world, control ofstrategic information is power - who has it, when, and how."

Already the purview of geologists, city-planners, and farmers, images

from lower-resolution cameras have been used since the 1970s, but astechnology pulses forward, higher- and higher-resolution cameras havebecome more available.

Satellites launched from the US are licensed by the Department ofCommerce, and the US reserves the power of "shutter control," meaningit can decide when and where images can and can not be taken. Butsatellites launched from other countries operate under the UnitedNations' "open-skies doctrine," which allows the earth to bephotographed by anyone, anywhere, and at any time - with very fewexceptions.

In some cases, this can be a benefit to the US and the world.Satellite images provided evidence of mass graves in Bosnia in 1995and documented Chernobyl's burning reactor No. 4 in 1986.

But some analysts are concerned that America has lost control of theskies. Unable to exercise shutter control on foreign-ownedsatellites, commercial operators are free to monitor anything fromtroop movements to secret training facilities.

In this brave new world of private satellite imaging, though, Pikesays the distribution of satellite images is for now controlled bytwo old-fashioned factors: supply and demand. For example,Soyuzcarta, the commercial sales arm of a Russian mapping agency,won't sell Pike images of China. Why? China is its main customer.

"The probability Soyuzcarta will sell you an image is directlyproportional to how boring it is," says Pike, a defense analyst atFAS. "The more interesting it is, the less likely we'll see it."

And supposing that Soyuzcarta does agree to take images forcommercial purposes, getting the perfect shot is complex.

Clouds cover 75 percent of the earth at all times, and somesatellites take days to get back over their target.

Yet this situation is sure to change, and swiftly. Defense analystsexpect three new satellites with one-meter resolution cameras to bein space within the next year. The days of America's virtual monopolyof the skies are dwindling.

"In the past, America had undenied access to space," says JackSpencer, a national-security analyst at the Heritage Foundation inWashington. 'We knew what [our enemies] were doing and they didn't."

Case in point: In 1991, during the Gulf war, the US requested someblackouts on picture-taking by non-American commercially operatedsatellites over the Gulf. The goal was to keep Gen. NormanSchwarzkopfs so-called left-hook flanking operation a secret.Diplomacy worked, but the question remains: Will private operatorsalways serve America's security interests?

The answer to this question is uncertain, but for now, privateorganizations are likely to continue their own spying. "The use ofthis imagery is a powerful tool," says Pike. '"We're learning thingswe could not have. The jury is still out on how that will influencepolicy, but it gives us greater potential than we'd otherwise have."

OSS 107: Patent/Citation

A. Mr.Robert Cantrell, SlidesMr. Robert L. Cantrell is the Director of Business Development and also headsup the intellectual property consulting division and the development of consultingmodels for automated systems of Manning & Napier Information Services(MNIS). Prior to MNIS, Robert managed business development for intellectualproperty and competitive intelligence sales at Derwent Information, soldsecurities for Dean Witter, and sold telecommunications for ROLM. Robert alsoserved as an infantry Lieutenant in the 101s Airborne Division (ScreamingEagles) and the 11th Group Special Forces (Reserve). Robert's mission at MNISis to develop a technology enhanced consulting practice to support businessdecision-making in the intellectual property arena. Robert has spoken to over 100companies and conferences in seven different countries regarding intellectualproperty strategy and analysis. His most recent article, "The Intellectual PropertyRevenue Generation Game," appeared as the cover story on Intellectual PropertyToday.

B. Mr.Dick Klavans, Hand-OutsDr. Dick Klavans is President of the Center for Research Planning, a firmspecializing in the formulation of science-based strategies. Dick received anundergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering from Tufts University and aMasters degree in Management from MIT. He began his consulting career twentyyears ago as a senior consultant for Pugh Roberts Associates, where he wasresponsible for technology forecasts for major industrial firms in the electronic,chemical and paper industries. He returned for a PhD in Management fromWharton and taught at Wharton and Temple University. His publications focuson competitive intelligence, technical intelligence and science-based competition.He is very active in the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals, servingon their Board of Directors (1993 to 1996) and elected as President of the Society(1995). He received their highest award for achievement and contribution to theprofession, the Meritorious Award, in 1999.

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Final Note co

Ensure an acquisition includes the assetsyou believe you acquired. Do not buytangible assets alone when the corevalue rests in the intangibles. Do notbuy the intangibles alone when the corevalue lies in the intellectual property.Do not buy intellectual property andfind it really belongs to someone else.

© 2000 IP.com 27

01-OSS 21 PRIMER Essential Elements of Information Joint Planning, Operations

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