MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES 210

IAN200 670

TH VMPIR1~1

(

mmIDMILITARY

) ~I(~()I J.E PI I)) (] II{)S'r()PI IER R( rrIIE){()

lmmMIUT"A.Y

EDITOR, MARTIN WINDROW

MEl\"-AT-ARMS SERIES

THE VENETIANEMPIRE 1200-1670

210

DedicationI'our :\Ii·mi·r.'.

FiN puhli,llI'd in (;1"'.11 Ihil.lill ill I~~) h~

O'pn·~. ;Ill Impl'illt IIr R",·.I (:"tNllll"r l~ol1b I.ul.:\ lidwlill 11,111'01.'. 81 Fulh.lII, R, t,;ltl.

IAllltl.,n sw, loRn.lUli .\Ut k1.llId. "ldIHIIl"',,'. Sillc;.lporo· .tlltl T"roilin

t: (:.lp\ric;llllljHtl R'·I'fIIIIl'·fll.tliu'lallk.H,k., l.tel.R,·prilllt'flllllJ:.!. I~IIII. I!,f,

.\lIl'i~hh l'l·-.c'I"'Wfl. .\p;"1 li,.,m ,m~ 1.111' tko.llint: fill' tl ...I>urpo.bt· "f pl;\,Il" 'Iud~. n''\t',10 II, "ritici'lIl Ill' n·\·k,,,. a..;Ix-ollill"d u'Klt-r 1111' l~)~ ,i~lll 11t',iJ.,'lI' ,\lId l':lI,·m..;. \n,19H1t. 11<) p:ln (,r thi,. puhlit~lli, III 1lI;1} h,' l'l-pl1lChK"t'(1.slon'1l 111.1 R'lrle\,11 ""I,·m. "r 1r.III'mith'1l ill ;1lI~ ronn orb\ am !U'''I1''. ,·1... tnllik. d''1-II'M'11. ,bnllit"l.llIl'1·h;lIlit,,1.I,j)(ic;;l. ph"l.,u 11) ill~. n"t·.,J'tlill~ Ill' ulh,'''\ i.--.·. witlu.H.11 th.,PI'M Ir pl·nnls;.,i< HI "rIII" n"l~ rit.:111 U\\",·r. ElItjuirit.... ,h(lul.11M' .lddr'......-.c't1ll1 Ih,' l'uilli,I,,·.....

~ic:,-,Ik. O,widTIlt' \',-lIt'llan Empin: I!'HI 17IH', rl\II-Il-al·arms,

21U/

I, 11:lli.tlIl1lilil;ll'~ l',n·,·' l.lOU 17"11

I. Tillt- II. SI'l'i,',

355','""9·15

FiIIllS!'1 ill (il"';l! Hrilaill

Prilllnl Ihl"III.t.:h U"okbllildt'l'll I.Ht. H(Jrl~ K()n~

Artist's NoteRC;ldcrs ma~ C:lft· 10 11111" Ih.1I t1w IIri.,t.:illal p.lil1lillj.,'J<from \.hich Ih" ,'olour 1)1;llf'" in Ihi' II(HII. ",'n'prep:tn-c! an' ;l\';lil;lblt- fur pri\.llt· ... tI" ..\111't'!)I"l>tlu.-.ioll ('"UIJyl;J,::ht "h.l1'OOt·\l·r i_ 1't'I:tillt'fl IJ~ Ill,'puhli_lwr..\llt·lIIluiril-.... ,Iumld 'M' ;ultln""--.c'fl to:

Sn.rpiu Gatl"r~

50 Hi.t.:h Slrl"t."l.&1111.-_

~us.",·x Tr-.:33 "E~

TIlt' pllhli~llI'f'\ rel:\r"1 lhal Iht'~ ellll 1'111"1' illl.. Ill!('"orrespclIldnl'T "1'011 Ihi, malleT.

The IEne/ian Empire 1200-1670

'I'll(' stur)' 01'\' 'Ilice i" lO .'om 'xtcnt separaLr li'oml!lat ortlH'rl'st or EUI'OI . The.'anw '(t1ldb'S:li I'L111' cit \ military history an I organi~atioll. Early in11Ie ~)t h ('('lllliry the \' 'Il(·tialls ddl'a ll'd Pepi 11 theFrank's aw'mpls to \' TaWl' Ihem, and theyJ'l'mailll' l. at leasl ill lhcory, sul~jcci 10 B 'zantiUIll,Gradually. !lO\\T\Tr. \'mice driliccl illl inckpell­c!l'nl'e; anc! suhsl'qul'lIt1y canTd OUI its O\\'n l'Jnpir'a[ Ihl' 'x I l'nse (lr its lurmcr Byza 11 ti 11<: masters,Their ppsiliol\ on a snies orislane!. .c[ in a marsh)Ia~()()n at 1he head (I' tl\(' Irialic made theV('11 ,[ialls \'inually ill\'llln rahle while lhey stndilybuilt III bCJth Iheir com n1l'rcia I 'Inc! naval strength.III this till' l;tl11uus ,\rs('I1<11 or cni (' I layed aleading 1'61,., 'Ollll' kind orByzalltil\c-slyle shipyardand 11 ilitary leI otl,ay 11' Vl' exisL 'c! as carl ' a~ lheBtlt n'nlllry, though th ' III ' lin'al Ars 'nal \\'as not,'ITC'«,d uI11il I I o,~, Its l1al,l' cOlnes li'ol, lhe \rabi!Jur (If Sil/o'a, 'Do kyard', and 111(' concept karlyow('d as much to Islamic in, piralion as III thel3yzantil1' l110del 011 \\'hich the \rsenal \Va,supposed to Ill' ba~ecl,

By ['20'.!, anel the arrival orlb . Fl unh :I'us",cl, in\'<'Ilice, lite ei I y alrea I . held III teh t Tri tor' aroulld1111' .\drialir. TIll' I1lCl1<lCe or piracy had led\'ell('ti"lls III seiz' the pirate-i. 1<" ted aSlel'll shun's,",hne til(' inhabitants or many lown still spoke ali,rm or II ,"i,lIl, I)('in~ eksc('ndec! li"om I he L'lli nlJl'llplc~ or till' R(/IlHIIl Empi rl', Th Do,!!,(' or Du ke or

C'llict' aln'ady had. among his IlUl1lcro IS tilks,Ihal ( r DlIke II' Oal matia all I Duk(' or lSI ria whi h,till" f~lI1 ous symholic ('J'('Il1CJIlY o[',\/JlI,\(di-io dd ,\/t/r,

'l\larria~l' 10 thl' .. '(I', had also bet-ull. \'l'I1ClialldlJmination orl1oJ'!h- aSlern Jtal)' 'amc ll1uch lall'r:bill \'('Ilin' did 'Oillmi lhe la~()oll (oast ancltook ado~e illl('I'('st ill the military a I1ili rs fits l1l:i,l!;hbours.panicularly ill til(' turbulellt al1d olll~ partiallyII,IIiall region .1' Friuli, \'cnCliall melThant

\'l'lltlir 'S \\CIT ortcn almost pinui al ill themsl'k 's:,wc!th ity's Lrade ('lInlaCl~. SlrCll'hil1~ I~tr bey mdIhe Adrialic, were well ('slablished before the(Tea tin or I h' ;rusaekr S Ia t{'s leel to tl (' f(ILI nel in.'ors 'mi-alllonOm( LIS \'clIl'lian c 101lies on th' oa,';(

or, '\'I'ia ami Palestine,The mililar anel pulilic,d Slnl'tun' whi h

.'upp rt cl thc~(' <leh' lllun"; ill ROl//fIIlia (tl1l'

Byza mine z Ill'l alld Ollll'lIw)'1' (I hl' l\ I L1sli m east rn1\lcrliterralleanl \\"IS itself a mixtlllT or Ea,l and\V/'s!. B)'z<lntinl' and Italian s)':lems. TI ('s,' wen'

The campanile or b U-rower ofKoper (Capo d'lnria) which, inthe late 12th century, was Venice's main i land trongbold inlstria and feU finally under Venetian rule in 1279. This 15thcentury lower also serv d as a lighthous and observation POSIagainst pirates, such tall Sl.rucrun becoming symbols ofVenetian sovereignty along the Yugoslav coast.

3

refkncd in till' Doge's 1':.\fII,wfi or Guard as well ashis ccn'lllonial parasol ;llld sword" NC\"l~rlhdess, theVl'lll"lian sOl"ial orell'r was strictly I(:uelal. Thoughwithin till' city no individual hdd land hy knighttl'nun', \'arioLls Church ami olher propcrties WLTelied 10 milit.lry Sl'r"\"in'"

The Vt'lll'lians Wt'n' soon blll()tls lur their rovingand warlike spirit. kl't'll business acumcn ami pride,All almosl model'll St'llSt' or 'nalional' ilkntilyunirll'd lilt' cilY and savcd Venice fi'om mallY 01"thos\' class SIJ"llg.l~ks whidl ITIll the rest of !lwd ic\"alIialy. Evt'll tilt, S/,/,m((' tile 'Iocking' or 'closing' ofthe Velletian rulillg- cf:tSS at the end of tht: t3thcenlury did not dampell Ihe loyalty of theVt:lletians, rich and IXM"H', to their Seren~ Repuhlic.e\'(.:n though il thnearttT exc!U<lt:d all other IhmilicsIi-om pnliliGll power,

It is worth notill/-{ that ollly om' Order orCbi\'alry, thl: C(l1'flfi(ri di Sail .\/al"ro, was en:rf(Junded in VClliCl' :l11d 110 Vtnetian could join aloreign Ord(T withOut govcrnmelll appro\"al. Ve­nice remailled ;1 rq)ulJlil' throughout ils indl'­pt:ru-!em history, whik polities and Ihe army werekq11 firmly ~q)araH', Iklligen'lll as they WlTe, the

4

Car"';ngs nn th" w..lIl door of Trogir C,uh"dral in Olllmatia,mad.. by Mastu Radovan in 12.0, Though "ssenliallyRomanesque in style, Radovan'lI carvings includ" unullualcostume and weaponry reO..cling th .. Slav population ofDalmal.ia, This archer (I"fl) hall a "omposile bow and a quiverof almost Central Asian form" Th.. 'Guards at tb.. HolySepulchr..' (right) w ..ar scal.. Or lamdlar armour o""r th"irmail haulnrks and, with their wid...brimn.rd cI".pd_J"':/...·h"lm..u, ar" probably based on Serbian or Byzantine soldi .. rs,

Venetians had a businesslike attitucle In war whiehseems to have been regarded as an ,'xl('llsion orCOllllneree by olhn lneall~" 'I 'Ill' te;lrly appl';lraIU",' tlfmercellant'S, <lrlceswrs of the bmolls Iwliau(ol/doffiai, In 1:.!lh century' 'enice was a siKrl of I his;lItitude and tlot ofany lack ufmanial spiril" 11l1:IClthe "cnetlan Republic norma11y lril'd It! ;1\'oidwars. unless thesl' Wl're ol),'ioll~l) ,l..:llillK t~l hI'prolitable-, Newrt hekss "cnin: .sutli:rl'd a wry \\'ar­torn history, ti'cf[llt:llIly dashing with lhe rivalmaritime republic of Genoa over till" cOllllllncialdomination of "arious rc~i(ll1s, slrug:Rlillg" wilhHungary and later lI'ith Ih(' 011111n;\11 Empin' .1\"('1'

Dalmatia, and IX'Ing dra\,"n illln 1JIlIHITUUS W'lrs illdcJctlcc or the T",.m I'i-mlll, Vellin:s Illainbndpossessions, The TI'IT(/ Fiflllll was takelt partly as abuller a~ainst pn::dalory lJcighbollr~, partly Inguaranlee lrade rULlteS 10 tIll' Alpine pa~s~'s. ;mdpartly hec<1Usc Vcnlce rdit~d CHllllaill!and wheal fill"itS survi\·al.

Laler, of coursc, the VeJH'ti;lll Empir\' hl'canwlocked in a lili.:-or-ckalh struggk with Ill(' vaslOtloman Turkish Empire. 'rhes(' Vt'nctiall­Ottoman \"aI'S look at first sight like a typical D,t\'idand Goliath conti'olllation, hut in miliwry Il'rtll"~ theV('rwtians \\'('r(' not S0 small as lhl'~ might han'

appeared. From th . \"(:1'y dawn )1"\ ('neuan hi 'loryall d<L~.T: \\('1"(' called UP( II Ie fig-hI. \'enic' wa'h"'l'<ll ('il~ wilh a p pulation rsome '200,0 )0 by the(',trly Il:lh -cnllW'; \ as immcnsdy ',,\"althy,polilically ulliu' I and c1ipl maLi'aU xp 'riel c d;;Jnd had a hUKl' lta\')'.

The people Ill' medic\'al V('IIi e \ ere also notedrlrth'irbrawlill1-, neltheirl \,. rdi,pl y.\\hilf(l!' o'ntllries olein men 'ontinul'eI to weartraditiollallollg dark cl l k , in th I+th elltury thYOllllgn mcn a lUI t d lighl-litLin multi- 'olouredhus('. TI C' d 'sign: I th I fTging oflcn indicaledthl' :1)J1I!)fI/!.lIiIJ dr/Ill (;(11-0 or '1'1' lI' 'I' Club' t whichlh· We<llTr lx'iong d. umpluary la\\': w'I"e'UI 'l'lnd} 'na 'l' I t urb th xtru\'aganl dress ormen and V.0111 'II, but these' uld lead l11'r-1 . to a'hange ill li\shi 1I1, a, \vhl'n leg-aI but dull OUlel

~a!'n1l'IIts Wt... · slil to n'v 'al legal but moresumptlluu: L1llder·1 thes, This wa: pr bably lheorigin or 1511 ,n I IUlh l·ntury':1 :h>d' fashions.

en tian 1(1\'1' 01" lispla' I ara I< xic II)' mad thisI11<U'ilinw l-il~ a Ellrope. n 1 ad r whn i cam' to

jousls, IOllrnanl('lll: an I com;pi uous cOIl:umpti nby tI (' military ',Iile,

fn its o",n da' '('nice was seen a" a parad xlhrough it: al ilil)'. a, am n y-mindc I !'epulli . I

d '!Cat so on 'n warlik' I" udal and Renai' 'anepnnc(·:. \'enicl' al' enjoyed un hara tcri li':tabilit) I 'spit, it. turbul Ilt politi sand . a'i Ilal

military lisasl TS \ hill', b. lh(' 'nd or the 151hl"elllurv, Ihe Venetian army rem ill d lh nlill kpCIl(!ellt It'lIi'ln 1 jlit'u'y r rc ill Italy. E\· 'n

th(' inex()l"\blt- d(\\-an C )rth· lloman Turks was

at firsl tllrneJ to ac!\'alllag , \' ni "nappin upn"l\"al bas\" 'wd wi ni S 'It a heap pri r inreturn li>r prole ti In. In this way the nClianEmpire rcachf'cl a piul a k Cp weI' !lei pI'( spcril.in tilt' lllid-IStl Tl1lUr', The;' osmopolitancharal'lt'r or tilt' 'it, it.'c1r gr '\ \'(,1' mol"proll(lU lieI'd through all ob\"ious Dalma tian in­lIU('lln'(\1l mnn. a'p' t'( 1'1&, nd lhl'large r'ek,Arnwlli'1I1. i\lll'lirn n I bh k populaliolls within\' 'nice.

Despit(, V 'uill"s maim nanc r r n rall g adI' latioll: \ ilh thl' tl man' until Ih late 15th'cllLury. the Turki'lI 'XI ansion inevitably under-mine I I t;.dian 111111 r iaJ dominaLion II" thasterll Ml'diterrane, n; and a' soc 11 as th­

Ottomans turn d lheir allen Ii n 10 the, ea a la h

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1.)\,:Clllle iIll'\'i l;t hie, Vt·nin.'s Inss or the Grt'l'k isla lidor En'oia in 1.1]0 1I1;lrkt,d a lurning" pllilll whichWitS f\,('(,gnisl'd 1'\'1'11 al !Ill' lillll', One y,';lr IaltT til('Vellelians Il'\'re sending' al'lnalllt"llts !ll Pn-sia ill aclassic dlort to win allies UII tht'ir n1l'rny's caSll'!"]1flank, Thcsc yeilrs ;lIso ~ilW \'clliel·lusl' dominatiunor tilt' s('as, al kasl Jlt'ylJlld lht' Adl'i;tlic. ami til('s\;lrllfl";11I ('pit, lI;t\';1I slrugg:!t' sueh as had nOl !JI't'nSITlI Illl' n'llillri"s.

TI,(' Ji/!/ OjEXjJfl//,lio/1

\'(.'llin'lJn';lllwa ll'uly illlpnial pOWtT ill tilt' \I'akeor Ihe FOlll'lh Crll~;](k which. in 1'21f.I, sl'izl'd lheByzaillilll' capilal tJI' Ct,nslalltinopll' (lsl;lnbulland. Wilh \','Ill'li;11I ;li,!. 1l'IIlporarily estahlished a'1.;11in Empil'(: in till" Byzanlillt' IwartLtl1d, 1'111,

SUCH'SS I,I" til a 11 YsUl'h \ Vestl'rn III iii lary n'm lIl'es in 10

lhe ('asll'rn i\kdiltTr;u1l'an dCpt'l1(kd UPOIl anabililY to tl'anspon w;lI'-horst's long dislallccS bys,'a, This prl1lJknl had apparl'ntly h'TII SOhTd bythe \'Clleti;llIs ill till' I:,nh t.Tlllllry with t1wir us,' orlal',e;l'r ships ami a sySl"1ll !II' carryill/-( a,kqualcdrinking water.

The FleetV('nin:s power dept·mit-d. orCOllI'Sl', upon ;I~ flt'c!swh ich, Wlll'l her pt';ltTliJ I (Jr warli kc, were comma 11­

ded by ;lll adilliral ad\'ist'd by 111'0 gu\'t:rtlmclll­

appoillll'd l'i\'ilians, Ikn(:;1\1t Ihe admiral were!JI"u/'f'(lilori. administratr,rs and J/J/JI'(I(()/Ilili, galleycapl:lins, 'rllC l"!la;11 t,fl'I)lllnWlld was tiglw':llCd as

lhe centuries pas~ed. Inll gall!")' eaplaill~ :1I\\'ays had;l 11'mklley 10 aet a,s 1i"T agel Il.~, lk,~pi It' lilt' tTt';ll il HI

of a Caplain Gl'lIl'l';1I 01" till" Sea ill u\'I"]":1I1 1I;1\'alconlin;! nd, :\ sysl,'m 1,1" na \'a I p;ll ro!s was a lSI' ,S"l II Pill lilt: 1Jill ('enlur)' 10 t'llllll'lJ! the m{'~1 s{"n~ili\'t,seasalii!. when' ]JossilJk, lO CUI oil' ('IH.:I11Y supplil's.

'l'III,lilllilatit,IIS 1,l"l11edin'al shipping- nlt':tlil IhalVt'!lice eould IUTCI' entirdy nllllrnl allY parlllrihet\1t;dilcrraIICilll, Ilulugh Ve\leliall Irade could hepnllt;('ll'd and piracy sllpprcssl'l!. ,\ COII\'oy syslemwas not hi Itg llt;W. bll t by llll' I:ilh c{'ntu ry t'Sl'01"lS or

II'om l,e, III 30 galll'Ys proll'cted many slow amIndllt..'rabk l1lt;rt..'halll 'rnlllld ships', TllI'sl' l'oIIVOyS.Lhei r rou Ll'S ami desti 1111 tiol1.s, 1I'I'rl' ,Sl ricII ~ n',l.!;ula It'dby Ibe gO\Trnllll'lll, hilt il" lheir l',,('orting galleyscould be lured away or ,kkatn!. 111\"11 Vl'lll'lialllosses could be Cl'ipplin!-(", Sueh convo)'s \\'l'l"t'.110\\'(:\"(:1", only s",'n In dal1g1'I'ous ~l';ts or ill wart;nll'as, fill' example, Whl'll Vellin' was locknl ill nil" 01"hlT nUIlH'I'OllS t'lJllflins with hcr areh-ri\'aL Gel1oa,Thl' \"(Tr limiled nper;lIiunal \";Illg'l' "I' IlH:dievalgalleys at firSll'lHllillnl C011\'OY ('-",'orls 10 til(' chaillor lla\'al bases which constiluled tilt" Vt'lH'liallO\"Crscas t"tllpirl'. or to li'icndly porls, Only thebuilding or llllich Iarg-n llleIThalll-g:allI'Ys. whirhI'TIT able In defend tlW11lSd\TS. "I];l hlnl Ihis ClHl\'l I)'

system 10 hI' ,'xlcnded hert/lld lh,' t\ledill'ITallt':III,OU! inlo thl; Atlantic :llld {'veil to Iht' eoasl.S orEngland and Flallc!tTs, 'I'hc abS('lll'" {If;1 VI'11t'1ia11

galley flCCI could abo influl'llo' \'\'('I1[S 011 land, asWhl'll Ihl' Byzalltim:s 101)k ;Hh'alilagt' 01" stich :1silualion It) reGlplUI"C ISl<lllbul from Ihl' 'I,alillElnpire' ill I:lGI, FurtlwflllOrl', !4<llkys had 10ddl.'lId lhcir own bast;s. c<lpl;lins ;l1lrl (I'C\\'S

man ni llg I h(' walls whclln','f IllI'y lI"el'l' at lacked hylaneL

O\'C!" :~,nou \'Cllctiall IlllTdWlll ships \Wrt'Iradi ng by llil': mid- I51 h ccnt ury, a nd mall)' ul" ,hest'could be readily cOllH'l'1ed inlu \\':lr~hips or al I"astinto mililary lranspons, In Ill,' Al"st'mtl wel"e ;trCSl'rn" oforigina 11 y '1.'), la 11'1' su and 1'\"l'IIIUallY IO( 1

\\':lr-,~alkys, The ddt'nsi\'(' equiplIlellt carried hycadI ship was cloSt,I} rq~·lIl;lll'd by tl1l' ,~O\'t'l'llll1Ctlt.

In 125':1 a small \'I'sse! c:lrril'd liw assortcdcrosslXJ\\'s. ;1 l;u'ge ship al kas! l'igh1. plus hl'llll(,IS,

Th~ pori of Aona..ra on lh~ Blaek s,,".lhoul;h held by V,.n"',.',.d~adly rival Genoa, wa.. a lypie"l lIalian mwi~..a! fortifi,.doUtpoNt ..urround,.d by pol,.nlially hoslil~ Irrritory and,.><illiing 501,.ly to ..,.eurt ,he hom~ dly'" trading network,"'mura finl>l1y frll 10 lh.. Ollom"n.. in '460,

grallpling hooks,\"l'f)' lal',l~C news,tor a \'oyagc III

~liidd~, j:I\'t'1ilb, spcar~ and~It'dil'\'al :,>hip~ al~o hadp;lI·ticlilarly Wlll'll 'arnwd'

dall.l.;I'l"lIU~ watt't'~,

E"CII a tI1CI'Ch.lI11 ship "'ould thCll carry al k:l.~t

60 llIetl, all ordin,ll'~ g,dlc'y li'olll '240 to "lBo. Skilkds:lilor~ \\"1'1"1' n'cruitt'd in \'ellice, Dalmatia and(;n'ecl', Then.' were 110 gallt-y.sla\"t's ill llle l\liddk,·\gc's :lllcl o,lrSlltt'n ea tile from \ 'l'llin' or iIS C'1ll pi n:,partinll:lrJ) li·tltll Dalmatia, \felll'tiall oarsmcn\\efl' !>el1"("h·d hy IOl I"rom lhc eity's parishes, beillgIitlallt'i;llI> ~llpP(l1'led by Ihosl' who rt'll1<tillCdIx'hind. FrulH tht' 1.l1h l:t"1ltlll'y dehlon wt'n'j"t·("tJl"lkd wllrkillg' ull"lltt'ir cIlJli,l.;"aiiotl~ al IhI' oars.Rowill,l.;" skill:,> lI"ere l'llcuuragcd lhnlu).{h rat"l"S alldl'c'g"<tUas ill \'l·nice. especially 011 the f('a~l day t,fS,Paul. Olher c:olllpeliliollS illclllded iI son of roughwa !t'r roll I, and w:, H:r-li I,in~: hert jUllsu:rs stood ontht' :'>tl'l"Il of' c',ll'll boal as thcy t't)\\'l'd towards tach"t1H"f, tllt' Josn being- puslwcl inlu lhe l'allal. AI scasailor~ :llId oarSlllCrl were arllled wilh ~lI'ords orspc'ars, but dwnges ill lI'eapo,,:,> ledlllology grad·uall)' kd to a ckditll' ill the military status ur till'IIrditlar) s<lilor. Yl'l all <I!.>oafd \WIT still nqx'C1ed to

lig-Itl \\ ht'll IIC'('I'ssary, ('\'('n Ihl" lTIl"t'ch;lIl1 p:lsscn­,1.;"('1':,>. E\'l'l') mall had his Wt',q"XlIl, Ihe moslitlllJlIt'I:tlll ht'illgstOl'c<lIII'lwallt lhl't·aplain'srabill.

l)n ,Ii's:'>il ilIa1:'>c ,It lin'S tH' Ina1"i III'S ltad ,llways ~ai Il·d:11Jllanl shi p, Iml tllc'ir rult, becarnt: Ill. Ire im p.II·I;] IIIa~ WI'" POlll') became I11m't' PO\\ l,tTlll amll'xpellsi \'e.\'I'I\l"liall~ Llst'djanlin~ as 10111.' as lll(' 1:)lh l'('tllllry.whill' otlw1" \\I';ll)(II1S im.:luded cooking PlJl.~ filled

Th., forlified gIlU.,)'.harbour OIl Amasra whu.. C"'DOII'li" ship..could shelc.,r, Dol onl)' f ..om th.. Bla.,k s.,a'.. f.,a ..1I0m., ..lOrm"bUI al ..o from ri ..... l V.,n..lian. Onoman and OIh..r fl.,.,ts. II waS"v"r)' ..in.pl""lruClur., compa ..ed 10 Ih.. lat"'.. V..n"'lia. gall",y_harbour al Z.dar (..",,,, pag.. 2.4)'

Carv",d ;"'01")' ~ntl ... of an ....... Iy ..."h .,.... Iory lIa.I;.....ddl",.H",re ,. knight h:IIl' a I);r..".1 h",lm and ",a.. ly form!! of pial".rmour for hi" .rm" and I"'gll (Louv....., Pari,,).

with soap to makt' lht' l'Ilemy's dt'('ks slippl'l'y, lin'·grcllacks alld blitlding: sulphul', SWitnllllTS ('tlulden'll ;lllOu:-k lhl' IOt·'s hull.thrl':ul'nil1g Illsink hintthough in li,el wry fC:w ships Wt"l"l' '.l'lually ~uttk intlwdk\'al W;.r1ilt"t", Cro:>s!Juw:> \lt'rl' tlllW lIlt" I\l;lilllong-distancl' \\'I"<I]>on, e:OIllan and IJllarcling stilldl"ciding the lilla IClute. lint". I II I3{ ):'1 tilt' ,l..(t fVt't"IIIll<.:nlinStrllClnlthat t'adl g,dl\") (',OT) :'10 ~lH'h IT.,s.shcJ\\··tlll"lI. whll wI,uld al~(1 I"Cm 011 tilt" i1\lwr IlI'lleltes,Shouling pr:lcticc' \\,a:; ('otllpulsol')" ill Veniec.citizt.:ns training a, tilt' hullS in g:I'UUPS (1[' l:t. Tltc~

also eUlIllX'll'd in thn'l' anllual eUll1pelitions whereIhl' g,m'('I'IIllWIII olli,rt'd rich prizl"s: \'alll:l bit' scarletclolh fill'lhe Wlntll'1". a :;hortlT It-rlg:lh ofduth pillS aIll'\\ cro,~:,>boll' and qlli\~T [ill' Iht' rtttllWI-:; lip, Ollt'

group of t.:roS~I)I)Wllll'ti kllll\\It as the: 'lit/hie:lXI\\"InL'n' WtTl' recruiled fl'wn the ari~tucraC) ands(:t'\'l,d alXI:Lrd 110lh war g-:tlll')':'> :md al'11le:d1llerChamlll~'llli'ol1l I1t(,I<I«' !.lth century Oil wards,ha vi III; Ih.. privi kg.. ul'li \'i Ilg ill tilt" G11'Iai Il 's ra hi n.Such sc'n'ie:t, t'tmld also hc Iht, nl'St step in a militaryor pt)lilil·,tll·~II'l'lT.Fl'\\' proli:ssional tlIt'ITt'lI:lrit's yt·tSt'em to havc :'>l'r\"t'd at sea, ami 110 ll1:lI'ititll('(1)IIdull;,ri are: n::l"Orde:d 1111lillltt;' mid-tlilh ('c'lIllIr)".

A nOI hlT illl purt a Ilt lUll ndat ion l,f'VI"IICI i:lll 1l:1 \'<11mighl was hl'!" ability 10 tIla~:,>-prodllcl" ships illlheArSl'nal. TIlI's(' tlt,\\ Il<1d tilt' li'allll'-lIrst ~yslel1l

whidl diniTed li'otll CratTo-Rotnatl :,>hippitl"; inlhal till' ribs.,r li',tlnt, Wt'n' l'tlll.~It"llt"tl'{1 bdiWt, lhl'planking was applied, till' an<'il'lll:; having made ;I

planked hlillto which thq tlll'n attae:hed tlw ribs.Thi~ modern syslem was not tlllly I~lsler hUl USl.'·dmuch It'ss \\'(Iocl, \\'ar-gallt,ys Wt'rl' lltemsd\'t.:s alsochang:irlg". 'I'hough tht, dilli.'r"ll("('s 1)t'IW('C1I ('arly

7

Carved capitals 0 .. the lowelil level of the Doge's Palace,Veni".., ..arl), '1th centur)" An.ong l.h.. mililar)' figuns onthes.. carvings "r" a h....d w .... ring .. b ..scinec ..nd mail av..ntailw;lh loosenM bnlach.. hanging from th.. chin (Iefl); and" full)'armoured rider carr)';ng an unidentified weapon {righl}.

flledit'va I B)'za llli llt' dmll/o/II. wi th Ihej r t wn ba nks oroars, and till' ~ing:k-h;lnkl'd Ilali;Lll wnr-galky arl'not Yt't clltirdy ('"kar,;1 ILCW "y~tt'lll Orl-(]'(lupi1L~ tilt'oal"!:> dOl'ssecm to h;L\'t, I)tTIl inVt'lltet! illlhl' I I th or12111 cenluril's. This sYSll'lll {ll/rI ~(//~i!f, or 'ill simple

1:lshion', \\'as itself10 hi' .HljX'n.:tc!ec! C;l r1y in the ItidlCcnt111·y. 'Cr'cat galll")·.,:, dl'sigl1t'd spt'cifically 1(11'long-dist;L1lo' trade in dallgt'ruus waters. illsoappearnl ill tl1\' mid-I.ph ceillury. '-ka\'ilyddellded, th(ILlgh hulky ;11lt! unwieldy, lllcl"chalit

'round ships' alsl' provl'd their'wo1'lh a,!{ainst thcOtloman" whell II Lt' la Itl'l" Slidden ly IUJ"llt'd to navalwaJ"l:lrt' I"tt, 111 thc 15th o'lltury, By Ihen1\ Icdi \t.Tra IIca II "hi ps cm played thl' mort' dlicielHSlcrn ruddcr iJL~ll'ad or til(' sicering oars that hadbeell Llsed sinn' antiquity, Thollgh this ilL\Tlllion isgellerally bdit'wd to han' elltt'rl'd the Mediler­ranean from nonlLl'1"ll Europe, reC('1L1 I'videnl'l'shn\\'~ Ihat il wa!> known 10 i\lustim marillers ast:arly as th(' 11th century alld may alS() han' beenknown 10 the Byz;ulJirU's, Oth(,1' tt'chnical a(h-anccsindLl(kd till' n'lllpass, which was ('karl)' or Islamit'and llllimaldy Chillt:se origin.

Ramming was nu Inn~t:r all irnportant navaltat.:tic, the trill' ralll having het.:ll rq)lal't.:d by thehigher ami mon' flimsy mimI' or hoarding 'bcak'cad)' in Ihc rt.liddlt· A~~'s; bUI ('\'cn ,I ml(af cOllldsmash the Cllt'lny's 0,11"5 ,1l1d (Tippk his ruwers, A/{alky's ddcll(TS Wl'lT nl11l"l,.'llIralt:d in lh\, bow,whl"l"e a stl,ne-lhrowin,1{ l'alapllll might also hc

8

mOllnled in Ihe woo<kn rOllbal(1 or l'a~J1I', and tp aIt:."ser extenl in the st~'rn. \\'Oudt'll p:lr:lpet~ orim/J(//'/,Hlli rail aloll!-; cadl ~ick ofdl~' ship III pnJlt'l'1the uarSl1lell. Greek Fin' and l'l!ler pyroll'dlllics\\,('1"t' greatly Ican'd, SOIUt' ships bl'il1~ swathed illprotectin' \-inC,l{ar-snak('d hid('~ or sh\'I'\.' ur Il'lt il,Iililt' ofha Itit:. YCt ballil's 011 tht, 1'1'1'11 s~'a l"t'lIlai 11\,£1rar('. Ap;II't li'om dercmlin!-{ enll\'oyS :llld ~LLppre"s­

ing piraey, the primary l'lInetilili of the \'t'lIl.:tian

gaikp St'cms to h:HT bt'('ll in 'nllllbilled oper­alions', :>upponillg: a landing lorn' eilher III au,ld.a 11 elWIll y base or de/end t hei l' IIWll, Th\' \'clictia lIS\\'crc Ilo\l:d CXP~Tts \\'hen it ealLlI' 10 ;lIt<l\'king:harbours and sea Willis, I-:\"{~ll thc (';lIapllll :Ihuanlship was, in faet, called ;\ lilflboli Ill' 'sILlIn' husta'.\ "ooden lOwers cOlild bc l'IT("l(,d 011 c1t'('k 10 O\'tTtopthe 1;H1<1 lh.:fclltT!>. Small hoat:> could lit" ,,11l1l~

bt,t wccn Ihl' mast-Ilcads to Glrry cruS'Sl)( '\\'lnCI1. a lIdspars could IX' sWllng li'om ropes ;I~ hallaill,l.\ ral1l~,

\\'h('11 battk hClwt'('n opposirl,l{ (let'ts did occur itonen began wilh the same ct'rt:moniolls COI1r1csy asa land battlc. A special f1a~, \\'ilh a ~word pllil1lillg­skywards, could he raised 10 signal a willill,l{JleSS 10fighl, and ellemy slandards \\'o11ld bt, traih'd in thewall'r hchind \'ictoriousships ",hell tlw)" n'turlled 10porl. A commander's primary tactical ('(msidcr­alion was 10 ket'p his fleet togt·t1l1"l". Thl'lI hl' had tomake hl'st usc bOlh of his low hut (;ISI amimanoemTahll' galleys and his slow bUI wll amialmosl invulncrable 'round ships'. AI.IOH' all he hadto brcak Ihe ellcmy formation lwlort' u\"t'r",hdmingil picccmt:al by boarding. This could be athit'wd bylcignin~ flig:ht, thell wrning 011 the lOe; or bycatching his galk)'s with their sails lip ami oars

stc 1\I'n!. \!a \ i.'-:"lil III 1\ a~ alll1o~1 alwOl y~ wi Ibill ~igh tuf laud, MJ 111;'1 ,I I'olll'l'all'd part of llil' fkl:l couldbundl .111 all1bu~h li'olll Ix:himl i..lands, capes orhay... ( :IIIN'q Ilt'llll ~ ..m'llI M'OI\I il1R \'l~wl .. also had a\'ilal rl',ll' In pl'l) ill na\':l1 \\'arE"ll'C, If Il('("CSSO:lI'Y

\\ar,hipi> could 1)(' la~lll'd log"llll'r to u\I'm asIaticlIoalill\.: 1.11·11'1·..... Tilt·) could Ix' hCildwd \,'ilh Iheir1>lrnllgl~ ddi..'ll(!I·d bo\\~ poilllinj.!; 0111 10 st·a. 01' lx'mournl ~lI'n, to lilt' Iwadl n':lcl~ h, Ix' cui lou~ ~11:1

mlln1t'III'~ Iltltin.·,En'n lilt' appl.';lr;IlI<'l· or till' first GlIIllUn ahoard

~Ilip did Iii lit' to change ~ut'h Iradiliollall,u:,ics ulltillilt' 10111' Illlh l'elllur~, SUdl/m/1/hmdJ \\lTl' rn::,'nlt'c!in tilt' li,l't'cl"lk'" IIfa Ii.'\\ \'t'IWlian ~alleys in IheI:H''S. and 1,.,-can1\' "'~Illdard annaml'I11 in lite '51hn:ntur), 1'\ UIlWrUlI1> ,mall ~1I11~ we're h) thcnmuUlHl·d t1111-;"~11IC),.1 Ild rOllnd ship:. Itl ("Ill duwn ,hI'1'11\'111) Ht'\\. \\ hik a ~illgh- Iargl'l' cannon could I,.,·plan'd ill a j.!;alle~ 's 1)0\\ lopicrn'lll\'t'llt'llI) 's hull ortopplt: hi.. m.I"t. Sueh \\r~lpOIII') 011 III'S! pmn'd \'l'r)SUC'Tt.....dlll a~:tilhl Olluman galll'y", \\ hOSt' ncws..Iill T1lf~,h u"t,d t'umpnsilt" btl\\~.

River \Varfare\ 'I'nin' \\ .IS .Iho i11\ 111\ t'c\ in \\ al'!;ln' along Ihe hroadl·i\'lT.... lakl·.. antlillarsht.~ Ilrnorthern Iialy. though1101 al WOl}" \\ il h .,-:rl'al ..ucn".., l\ Ilist such campaignsa ro:-t , alin \ "'lIiIT 1'(II'(j Ill'n,d wide Il'rrilOrit.:s 011 IiwTrrm FIIIIIII ill \\ hal an' 110\\ Lomhard), tht., \ 'cnewami Friuli. wlwrt· ri\'('1' IIn'ls l'Hlllel supportVI'll\'liall land arlllil'~. F\ltt-~izl'd ~all\')'s 0IXTalcd011 I.akl· Garda ami ~rt'''1 l'in'rs likl' JIlt' Po,Kelt-relll'\' t\1 tl1I' liri>t pJlllrul/1 prubahly lIwalit small.{{alh·ys Wilh an llppn lig"ll1ing: ckck 0\"\'1' IhelI'Il'Slllt:l1. Olher \·es:'(·J.~ ilicludl'(l sailill.l;" ships. antitill' link barrllf whit'h l':tI'I'il'd only Ihrl"\' rOWl'l" andlW\, (l"\I."S1JIIWI"l·ll. Vt.'llicl· t11ililltaill(·d sizcalll\'l1n'ls of Sill'll \"\'ssels until lhe use or ,It'curatc1·,mIlOIi. lirillg-li'lI111 a ri\'cr's hanks. plll an e11'i:cti\"('\'lId 10 thi~ typl' or \\'a r1:u'e al thl' wd of Ihe 151 ht't'I\IUI"), Thi~ wa1>, IHI\\'t·\"\·I·. a lorm ot" l'ombat illwhieh SAJIIW or \'cniel"s ri\'al~ \\"\'re aln'ady skittt'd.E\'en tilt' IIl't'l or six Kalkys and '.!5 smallt:r craliwhich \"'lIke btlll("hl·d Oil I.ake Garda ill Ih\'Willll'!' or I 1:19 -10 \\:lS aimosl inmll'diald)' dc!t­II'lI)'t'd h~ \liIOlIlI"'I' lakt: cran, 'I'hi~ had IX'\'n an epicut' milit:tr) t'lIgillcl'rin~ in \\hich. 101' 15 day... , till'Vt:IIt'liam hault'd Iheir ships up til\' Ri\'Cr Adig('ami :\t'nJ'~:t 10\\ 1I1UUlltain ratl~c 10 I ..,kt, Garda,

,

TIo", ....d"'.t Trocar. D.lrna,o., which .I.iII ....'" c.....itd V.-tiaa~,_r..rm. ""'-I ;ala ;1. wall ...

The ArmyThe \'1·1lt·li"n ;Inn)' \\ a~ '1"i,,' a.. dli"("lin' a, ih Ike!.cit-spilt' jihe.. Ihal lilt' ma ......h·d\\cllitl~ \\'lleliamdidn"t \';'lIIm hO\\ til riel~' prupt'rl}, Tht' "rmin. uf

131h n:ntur} h.lli;m '1.111" .tln'ad) indudedIlIt'I't'I'Il;II;I':- li'lllll I1ll1t'r IlOlrt-. of tilt' I.:uunlr~ ill"del itim, It, a Ii '1Il1 ,t1 It-atlt·J'·.. I m II 111I1111111111, \Iusl('nrl} I:~th CI.·lItUI') \\·I1\·ti,ltltroops \\1'1'('. hll\\I"\'I'I".~liII n>(,"l'uilt·d li·"m lht· 1.1).:01111 ,11','.1, ph" a It,\\1);t1rn;lli,1l1 and 1~II'i,11I ll'udal nllllill~(·nt:-. Incmcr!(t'llri,.... likl' lhal HI' l.l!),!, lh~· \·ellt.'liallpari..lws rl'gi""'rrd all malt ... 1)I:I\\I't'll I i and ()o

)".;1 ..... or a~l' arid li~It'l1 all IIII' \\(':'1)(/11.. thl')pOS.'il:"Sl·CI. Ih(l.~t' r;llk,d It I lit:hl 1)I'ill~' Irj.!;alli~l·d inlogroups or I:.!. Sueh dorllt.·~lit- lro"p". 1'lIlIscript~ .lTId\'Olllllll'tT'i, \\('1'1' slitt p..dtTred to rlll'rt,:ellarit'~ inI.Ilh cl'nlur~ \'t·niCt'. \In..t lilllJ.:hl 011 li.K'1 ",hilt'richer IIlt'll or arislocrat-. "1·tTt'd a .. a t·a\·alr~. as I hI')did ill att Italialll·ilies. !\ n·.L:i ... tt'l' CIt" l:tiH ('slim,Hedthat 3",000 \'l·llt·tialls ('ould hc'ar <lnl\S: nul' \\'t't"etill')' a 1111't'I· rabbit'. as ill .~"llH· lIthl'l' tlledin,.11Url"111 mililias. ;\'Iany wert' skitit'll l'nls~IJIIWlll\'n,

whilt, othlTS lilll~hl wilh slill~s ami lin'-g:rC'lladt:s,Venice also Ilael ils uWlIlol'al prlll;.' ...~i"llal i'oldil·l". asmall corps Dr inl:lll\l'}" .~llardillg \'il"l C"~llt.·~ likc;\kSlrt' ami Trt'\"i~u: hUl 1111 fllll-titil t' \\·t10iallc,I\'ah')' I\'cn' a .. Yl't t'el'tlt'ded ill Iht' I Ilh l't·lllllr~.

TIlt' lil'SI Init· \'t·t1t·li.LlI ..1;llulillj.{ .Inn} l'!llcl"1-;l'dqllile suelcknl) I'ad} ill IIll' l.,th t'\'lllLlry andconsisled, a:. 1'1 ..... \\ Ilt.'t'l· ill Iialy. or (o"douimIllCrn'llal') l'UlliraCI ",-,Iclit"'~, SUl"h :t fun'c wa~

dearl)' Iln·del! III ddi'ml \""nin"s 111'\\ mainlandtl"rri'llril.~ un Iht, Tnw /·imlil. Th..: Rcpublic·...l'onlrihuliul1 III all ;ltlialltT \\ilh FIIII'I'II('"(' in 1+~6

~

Effigyofunn..m .... V"n",i..n knigh" ",id/la,,, '4th c"ntury, Th"m ..n w".. r .. 'ypi".I .. rmour of hi>! p"riod, thouSh Ih" cro.... ing<>f ,h" ch.jn~ from hi" <:oa'-of.pla'e1i '<> hi" ..word ..nd da18"r,and ,h" l"r8" buckJe-<:o..."r <>0 bi....w<>rd.bcolt, ..""m t<> h .....""""n f.."hion",bl" in Vrnic". (Victori .. 01< AI""r. Mus.. Lc>ndon)

n'lI.~is(t'd Or 110 k~~ Ihan B,uoo ca\'alry ,IIKI :PIOO

irLlilll( ry ill Ii Illl' or wa r, :~,\)O\! alld I,' HKI rl'sl'lTtin'!yill pe<ln:lillll', 'I'll\' almosl n11l1i11i10Ll~ \\'ad;lrl' nrlh\'lir~1 half "I' til\' 1.'}lh ,"'llIHry It,d In sui'll staHdillg::11'111irs, Ilreir ;'(11'1)<11"1 S\SIl"l1IS <llid ..,~~ol'ialnltaxa Iillil IIn'omill,1:: all ,11,\",'pl"c1 1:11'1 01'\ \'IWI iall lili',whik lile lliailliallci !'it) or Brot'i:1 1)('\,a111e lhe r1I')ado Iwadq uarl,TS I,I' IIll' V1'111'1 iall army. U Il iti Inl1~W,'I'\' OIl lirsl nln' and (lilly ('t'l"('lllOllial, beingl'mlllazollt'c1 \\'illt 1I1t'l.iuII orSI l\1:lrk, Ll1er ill rill'1..... lh (','llll1rr red ;'11(1 whilt' strip,'d j,'rk;l1~ fl/r alIl'a~l IJ1\' pl'/Jl'/\ioml/i di S. ,\I/1/'(I) militia lwfanwirUTl'a~ill.I.;J~ COm11l0l1. R"\\'anl~ lilt' II'y:llly orsu,'t',"~ illdu(!t-c1 g('lll'rulls ca~1r paYI11I'l11~ ('\'ell 10tlll' huml lie l'allk-;'lId-fik, 1}\,J1~it illS fi.r Ill,' \\"ou IIdedIll' lll'n':I\,,'d :lIId hOlllllll~ lill" Ih,'ir kad,'n>, Thi~ was

d\'arl~ tlO IOllger :1 1l1('die\'al army. but <lR"llai~~aIH'" florn' willi many rnlKll'rll altrilJlIll's<tnd allillldl',~,

''''lll'liall laCI it:s III I la lid \\'\"1'1' llle S:\ Ill,' :IS Ihost' 1.1'tllhn It:\li<l1l :lI'llli,,~I, 111 lhl' I:.!lh and I:Slhccnll1ri,·s mililia inl;\lllry ti,ug:llI itl l'lllse-p:ld,,'dranks wilh Iaq{l' shields :1Il(1 lI~I'd lheir spears aspikes, Ihlllt,l.:"h Ihel'l' \\'a,~ aln'ady all ilHTt'asing:I1lllnlll'f of (TOSShOWIlWII proll'C\('d hy similarlylarKt' sllj(,J(ls, 1-1 igll SI:llld:1 rds (II'disciplilll'S a lid c1'lst,,'o-tJp,Tatiol1 h"l\\tTll IlI.nil' and Ii-lilt also St'l slich11<1 li:'11 Ii UTt'S a p:1 t'l 1'1'1 lin IhllSl' of 1Ill' t"t'~1 ,)1' EuropeFOunt'('1I1h l'n1\III'Y \'t'llt'li:Ul :lnllit,;, had to Hl("l'1-I1111g:ari:lll iJI\'asillll~ ill F ri tlli as well a,~ IhI' Illrn's Ill'Olllt'r Iialiall ('ilie~, On o('cas;on V,'I1\'li:l11 al'­

nH'lIl"t"d l':I\":dry dis1l1011I11t·d 10 fig:lll dercnsin'ly Ol1ri.lll\ in 11'11:11 lI"a;, rlll'll r,'g'Olrckd as all English HlClit:,"'hl'lI lilt' laRolln ilst,lf \\"a~ ill\"ad,'d by Gl'lHWS{, andl'aduallliIlT"~ ill l:n~J till' \"'nelian~ built woodl,t)

'"

Il'rl~ :\11(1 I,alisad,'" I)arriradl'd "lilli' ,'all:ll;, willIchained ships, hllK"ked olher... wilh ,ullkcll 1J:lrg,'s.ali(I harasscd lh(· Cllt'11Iy ;n hollt ,m:\11 bll:ll~ andg:,lkys, \'('llin: III II Illlly '111"\"i\"l'd Illi~ Ibn'al bllllriulllphl'd, ;lml \\'I'lll ,lll I,. \\ill ,'xlI'l1,in' 71'I"M

Filll/(/ llTrilOril~s ill qO,1 ,'),Fro11l111l'1l until rill' tTi~is or l ....lll!1 \'I'IH'lian ];1I1c1

I~,r('l's wen' W'IH"':tlly ,)11 1111' "ni'nsiw :1 lit! IIn lwd IIIhi' Iltl' m"~1 elliTlin' ill 11:r1y. TI1t,~ IiJlIg:luIIOI "Illy[Ialialls and HlIll,lpr;an~ 11111 :Ilsll (;('l'rnall~ amJ

Fr,'llch l\lll,I.:"IJOWllH'1I will', in LH~I. IN'd Ell,l4"lisllarcht'ry lat"lics 'lgaillsl \"'nin"s gl'l':ll I"IJlldllllil'll'J,-ad'T B:lrtnltlllll'11 Colll'Olli, .Jtl~1 lIm!I']' :'1(1 ~"t";,t,

lal!'l' lhl' Vellelians wert' 1;I\'"d \\ ilh lilll-hiown(hlOinan Turkish raids dl,t'P illln Fril1li. This wa~

sonwlhing- towJ1y 111'\\ and, clt'spilt, \'!'llI'li:Ull'xpl'l'i"lll'(' "I' war :lg-:lillSl ,\Illslim Tllrk~ in t1wirll\"'!"Sl'a~ >:mpire. Ihe ddl'l1('t'~ fir Fl'iuli bil,'ddismally, Thl' \'\'I1t'liall~had 10 wilhdraw inlu Ibt'irli.)l'ln's.~,'s, !t';I\'in,1:: 1111' Ctlulllry,id,' I" 1111' I';lsier

light1~ "(Illippnl OUo111an (':l\'alr~, Thl' lIllt' majorhaltll' l"rslIlrcd in a Sl'rrOll~ \'Cllt'li:lIl tit-kat.altltollp;h, hy a."'S('rnhling: a 1Il1ll'h larg,'r army, Ill('V"\H'lians did beal oil' bllT OIlPllt:lll r;lick SllchI'XplTil'lHTS cOIl\"inn'd \'('ni,'\" 10 ['mplo)' ils 1)\1'11'/I"{/(I;lIli 'cololli:ll' li1{hl (':I\":dry 011 Ilalian SIJil. [(I

impro\'(' ilS dllllH'Slit' mililary 1]':\inil1g, ami IIIo\"(,:rhaul Ihe Systclll or ~ck('li\"t, ctlllstTiplioll.J-!UWl'\','f. :1110111('1" sl'ril'.~ OrOllOIll:lll raids itt II~~I~J

again pnw/'(!10 bl' \'i rt llally UIl~I(lPp<t1111', A 11l:lssivcFn'!wh im'asiOIl or ll:tly OIl lilt' ,'Ild (ll'lhl' 151h\,Tlltllry Ill'''ll~hl a ;'l'l"l,'.' or dt'\'aslating ddi'als li.,rIh(' ''''II('liatl army, cllllllin,nill,g ill rill' disa;:lt'l'~ orI....)'l~, Yel ('\"l'1l in 1;jIIK lilt' \','l1elialls had l1l:\lla~~wl

10 1X::11 nIl' a dt'ICl'lllill{'d ill\'asioll II} lilt' Ernpl'rtlr

i\laxill1ilian ur Gl'rmany: nol old~ \\as hi~ arlllYddi.:a l,'d in Ihe moun lai liS lI>:ar PinT eli Cadorl'. hUl\'('II;CI" nllllllcr-:lll<leked :Illd e:lpllll"'d lilrthcrlerrilliry in Friu!i ami lsI ria,

Cnmmalld Ill' IhI' :, l'l11y d illi'r('d ti'lu11 t ha 1 ,,1' lilt'

Jll'cL .'\11 'IIWil'lll Iradition sialed Ihal \\'lletiallIII ,1,11'1111'1' ("I llild n 'Illnl:llld tll'lacllnll'lll\' III' III I 1ll00Ttllall :.1:1,m'lI, ~l't all on'rall \I:l~tn orSoldins hadh,T.l knll"l\ sinn' Ihe I"arlint days, 'I'lli' ]>OSilillll orCaptaill (;I'IIl'l"al app{'an'd as all t'Ill('l"W'I1CynWaiillrt' i,l Ihl' 1_llh ('enillry, hUl m'l'rali rnall:l~(,­

rl1("llt Ill' Illililal"~ :dEli ..:- stilt 1:1)' wilh a ("i,"ilian

1"/ limn iII V" 'II' '.!ll StII'ii 'It" ,Vis(' \ 11'11. R.'nlark:lbk asit mig-Ill SI'I"Ill. such ("H'1.~lalll t-i,'iliall alld ]Jolilicalintl"l"ti...-,'II,'I' ill mililary and lIa'"al altlirs did nul,,11;"1'1 dlieil'rll'y: ill 1;1("1 it san:d Vl"Ilin' Ihllll till'rnililar~ tah'-llnT' ",hidl pl:lKtll'd tllher It:tli:111t'ity-slall'"', I,llllg nqwrit'I'l'1' ot"sl:at;,ring: aml na'";l1warElI"(' g-a'",' "t'nin' a sllppl~ or 1IH'1l wdl :lhk IU:H"n-pt 11ll' n'spollsilliliti"l\ or it'adt'rship, parti­1'II[;,rl> or illl;I11lr) IIl1Tl'S, :\nnil"S W'T(' normallynlllllllalllh,d II) ""Ill'li:lll lIoblt-mell_ IhOll~h

proli'",sitlllab li-lOll1 lilt' Trl'l"(/ Firll/II alld JaIIT en-n1,l(Tn"I,lr~ /"fllll!<dfi,',-i wvrl' g-in"l1 C1l1n1ll,lIld" Veil­l'tjall Inilil,1ry tllillking was, hown"l'r. singularlyGlllliollS, Lilst liJr g.'lory ran :l pour H'CIIIld 10:tchi",'jll,~ ,'jewry wi Ih IIU' III illill111m I'X IWlld i, u re of"I'lllll bl,,.,d alld tn':ISUIT, AIlIIIIll'!" li':IIUf\' lIt''"t'rll,liall Illililary lili' W:I:; Iht'/Jr'<I/'rIlilfl/l' t11' t-i,-ili:lllnflnlllis~ioll\"', \\ ho arcnmp:'Inicd 0111 army and kepiiI w:uchflll Cllllllllissar-like eYl' on e'"\Tylhing,panindarl~ 011 till' lllITn'll:tri,,<;" :\ l'el"il'S ot" Ill'\\'!11"fJ1'f'dilm"i I'llit', \\'''' St"' tip ill 1111' Iatl' 1:)lh n'lItur},illdlldillg- tilt' t"lImhal rank t,j" ('Olllrllallding1i.'rOl"ious B:llkall Ilr Creek ,Imdiuli 1(lrel'S in 11:'11)"_ Hy

t:,ll~J tlWM' MII'PlN'dl) ci\'ili:lll (:fll11.nissiol1ers al:<ot"UIIl1Il:ltldnl 1111' It:tliall li.r-;-hl (':t,"alry alld Ihe:trtilh'1'~_

CavalryIkspitl' tlwir \I ('h-lil()Il'd rcputatinll, ,he Vcrll"li,UlSh:ld rleldt'd dli'l'tiw ;tnnoun'd ca,':llry VWH itl Ihe

EffiSY oft',.d"rico Cavalli,lat,. '41h ",.nlUry, Th,. Ca"alli were amililary family, 50n.., of whom ..,.r"N V,.nic,. a" co"doll;"..inlf'reCnar;,. .. (.... situ church of S_ A......'aNia, V",rona),

Mid-151h century carvins of unknown V,.nel;an eoal..,f.armssupporlM hy Iwo ....Idi"r" in dilllincl;"", V",n"'I;"'n colonialarmour, 00 Ih,. I,.fl, a fully ntuipped man·al_arms w"'a .... ahdmel ~m"'.rkably "imilar 10 80m" found in the V.,nelianforl.r""5 al Khalk;" (II"" Iioe-d...wing.. ), On Ih., ..ighl asimilarly armOUrN crolilibown.an """nN his w.,apon using acran~uin or racl.-and-pinion "y,..en. Un 8"'" Jurja S.. raltovicaSlr,.,.I,Sibc:nilt),

1:$lh cClllllry, :t rl'gnlation or l'.!:}~l asslltlling OIl!'war-hoI'S\". two other hursl"s alld tlm'l' sqllil'l's Ie-Irl'ach Vetwliall klli~111. Tltl' I ph ,','tlHlry Pllt'lPI"lrareh ch-dar,'d Ihal lhi .. -ll:ttillil ..I' s"ilors'l'urp:ll\M'd all otht'rs hOllt 011 hor'l'II:u"k :11lC1 :11 S\',,"

""rious Vl'n"ti"n ;lrislon,lts bn'd lilli' 11l)rSl'~ Oiltheir m:lilll:llld eslales_ tholl,~h most allimals Wl'n'impllrh'd li-orn (;t.,.ll1a.l} alld Hung-ar}', 'I'll\' war·

hor~e was by 1;11" tht, most expl'lI"iv(' part ura marl­at-arm's I'qllipl1l"'ll. By till' J 51 h n'llIlIr~ it II('Call1l'rlol"lnallo ,llt:u'k all ,-I Will} '~al1imal rallll'1" Ihall Ihl'

rider, th LIS Illakin,!.; In"sl'~ hi).!) ll"l" alld the pn Ihlnns, It"rl'pl:ll"t'rllt'lit "'Til \\"ors~'_

Hva '"r caval r~ 111'1"1" Ir~:1 nisl'd i II III Slll,tll Illli ts "r!al/::;t' Ihi~ 1'1II1Si"lill~ or a rll,1I1-al-arms_ a lighll~

annl'd sl'rg:ea'll :ll1d a pagl' Ilr tllolllllt,c1 SI'IY,IlII. B~

III(' 151h n'Ill11ry many ir 1101 Inust slid I 1I1I'11-"t­Olnn~ WtTI' sltorl-tt'nll r'lmtfuffif'l'i 1lIl'rn'II:lril'S" :\I1W,.,. sl,thle 1'I1'rn,lIiol1, lite IUI/::'I' '{Jr::.::.a!l· or 'Ilrukl'l\1,\11('1", was Illeanwhile e't:dllisht'cl. l'Ill1l\istillg 0('

veterall "I' picked In Hlp:< pt'nll,lll~'llil y n IIlll11i It,"d It I

"

Canal entrance to the ArseDlII, V"nic", I<>c>king loward" Ihe ",it"of the Old An....a!' The Gate of the A.."".... I, on the left, w .."r"built in monum"nlal style in '57~ following viclory over Ih..Ouorn.... 1I""t al L"pa.. to.

\ "'111'1 i;lI J ~t"I"\"it"l.. '1')1\" llWIHll-ann"s cq ui pnWl11wa~ 1101\' ~t! l'Xl)("l1~i\"I' Ih;11 a ~ql;lr;llioll bq;an 10

appt'ar 1n:IWI,t'li Ihl" fully arll1()urt.:d ,,(J/I/'I/; alld lhe1'lig-hlly 11'1'1' prl""lig-i'Jlt~ 1I1;1i. NUlllerous st:vt:n:dd(';ll~ Slllkrt,t1 lIy anw 11lJ"{'d ca \'a lry at Ill(' hands orinbnlry dJiring lht, Lph n'nlury had clearly nOlundnminl'd 1:lilh ill Ill\' l11;UI-al-arm's mililarypotl'lll i;ll. 1-1 is ;ll"lll(llJr was IIOW S(I S()l)hislica Icd I ha tIll(.' !tlll:;'(' ClljOyl'(1 a n ·IH'W..:clll·as(' llrlill: \\'1·11 iIll() llll'It;th ("t'llIury. Filin'nlh .. t'l1tllry Vt:llctian!tlll:;.i ;llsoIncludcd 1ll011tltl·d {TUSSllt'lI'lllt'll alld t:\TlllllI)UIJlt:dhaud-gullllers. lhou.C;h llo1 IIIl' illElIllry componcntlhal appl';uTd ill Franc\' all(ll~urg-lllldy,Along wilh

lht' t'mplu}'lIH'Jll Ill' "lrutli"li, Vcrwlian !{)ITCS nown;cruir("d a \';lril"ly t,fulll\'r typI'~ orst:paralc amIl1lon' l!lollile lig-ht ca\'alry tfJrmatiOIlS, In t:lel.Velliet' 1'l<I}'ed a It';lding- rIlle in the den:lopmelilOr\\'('Stl'1"II Ellrnpt'an Jig-Ill ca\'alry during thl' !att·llw(lin'al and ]{nJaisSill1lT jlniods,

,.,

InfantryGi\"l'n til(' ;tllcil'llt Vl'\It'liall lradililflt 01" all c1ass.. ,s

carryillg arms and "f(IlI' gll\'CrrlllH'l1I I'lll'ollragillg­military Iraining al1l()ll,1{ Ih(" ordillary pvopk. il i~

1101 ~ul'prisillg- 10 rmd ,h;ll \'l'll\'liau illl:llllry W("l"ehOlh l1Uml"'OUS and dli:nil't,. }\IIlOllg lht' I'adieslWl'n' lhl' i\lililias vI" Iht: Si:-; \\';lrds or dislricts or\ \;l1io·. 11\ I·.. li:.> thl's(' .ft'.I/i/',i \\"('IT iIU'l"\':!sl'd 10 50fl

ml'n piT pari1'h, partly 10 hdp lht' SI:~lIlI/i tli ,\i!llimainlain ordlT at ni,~hL In thl' 14th t'c'utury tlll'SI'mt'll Wl"l"(' still sdecu:d by 101. i\kll dlOSl'll lill' lheprestigious and lunati\'(' n',ll' iff nl'1'sJ)Owlll('naboard lJIl'tTh;,ml ship.~ and g.dkys \Wf(' ;dsns\'!l-cl\'d (i'om ;\ll1ong lh ..., he,sl al llw \'arious SIUHHillg"ranges ill Vcnice. i\kll a,l!;\"d Iwt\HTU I:l aud 3:,were enrolled a~ nossbuwnwll by t1ll'ir parish, thl'llbeing di\·idccl inlO tlIIOtl(///, (groups or l:.!) tinder alocal onicer who was also resp0ltsibk ti)l' tlwirtrainin.l{ at tilt" Im'al but I", Sinn' all classl's lin'dcrowded together within Vcuiel'. till' tllllltll'lII'included rid I and poor, nobk and {'OllllllOlll'r. wholraint:d 'lltd.lilllghl logTI!tel". Not all Ic)u,1{lil ;IS

cn'SSIHI\\tIH'll. l,f I·UUI'~I'. (hh('1' illHllllry WC:qxlIlsdl'si~lIl'd 'IW,'ili(,:t1I) 10 c(Jmbat c;l\"alry indudedIht' IUI1,1.; Illal'l'-likt, II'l':!I.>Otl, :1ll<1 harhl'd spt'ars:which \\ 1"0 !llglll ha \"(/1: :LlllOllj.;" i1lvadi ng H ullgarialls

III 1:~7:'I.

'I'll<' i·lill· ur \'('IIl'liall itlf;llItr) W(Tl'. hO\\'(,\,cr.

dl"~m'll rrcun lht' rallb 01'111(' .lr~P1/(lf(Jlfi, 111(' highl~

skiJll·d and \\'C·II.paid cralisnwll Ofillc Arsenal. Theyprovidl'd gu.ml, fill' IIIl' D..~(··" I'alacc and vthngn\"CTllllWIlI huildinK'. :1(,lill~ as a polin' rorn' :lIld

I'vell a lirt'·hri~adc·. a, \\(,11 ;1' rllrllil>hin~ dewell­Inc·nl.; 1'1' \\ t'll-c'(l tlill!>l,'d ill!:l nll-y. 'I'hl' .\!'Sellal ilSl:lrwa~ alsu a \\ C'a P( illS !:ll'lIl1'~ and arm~ l>lorl'. as \\'dl :L~

IX'inK tilt' 1ll"'1 1;llllOU' :.hip.huildill!-{ yard illEuropc" III I:i I I lin Ie....." Ihall 1.131 (Tus."I)(Jw" \\tTl'"lurc'c1 \\ilhil1 il" \\alk \\hill' il<: IIC'" rnpc-makillgraehll"~. datilll-: Irlllll l:i":J, lIladl' Ihousands orcrus.,I)<)\'.'lrill'"-..... TIlt' (;olll/KIJ:lli (/dIn Lal;.a til'

'Truu:o.t'r Clull, '. \I hit.'h had hC'('l1lT\'al(,d ill Ihl' 151h('I'nlllr~ l:trl-:d~ li,r Ihl'('l1llTtainlllclll orlhl' )Olllll-{ml'll. :11-,( I pnl\ idl'(! Irailled volulIl('n" \\ IWIl called111)(111, 1\ hill' 1111' Ullt'mpllJ~c'd cuu[d :111'0 Ii lidIllt'msc.'h I" l·nli'll'tl. III 1"l':lll'llH'r}{I'IlCi,~ \ '('nic:t' 1i:1Jh:lf"k lll)nn lila ....., C'OlIMTiplioll '1(1 Ihal \'t'IU"lianillf:lTJlr) Il,rn..; l'tluld 'l1l1U-linws: l)t, \'tTY l:llX" up10 '!0,11()(1 al 111(' ,~Ial'l 111'1111' IGlh ('(·llllll')·.

liy ,hi" lillll' mililia Onll'tTS \\orc' a hreaslplall'ami a ,~alkl hdl11t'l, hUI lht' qualily of their lroops":tried 1·f)nl>idlTa"I~. III }{I'IU'l"a[ Vl'llt'liall milili:1l"('ll1ainnl b) t;lf lltt' hl"l ill Italy, tlllILl,~h thosl' or

Vl'lli"I' iISl'lrwl'l'l' Ilorlllally ~llPI'l'iOl' to IhoSI' ul'th,'Trrffl Fif/l/(/, III 1:11" thl' lalll'!' Wl'n' Onl'n usnlm\'1"d~ :I, piOlll'l'r" Ill' bllow'IT:'. The SI:llus vril1l;III'I'~ had :.llIlk c·(III:.ielt-rahlr liy ,h(' y(':tr 15111/,ell-spilt· Ihc' appl'anll1l'1' of' [la[ian h;IIl{I-g'uIllH'rs inI[lt' l.Il"s :lIId I[w di,'isioll of inl:tlliry till'malinllSiliin 'assa U[I' '1'( '(1)~ \\ iIh SWI J1,{I.~ 01' ~hl In slx'a rs. a lld'!in" n'lllp:ll1i,'~ \\illl l'l'(,sshows or KlirlS, III I+~JLJ

d!il1'ls hOld bc','n Ill:,d,· III Irain two 11\('11 from l'ileh

"7 rna Firma \'ilbKI' with halldJ.:"ulIl> hUl 1101 tllltillhenisis or I ~JI ,!\ had pa"l'cl n'llid a ru[ [ m"'I'ha It1f ,I" Ihe\'I'IWd:lll milili,r ,'y'lc'lll Ill' clrl'ied nul.

ArUlies al hOUle and abroadV,-nin" s liJ-S1 M'riuu,' ill\'n1t't'llll'IH on I1w 7 rnll Firma

daled Ii'om ':J:iB. \\ilh Iwr elt-r('al of Padua andSC:iZllft' (,I' 'I'r('\ i'>ll. J-1('llcdill'll, \ 'l'nicC' was ,I majorpmlt'r 111I lilt' Iialian lll:tin[:llld, and after q:.!3 alilllllarlll'nlal ,hili in \'I'IIt'dan policy cOllllllilll"d

her 10 lill',lll'I' 'I '1'I'i Iori:t [ n,pa lI~i!lll, \'('1 rin' weill 011III l'llllfjlll"t" a lal)(" pari (If llltrllltTtl ;lllt! Ilurth­CaSll'rn Ila[y. Tholl~h 111(' gH\'('l"1ll1l1'l11 am[ militaryorganisatiun of Ihl'~\' l\·niIOl·i", I'ari,'d. il Wil~

gellt'ral[~ It':'s llppn'l>,i\'t, ,h:111 1,1:.1·11'111'1'1' ill [t:rly,\'cilin' W:tS, Ill' eClUl"I', pl·illlaril~ l'(1I1('I'l"lIl'd willI!\t..Turity, liK'K1 \llpplics .Iud aCCl',s tjl tilt' Alpil1epa£.'l."S rat!If'r lhall mililal') ,1(101')" ~, thai hl'" li",hlhand in"pircc! CUlhidl'l'ahll' [O)allY 1111 IIII' T,.rmFim/(l. This \la," ,'\I'll '1'11(' ill .1 h.u'k\\:lrd and :.IillC'SSc:ntially r('uclal an'" likl' Frilili. \dll'rl' tilt' \larlikl"Friulani \1'('1'(' IIc'I,·1! a, ,,,ord'llll·ll. '/rcrm Firma

urhan mililia.. or (Juli"ml:;'f lraim'(! l'al'h SUlJda~.

Stal..e or 'Orlaado' by Sooino of Milaa, '1'3- ni" Io..oh~bl.

rq>re1Jeolia~ Dubroyo..ik, wu" cypical ...rly ISlb Uo.l .. ryItaliao. armour of Ibe k ••d ..>led by Ih" military Hil .. ofDalmatia (i...i,,, .... i .. sq........ Dubro..... ilt).

'3

'SI M •.,....,I.. _" ~IDLiD!by V"«ou ofK.~ln', 0474,. P.rt of•.",.,Ie of ~inl'''I. i" l'OIrb whi.,h i.e1ud", lypic-lIy V"'D""""w"'pDlllIlIu ..h •• Ihe Ihr_blad«l ......"" .nd, •• h..re, typi...1Germ....rmour, V,.neli.n 1.lri. w•• bounded by AUlilriawhile "un••ry ."d Ollom..n- .... led Bo....l. I..y just Dyer Ih",moua...l"li (i.. #t .. .,hllr..h ofSt, M ..ry, s.....mJ,

and tlllalkd ahollt :)O,Olllll1WIL ItllllallY an'a~ Iheold l'll\llllr~ k\'il'~ had n'lllailled l'lIi'erin' fighlin~

lroop~ t1lrllu,!..;'ho1l1 till' l:llh {'t'tllllI'Y. Such forcl'SWt'l"l' rt'\,jnxl ";Irly ill lilt' tlilh celliury wht'll Iheywel"l' kllO\\"1 a~ rl'll/it/r, El-wwlwt't, Ihl' IJI"asalllry~t'r\'nl a~ rllral g'll1'rrilla~, hara:.~ill.1{<Ill itl\'adt'l". Onthl' 01111'1' hand tilt' full-lillll' urhall ,l{al'ri~OIlSof Ihl'\ "'I1"!i;1l1 '/ n I'll /'trll/II \\','1",' oft,'n (If \','1') low II ual iIy.l"(f1l ..i~lillg- or n'lin,d \'l:lt'1"a'I,~ (II' Illl'll wilh 110Illililar) lr;,illillg" whal~ne\'I'I",

\'t'lll'li;llllll1'("l':, ~1:llillnt'd O\'I'I")o,t'a,<, in tlll' ('lI1pirl', f)fI ,\ /(//", \\ '"1'1' 1IfIll! In' ("l "lsi .. tt"ll fluali Iy alld (,fie'ltItTul'i,'{1 i..nl;ltnl W' hazardou~ oUIJ)l)sts, Apal'lli·ntll tlU' hllW' IHHll) \\'01' wilh Iht' eOllqm':.l of

R... r view of Verr...c";o'" 1i1..11l,. (""4,85) of Lbe f.mollti.,o"dolti""" Bar'olomeo CeUeoni who lierv«l V .......,. f"ilbfutlyfor m ..ny y,..r..,1t .how... ~rf""l .....mpl" on.l'" 'Slb ..,.nluryrun.pl.. l rmOu" in Ih.. h.li." ... yl,., For .. frO'l! view~MAA•J6, It.Ii Mtldi.,,,.l Armi". P,:H (ill .i,.. c.mpo SS,Gio~ ,.P..ol... V<r."i~).

Isia nIHil l (:or'~1 ;1I1l iIlClph') ill 1'W'I, \ 'I"nin' ca t't'fullyM'lt'('l~'d a l1l11l1 bel' Ilrslr" tq~i(' Il'TTi tnl"il'." ;I~ lilT ~hal"l'

or Ibe ~hallt'l"ed ByZ,Il11ilH' Empirl', SIll' was lH,tinll'!'l'sl('(1 ill btW' mainland lI'ITilori,'s whid1\\Ol,ld 1)1' dink-lilt 10 ddi'ml ami I'Xpl.'tlsin' 10

gon"l'n, Rall,,'r Ihl" \'I'I1t'li;ltI~ \\;lI1t("(1 duminationor Ih,' IU(T,ui\'t' Irack rOllll'~, :-11 tht') IlHlk parlOrIS(;lll bul ilst'll: a ('ha in Ilri~lallds a II(llllo~1 Ill' til(' heslharhllurs around (;n'('ce. Fin"l1~ 1I11'~ hlltl.~ht IIIl"greal i~laml ore",'I\'I()!' 3(1lh~ of~llld. ,'\"nin' hadthl", al (lilt' slrok,', WOIl an I'mpirt', Orl-::ltli~il1,1{ ilwas alllilher lila tl("I', "'h\" (,lei \' ,',,,'t i:lll ll'l"ril"ri('~ inlilt' Adnatil' had f('tailll"d Ilwir tr.Hlilillnal ~'SH'm~

or gOH'l"llllll"nl, lhoUJ.:::h IImlt-r \'t,,1t'li,1II ellulll~ tlrlucalliUlIilil':' or prll\ I'll It,~ alt~. TIll" 1It"\\ ('mpir(' in'Romania '. :I~ it \\a~ kml\\ n, \\ a~ plat','C1 unrl(T~OH'rnnrs M'nl din'(,II~ Ihlln \'t'lIin·. Cn'H' \\a:.sli~hll) dilli.'n'lll 011 ;\Ct'<llllll or il~ .. i/.(,: a \"'!ll'liauduke' was "('SI>lIIl"ihk ror till" i~lalld' .. (It-f(',KI"S andpr('~idL'C1 o\(:r a tlCW r\"ud,,1 d",,~ or \·llllllli!oh. pili'!>t hOSt, Ii.'" (; rt'l"k arisllKTa IS \\ ho l"('tai 11t'{1 1Ill,ir blld.

Permanl'l11 rnilitar~ Ir,rc,,,, YMIII "PI)(';ll'I'{1 d!o('­wh\"n' ill thi~ l'mpi"I', lon~ hdi,rt, Ihl') did ill tilt"Trrm Fimw, :\ItJ~t \\','rl' enli~II"(1 li'urn Ihe IlIct!

militilr) l,lill", thUll).!:h l'wn in IIII' 13th l'I'1I1u~

11:1li:III' \\ ,Tt' I)('i Il~ n'n'lli\l'd litr 'IT\'il'l' (,\ l'rsl'it:., JII

1:!l~l \'I'll in" , Cn'Ian (i.'LIiIa lnrit', n)c<,t' ill J't'\'oh. Tlwn'i11l~ \\a" ITtl,ht'd anIT hillt'r li~IHill.L:, andIlwn'alit-r Iht' ddi'llnos or Cn'\I' \\t'rt' stilli:'nl'c1 hyIllall) Illt'rn'llal'it", Ilali:II1 in/i-Illll"y takillg a majorril!t' 111l1U~h 11:t1iall l'a\'all") \ll'n' mill"(' ran,lyrt'i"nrckd, I.oeal ,/rflflioli prll\'idrdllw bulk orhor~l'­

'111(lit"'s,I':adl pan orlhe \'I'll1'li,1II t'11Ipin' dilli:rnl ill tilt'

details oril., Illilil:1 I) 1Ir)..\a Ili~a Iit Ill. I". ri:t had rill,. II yb'TII 1'!'ll(lltl'l'l'd 1"1,' ill Ih,' 1:~lh Cf'Il111ry "tiel" asnit's Ill' a n1llhi I,il Ill' up,'r" Ii( 'liS lJ) g:a Iky llet'ls .. rill.:lllrl i lil'a Iilllll> 1'1' 1111 N' pla("t'~' likc ·I'ric.'ll: ane! KoplTwhich had ddled \'t'IWliall cOll1rol. W('I'C c1isman­i1txl. Kllpt'!' \\a, plal"l'd une!n lilt' jt\illl rult, of a/JOd,"/(/ !'i\'il /-:II\I'I"II(,r :11\(1 a /lfIl/'rdit"fI' mililar~

ae!lllilli,lralOl'. Z:tc!aJ', lilt' main \\'lIl'li:m n:"'alb:I'i" ill Dalmalia, rrl'fIIH'lltl} n'\'ollt'd a~ai1l.'1

\'('II\,ti:m rult' alltl had, ill 1:1('\, h(','11 rl'COH'I'l,ddurill~ Iht' Ii!"'''1 hall It' or lilt' Fourth Crusad,'.Duhro\ nik n",i'lt'(l Vl'm'lian ('ulilrol mort' dTn-·lin-I} atld \\.1' onl) J'ullxl h~ \'cnice from I~O':' to1:~S8. EI ...ndwn.' Ih,' \'l'Ill'li:llh Il'ft <I:ly-",-<l"y

'8aul~ o( Ao&hiari (••••l·. paialed c o",. d>~..c by IOCh t o(Uc",U... I. lhill b,ud~ chI: V"'....c; and F1o....nci .._ u5(0",a d~(",cN th~ Mila.."'.... undu Picd..iao, tNa., Gall, o(Ir.,I.DCl, Duhli..)

au:til..... ill IIK'i11 hamb \1 hilt, lirrlll~ "Olllrulling lilt'pon .. , Ill(Il>{' i~IaII(I, \lilll.1 Ira(lili"11 f,t'lliraq, ,llid;"l('lTS., 1'I 1111' \ i I,d I; U't'l>h frol" \\ hieh nU~1 \','11"[ iall~hip" \Wrt' huill. Otlll'rwi,,' \'c'lIin' h:lcl 110 i11ll'n"111\ IhI' bkak li1ll,"1 ('11\' 11H ,unwill' "I' I Ill' hinllTl:t ml.Sornl' dIll''' IIt'l"" ohli,L:I'c1 III ~lIppl~ "hips to 'hv"I'lll'li;llll1t'I" Zadar 110 II'~S Ihall :\0 g-nlley~ filllymanned "'hill' all had III 'lIpply ,'i:lilors, pluslIlililias fi'1" 111"it' OWll ddi'lIt'c. '1'11t1l1J..(h 111l'cou111ry~idl' 1'1'III<lill('(1 firll1l~ SIa\', lilt' llali<lncharal'tl'r or Ihl' 1l1:~jor I),dlllali:m c'ilit'~ 1\:lSstn:11~IIH'IH'd. Full) Ir;lill\'lI t'l'0.,,1J,.\\ cnilili:ll>Ix:t'anw:t li'ailln' Ill' Iht"" ,'iIi,'" \,llil,. 1),tllllali:llIIx'as,llll \\:trriol'~ ~lill aPI':tl'l'llll~ 11",11 t"Cllnpmill'hO\I~ ul' U}l.alllil1l' or .rlmo't Turl.i,h l"nJl,

TIlt' :l.licldlt' Ea~ll't"ll ,11 .. ,..1\'\1'1' 01 "('lH',ianl'olollialu'IIt'p" ill Cn'\(' ami (;I'1'1"('t' \\,1,' C'\'l'll mol','oh\iou"" En'ltia, kllll\\11 tn Iht, \'t'llt'li:tns ;I~

~q.!r()plJlllt'. \\,1' "Imlt;.t ,l' hiA .111 i,larul a~ Cn'l,'and wa,,111I' kc') Ii' \'I'Ilt'lianl)ll\"'1' in Ihl' :\q.~C;lI1,

'5

II llrislkd with l(lrtilieatillllS, indudillJ.,: il tl)\\TrIHlilt in till' !llid~1 nl"1I1\' Ell ripos thallrwl wilen' lip(IJ 1.1 licks flowed ill a single day, Only tIll(' ot'tlw1ll0S1 sl'lIior \'l'lll'ti:m :Idnlinislfalnrs t"ould bctollll"Nt/ili,- or !!:n"ITIUll" Ill' E\"\"oia. :lI1d the l'nl1H1Y'S OWllflag; \\-a~ tloWl1 lIll :1 IInnlZl' fl:Ig;"~I:,lr oll!sidl' dwC:lllll'dr:d "I' SiHI :\larl'lI ill Vvnin' ilsdf UllClTI'!llOllial UCC:rSillll~,

Other I.-s~ inlporlall( ,\,'ge:lll iSJalld,~ Wl're rlll'restups a 1011,1.{ tire track n,utl'S ot" bast's li'Olll which tnconi rol pir:ltr' '['hi' Crd,ulcs :lfcllipda,l.{tl, Ilwon'li·c:dlya lid'ofllll' l.:rlill Ernpin'orConstaminopk.wa~ al'l ually held hy \':1 r;ous \'('11t'1 ;all Hlinilil's who

pl:H'('d lo)'.rlIY hJ VI'ni('I' ahove mere felldalohlig-:ltions III Illat short-I;\"l'd 'I'lllpin.', Tire tillYi,sl:rrld of "tiliera, (Ill' Ihl' sl)UIIlt,:1'Il tip 01" Greece,pnJ,'idl'd "ital l'11Il'l11111llieatiuns bl'lWCI'll \'<:llitealld Crele; ;1 ("'('lltu:,lIy had lin less (h:lll Illrl'I'("a~llc-.s and ol sizeal)l\' l-\"alTison, Corfu, at 1111' mouth

'Venelian S'raJ,'"U; al lh.. baule of '''ornovo ('4.9S)' from aFrench print made a f"w year,. later, Here a combined halianarmy tlnd.. r Venetian leadership was narrowlyd..f..aled by .heinvading French, btlt not before the str"d,otli light cavalry hadcaused terror On lh.. Fr..nch flank. {Nat. Gall, of An,W..sh;ngton)

01" lltl' Adriatic, Ilad originally J;llkn ttl \'min'durillg thl' 1':lfvin,l!"up ol"tlH' Byzarrlilll' 1':l11pil"l'. ;IS[l'mbl obli,l!:l [iPll IWill,\.{ I hl' Sll ppl YIIf '21 I klligb ts a lid.1.0 ~qllirl"s, Corfu was, Iww('\'l"1". soon lost 10 lhl'Kingdol1l (If N:q)!cs ami had tn he purehasl'd had;n 1:11.11i, Other Il'mpnrary Vt'lH'tiall P<J~S('SS;lIns illGn'l'c,' illclmkd i\lnllt'Ill"ils;a, i\ktluJlIi, Arl-\"(ls,C"rilllh, N;t\·paklO,\, Nauphlia alld 1'\'1'11 Atlll'ns,

,\s thl' Ollornall~ ad":lllct'd ;11"1"1'\,\ (;n'I'\'I' in thl'!.llh ("l'lllilry Illt'~I' olllp0:-ol:; l!("callll' lillnl wilhByzalltilll' n'lil~I'('S, il.larty (';Illlt' rrolll Ille (,Idmililary i'lill' and tOf'lk sl'l'\'in' wilh \'ru;n' ,IS\Imllio(; li~lll cavidry, Arll\,ng thl'lll W"'"I" I:Hllt'liSrl,lllll'S like (;1'<lill.:lS P:llOlt'IIIIIg;(IS, {i'tllll IllI' lastByzanlilll' rlilill,1.{ (;lmil). willi rose II' ("(llmna'ItI .. 11Venniall lighl G:t\'a I1')", All dli,rt lco dri\"(' till'()tl\llllansOltl ol"tl\(: PclUpUlllll'SC ill 1.1(j:~ .~ witli allarmy (11' ,,(rad;nli, J [alian h,llld"g;uIHllT~ Olild (.m"d'iltirri hell "y Gl\'alry l:LiIt 'd, 'fhis was lilt' last majllrVelH:tian land ollcllsi\'l: in tlll' 1':I~1. Th(T('a!il'l"ddcllSi\"l' 0p.Tatioll~ lI"en' kn III Ihi' na\':11 amig::lrrisoll ilrf:'mtl'y 'lild In ,(/'(/(/iQI;. wh(l not only

li'"ght tilt' 01l0111:1nS till 111.';1' OWll t('r1ll~ bUI W(Tl'III uch dll';\ per 10 Ill:' iI11<1 in Ihi! II \ \\',~tl-rll"st yk 1llt'1l"

11';

a I-anns, \ \'ieldi 11g: l;hOl"l la IIl:C~ orja \'cli Ill;, bows a lIdlighl swords, alld being- rdalin.:ly li~ht1y armoun:d,such Jlmdioli wcrl' recruiled ill Grcl'C.':c, Albania ,mdDalmalia. Theil' loyalty was rarely in doubt. lheirferocily pt"OH'rhi<l1. and their habil ofml1ccting lheheads or slain fbI'S nc\'cr seriously discouragnl.NC\"tTlhckss. si,l.:"ns ordcc1ining Balkan and Grn:ksllppnrt till' Vt'nice' he'camc apparenl ('\'("11 Ily Ihl'151h ('t'nlll!'),

Crel!' n'lll'lined the prize poss"ssioll ami \'t'llin'h:'ld 10 fi~hl lor il agaillSt hOlh local Grceks andGt:lloes(' l"rCt'-hOOlers, To cnSllrc ils subjection til('

isl,lIld had hlTIl di\'idecl illlo six seclions nallwdafter the si,\; dislri('lS of\'t'lIic(', BClIt',lIh Ihcse Gl!lW

Ij2 kllig-lllS' l"ct'S ilnd ,1°5 infillllry s('rgt',lIllriesmostly held by VClH,tiilll military s"tllers, For­Ii fical inns spra Ilg up all ovel' t he island. particu larlya I(Jllg Ihe nol'\ ht'l'll COilsl, \' t;l Crell' pnwnlnol to belh" land llf"0pp0rlutlilY as had al fina bet;ll hoped,Evell hy 13:F many nl'l1w \'ellt;lian St'lller knighlswcn' 100 puo!' to aflurd proper mililary equipmellt.i'vlall)' of Iheir li:udal scrls \l't:I'(' 01" Ar,J!) origill.dl'scrlld\,d t'rtl1n i\ Ill~lilll C(Jllq\lcror~ whn had ruleden'l" {"('lllllrics ("arlin, Though llllfrn.:, Ihey could1)(" SlllllllHltlt'c1 filt' mililary service. while Gn:ekCretans WI"IT also Ctllls<Tiptcd when llt'cl1ed, TIll:en'lall lalenl lor s;1\'<Ig-e j.{lll'l"rilla Il'arline firstbl"(':llllC ;lpparcnt dllring lht., ll1id~I~'1th n'lllllry

l"C'bdlinll "'hil'h "'as, 11011'l'\"I'I" equally sav<lg-dycrushed, Allullwr uprisitl,!s inlhl: mid-t4.lh n.:lltllrycontirnwd thl' Vl'l1Clians in t1wir vicw or Cn'tans asulliruslworthy sa\':lges, ,1l1d Ihe latle]' ill theirh:lllwl [iw V('lIelian t.'o)onial I'llit-, NI'HTthdess

Crt.'tan inl:lIllry archers were soon lighling- a)otlg­sick Vl'lll"tian nossh(Jwmt:ll in lilt..' Tl'rm Firma,

From Ill,' Fllunh Crusadc's conquesl 01" l~tallbtll

ill t '111'1 II) Ih" Byzan Ii 11(' rC~<Ii ni Ilg: or Ih(-ir capi lal illI',d)l. Vell"tiall merchanls dUlllillatl'd L111: Black

Sea, This dall!-':t'fOllS area spallllt'd Ihc rich ('ara"allroUles fhltn Irall and Chilla, and was abo animp0l'\alll SIIUtT,' fir wood fhHl1 which ('ross bowswere m,tclt.-, III 12Gl Vt'niCt' IIISI )Il'!" paramlHllllpvsilion 10 1111' G,'nUI'se, who werl' dos,' allil's or:tr('vivnl Il)'zaillillm, But, (It:Spill" till' dedicaledllostilil)' ill" Ihl~~t' IWO Ilalian mariliml' repuhlics,Venin.: and Cenoa Ih'qul'ntly co-op"raled ill lhehazardous "Il\'irolllllCIlI ol"the Black 5t';I, This waspaniclll:lrly <lpparenl ill Ihe Crinw:J, where allumbt'l' of" originally Byzantin" porls sen'l'd as

'Porl.rail ofan unknown F1or~ntin~"nigh!' by Piero di Co5imo,<:.'5'5> showing ,h., ftut..d arn.our ,",pular ;n norlhern lIal)'from Ihe earl)' .6,h ce...ur)', {Nal. GaU.,r)', London)

termini [i)r tht, lralls-Asiall Silk Road as wdl asroUll'S IHH'lh illin fur-rich Rll1>.,i<l alld Siberia, Then'

were. nl'rollfsc. hll)ucly dashes, bllt Vl'lll'lialls amiGe1l0l'se hOlh fi'ar\'d Ih,' mighl oftl1\' llt'i~hlJolirillJ..:"

!\Iollgnl Cold,'!) I-Inrdl' ,111(1 its Sll('n'~SClr Kh'III:II,'".The CrinH':I ilsdf 11'<1.'1 ;, rl'm<lrkalll~ mixed :In',I,wi th Arn1l'll ialls Ii lnni Ilg ,l m:ljori I)' ill SOIll\, 11';ldi II).:I(IW!lS and Christian (;cllhs, dt'St't'lld;llll.' tll' 1):lrkAge and pn!l;lps slll),s('qllc'IH Anglo-Saxon rd'u,g\'l'set1leI'S, ill h<llJi Iin)..:" \ lit' l"flast:L I IHlllllltaillS, :-\ I Kal1;1

the Gcno('s(' e\"('11 had a ((Ili/lrll/l'lIl rio/hi,' ill l"h'lrg'e orGothic lroups, pillS ((lIM/alii ami otlln' lilll-timl'military ollieials, Tltt' llali:llI~ 10.'11 1111' (:ri11\I';1 1\IIIIl'OllOlIlalls in l.li~l. llll' Black SI';I !J1'I'omin,g :111Ol10ll1atllakv willllilliw )'('ars. "Ih'!" which lhl' c>l1l~'\\'l'slero' Ilwl'cllanl 1"!'J<ls,'I, 10 s;lil ils wal'T" \\"\'1"("thnsc ol"\'t'niee's llid J),IIIIl:lli,nl l'i"a1. \)ulJro\'nik,

Thc lllcn::t'l1ary t!t'Il1\"lll ill \'l'lwtiali anllit"steadily im'l'cascd O\'l'!' Ilw n'lllliril's, ,\lnl'l'naril",shad IOllg IWt'l1 a kalun' 01' ll;diall 11'<lrE,n' amiIlOl"lhtTn Ilaly rt'rnainn) lilt' ma,iul' SCHlrn' lll"SUc:/1

'7

'Kn;ghl adunng Ihe Virgin lind Child' by Clliena, early 161hcenlury. The ....rnur'. turban and a curved dagger on the wallsuggest Ihal he represent. an 'ori,"-nlal', perhaps one of IheThrff Wist' Men or a Venelian s/rpdiol light ca"alryman, (Nat,Gallery, London)

tl"()()P~ tor '·("nin·. AIIlOl1~ tin: first Iloll·ll:dian~ to

he hi I'ed II tTt' Ca la l;t II tTl lS.,hO\\'Jllt'll b IC' in Iht' 131 hcenlury. Fon'i~ltel's Iwcanlt' mllrt.· Cf,rnmlllt in l'llh("{'!llury ,'cilicc, as Ihcy \\lTt' dscwlH'n' ill Italy.tllllllg"h Ihe \'t'lleti;tll.' t'al'lll,d ;t rl'[luI;1Ii011 a,~

llowbly hard bar,l{aim'rs 1IIIt'll il camt.' to drawingllP tIll' ("'ld'll/a n,nlral"l. Such cfllItrans wen'g"t'lIt'r<tlly \'t'f)" rlt-tailt-d. slw("if")'in~ arms andcquipnwllt dOWIl Iu tlll' la~t ell-tail. Fon'ig-nnWI"t"\"l1arit's Wt'lT not 1101'111;llly l)C'nnill~'d to li\'C iuVeil in' ilself" hUI Wt'l'\' ltllllst.,d ill b;uT:lcks firhadwlor lious('," Wilhill IIle ciladds 01" llw Tfll"ll

1-'11'I1111. Th('I'\' Ilw Il'OOPS St~m illlcgl'aled il1(o tll('lot'al comll1unities. marryiug" lucd ~irl,~ and cvellsCllilig IIp local lmsiln'sst's, Yel discipline could iililllw h;u"Sh, wilh hangill)..\s or Illutilalions fix St....iOll'nl1i.:nses like clt-senioll. (,'ollflul/;I'I"I Ieackrs \I'hohccr;tyecl VClIin" werc Jlllhfidy humilialed byha\'il1g" ilwir ptlrtr;til,s hUll,!.;" up~ick-dflwn ill puhlicplatTS sudI as lhl' Riallo broltu:l.

Oil/dol/ini inl:Hllry Wl'I"t' sent m'\'l"seilS in the I.llht.'t'l1lmy, s(,l'vin,1.;" itl erett' and ds('wht'l'('. Tht'/.:"IT<lll'SI SUlTt'''St'~ t,r tht'st' ltig-hl)' trained pro­1i.'ssiiJlI;tls wen', lrow('w:r, ill t!ell-nn' 01" the TerroFitl/w. Thest' Wen' al'llil'\'('d not only ag:aillSt 01l1l'r

(Qlldollirri hUI most 1l0l;thly a,!.{ailisl I-lullj.{arians illFrillii ('Oldy in the 151h CI'lIlury, AlIlllUg" ,'('lIiet'"snOli-II alia n melTt'l L;j rics \\'t.:I"t' (;I'fll'liln ,L;"Lt lllH 'r, a llClpikemcll, English ardH'l"s, (jaselllls, ~wi~s, Al­banian mountain intillllry, Dallll,Hial1~and en'tallardH'r~. Omd/llfiai infhnlry wcn' lIst.'c! in !;{rcal111l1l11wrs durillg Iht' 151h CUtlllry, proving tlltlcheasier 10 hire and lire Ih;1I1 the pr0ud('r ane! more('xpt'nsin' c;l\·alr)', Such tlll.'lTt.'nary inbntry forcl.'~

lltJrmally itlCluded spl'annCtt, ("I'Os..,II(JWllll.'ll and

shidd-hcart'l"S in t.'qual llttillUCr. BUI all thescl1lerC('ll<lry lill'cCS had thl.' dis<lch-;II11ag-t' (lrshorlCOtl1 racls. a licr wh icll 1111: lllC11 could gil a lId hi rc ou t

10 anolher' stalc.-I'IIC 101lg" VenClian tradition ol'1llilitary Irainill~

and splendid lOtlrnatlll"nts, ill which t'\'t'll ,lradi!}l;were takin)..\" part by 14-91, stlUI(\ VeniCt· in /.:"luKI~lead. An.:hcry butts fill' nosslxl\" prat,tit"(' \\'(,I'edot led aruund lhe cilY and Ihe Lickl, Priz('s wne~elh.'rous. and III Iso6 slmolillg" l'an,l.;"l.'S ami{"ompt.,titions lor handgulls \I'CIT similarly sel up,illdicalingjust how inlportalll lllC~e til'\\' \\t'apttIIShad become. Olher \\'al'likt.' pa~tinH'~ ;ndllclt"-clbarely C"oll1rolkd baltlc~ with :l1;lVes alld fislsbl.'lween lhc thrcc easlern and Iht' Il1n'\' \l"t"'~\(TII

.If."ifl"; parish<,s tJfVellice, Ollidally ill;Hl~lIl'all.'d in1'29'2, (hey lellclt:d 10 tah' placl.' bel \l't"('l1 St'plt'lll ht'l"alld Christmas, Nonnally IIKll~in~ollllll'tlridgnwhich l"ck(·<! parapets ill IhoSt, days Illt'y l'llCkd

willi lilt' 10sl'J's Hilling inlo Ih' 'allal. :ham sealigills a 'saults Oil 1110 k a.<;llc " , nd bagordi or lighl('<1,'<111''' manu 'uvr \ I' ua k and with Irawaldear! inspin'cJ by Balkall or lsIami militarypra lin',w(T'alslar'atUr' rl,th cl1llrY\lni ":0 \\01: Ih· d ",r1y non-E Imp an ,\l"rel/'o wardan l'Wilhhllllltl'd la g rs, namar's nou I \' Il\\·i l'-year! ' mililaI-y parade' and ill:p lioll' \\'ered ':iglH' I 10 weed ut in Ilmp'l nl 11'0 I;' an I I(cll('l'k Ihl' qualil~ or mililar, quill11('nl.

Siege, Fortification and Fireanns\ elH'linn sicg\' \\'arl~ln.:, al leasl 01 land. ~ II ,,'reith(' :an1l' p;'ltl'rJIS as d: \ h('n' in Europe, B Ihe(',11"1)' dah PIIIIIl')' Ih' krenn' ora it)' like Paduadej) 'ne! 'c! up II all e);1 'ri I' \\'al -r-fill d dilch andmassed ,. rlillLTy in rais'd eanh ha. tions to covcrgalf's allel mlll'r weak J oinll'. The stOll(' cily wall wassln'llg111l'1lt'd hy having -anh I ikcl again 't il. inner[1('(' hchin I whi 'h was anothcr e1il h l:nckcd byeascma ('S and lowers, Filll II. therc 'ame a high!'m ban km 'nl \-vi th a parap 'I S 'Iyj ng a' an a ':embl)'poinl anrl additional ,utili r' pladc.1I'ITI, :ro:sbow'\lI'n' 'Iill used b)' l11ililianll'l1, b II hanclgul1ll rspnl\'iclnl t hI' mO:1 ,0' Ii,' an. w... In inral1lrassault.

\ eni l' fin U~ I. an I (~I (' I. firearm III 137\l11\'III)Olh lhl' \'c'lwliansand AU'Iri ns mploy'dhomhards ill open baIlie, 'UIlS play d a more~iglliliralll rlJIr againsl til· 'no'" L r,w y'arslal('I'; alld b ' Illl' t"\r1) I Ih (,tlllUl' Ih' \' 'nt'li. n~lI'Inr clearly had an artillery Irain whil evcn Iheri,'(T fI '('I' arri·d nUllwrOll, small cannon,

River waU and bastion (left) of the 16th century defences ofKolor, The land waU may ju t be e n rising from left to rightup the precipilou lope of Mount Lovcen,

4-----...1)-c.l--_---"'--:-_---.J

Firearm : A-B........l of Scllioppo band'gun, '<lth C, (Mus,Civico Marzoli, Brescia); B-Br....ch.loadin cannon 'een frombeneath, of type which could be mounted on the bulwark ofaship, 15th C, (Mus. Civico Marzoli, Brescia); C-Mid.15tb C.haDdgun, shown on right in reconstructed wooden tock (Mus,Civico, Trieste); D--Mililary whedlock pi tol with Germanbarrel & Brescian lOck, mid.t6th C. (Annoury of Doge'sPalace, Venice); E-It:alian caliver matchlock, I ngth abnost"5 m ..tre (after Held),

'rcnadc: \ ere also rr 'orr! 'el, hUI il was thl'kvdopnwl1I IJI'II (' han I-R In \- hi 'I was to pl'tlVC

ll10s1 dramalic, In lh' l ..ph n'nlury such \\!c'apOl1s

had less armour-penetrating- 'apabilil than ross­bows, thollgh Ihey wer(' rh ',,!wr; bUI il11prov 'l11('nl:illih '111 nuhrlurt' I'salLJ eln' '1I1d the IISI' r10ngcrbarrels rapidly in rcast'd Illuzzk vclnril ',The gr 'al

cilcli. n rondl/lliff/-leader. :olkolli, was popularlyCTt'dilt'd wilh lirl't using lid I arlilkr ' Oil l1lobikcarriages, an I Ihou~h ht' mig-hl Ilnl aClUally han'b n tht' Ii r:t. h ' ('cn ai11 h, us 'd IIll's(' 111'\\' w 'a pon:,"I" '11<- tiv'l)', Tht' V '11 'lian, W('IT a!' 11­

lhllsiasli . al out d '\T10I ing 1It'\ c'xplnsivc' wcapon:including' gunpl wd r-fill'd mill's alld Ih' long­barrell 'd and higll)' mobile !NlJi/i,l!. sit',£{ gUll, Th\1', enal ul1\'iousl)' phyed a major I an in Ihl\('

dl"" 'IOll11l'llIS hUI was t'qllillJ~ d ",r1y unabk 10manu a "I un' as Illan) call 11011 ,I: wcre Iwcckd ill lheI Ih t'l1lur. l\l<-anwhilt- inm was smdtnl andworked [(II' mililary I ul-pnst\ in a \\flll<- I "I' rt IJr

ru mace: known a~ Ihe - '\In. Ia IlT 10 I> 'coml' hell I'kn \\Ill rtS the Ghcuo or Jcwish quancr or \ cllice.

The hilllre 01' \' 'nclian anill'ry againsl aninvading- Fr 'nch Siq~l' train <11 thl' CII I or t1w 15thc('lllury SC'C'I11S lHll III In\,' I' 'sull(' I li'om infr-rinr'V{'e p )IlS bUI (i'om Frell 'h Ilun1l'ri 'al Sll'l'Il,~lh andhI' gr 'atcr ll1obilil, '

111 I. ()l \ 111(' r~lc('d Ih' L 'agut' or Cambrai."'hi h pilled In sl If Europ' againsl her alone:a11101l/.{ til ':e [C)t', wa~ Fnu1l'I' whose armi 'S wcrcamol1g- Illl' 11l0S1 I (I\\Trrul Ill' till' clay. nl)' IWO

I ~)

m(lllth~ ann ;[ lIug't' explosiUlI ill the "rst'llars~lI11pO\\"(kr ~lore. \'c'llin' lI"a~ dl'li-alecl at thl'(li~;L~lre)u~ I';lt,ll' c,f !\~n;ldl'll(J :LII(I till' Tt'ITt/ /'j"rfl/a

\I"a~ lll~l. T'w~(> ll't"ril"ric'~ WITI' \<1 be' ~radually andp;nit'lIt1y rq~ailH'd: htlt t1w most remarkahle aspectflf Ihis app:dlill).{ )'I';lr 1I';1~. ill 1;ICt. the Repuhlic's~un'i\·al.

FrOIn ,hell on Vt'nice adopted a grimly ddcllsiVt,.~1;1I1n.. ~hllnniltg" all alliances and stn:nglh(,rling herfnl1lticrs with the ,nost modern liJ1'llfications. 'j'llt,pn'l'llrtion orea\'alry to inl;ulIry in her annil'S wasdraslicall~ reduced, as in nHist OlhtT Europc.:;ul

slall,;s. whik .111 ever-growing" Ot \( IIlla II na\'al til rea t

10 her (JnTSI'as lelTllories demallckd enor muregaJlI'ys. plu"~ lilt' marim's and .({llllS II' lill thelll, OIL

Ihl' ntll(T hand, Vl'lH:lian mililal")' Ol'g-;l11isalifJlllJecame mon° and mort' COnSt'lTa,i\'l' and predict­ahle. CClilsidl"l"able dlilr!S \,'ere' c1n'oh'd til :1\'olding

"';11' Willi Ilw Ollomans and 10 m;lirllailling strinnt'UtraJiI)' In Europ",11l albirs. The army ;\IId tlet"l·o-npo.'l":llo:d 11I(,r(' dll~l'1y than 1·\'C'r. The fiwllll'rt·n11c('1lIral\·d on Illainland Ihn·als li·Oln Hapsbtlrg­

:\lL~lrla and Ottomall-\"ukel HI/sllla, lhl' Jall"r 0111l;1\'allhrl":Il~ nOI f111ly Ih,m lhl" OllfllllallS but also

IhJln IhOst, champions of C:hrisll'llelIJlll, the Span­iards. whll nl)\\' rllkd ~Olllh('\"n Italy. \'('nll'l' may11;I\'C i;hrllllk 10 a svcnllel-das~ po\\'(' .. , bllt lhe

wisdom or, hese pulirics \"C'stllted in Ihe fl'llla I'kahi)'long: lik (,l" her l"mpire. which sun'lwel IIntil

N:lPO!t:OI1"s lakC'on'r in 1797. ~1:1chian'lJi'sdamll­ing: explanation or the Venetian ddi'i11 in 15U!) a-"

result illg; li"om a ' misera bit- haseness orspi rit ca lLSI·d

'The SIO~OrSIUrsula' by Carpaccio., '493. Lef'_h.. pilgri",,,arrive al Cologne, "ho...ing (ully ar",oured men equipped inVeneTian lilyl", and an archer wiTh a la,,,, By~anTine slyl", o(.....ord. Belou-.llassacr", o( tbe pilgrim" by UUnll, sho...ingHghdy equipped soldiers ...ho are probably ba..ed on Venelian$f.,,,diolli. (Academia Gall" Venice)

'.10

1\ 1'1'1' pn'tl'l·tllH-\(II' S"I~j ill till'

111,11"1' laud lIar.\\]10. Iltrllul.:h

b~ a 1\'ITlclll'd lI1ilitar~ ~y'h'H1' wa~ pwn'd \\"rull.~

by slll"\'ilal IiII' almost lhru' 11101'(' cl.'lllllri,·~ ;Ig-airhl.tll dll' lIdd, (If Eurolll"~rli Ili~lor).

Onl' I""ull or \'('lIin:~ ehallgnl lojtuati'JlI wa~ arclurn 10 rdiann·. as I~u' ;t, pll~~ihll" orL IHT U\\ II

mell, ;\ll'I'n'llarie~ \\fTl' still recruitcd IIlII surhI!'lOOp' IllTl" nOlI kss a\'ailabk and \\'niee \Ias al<;o,hort (If cash 10 p,L Ythem. Thl' \.cnet iar Lal'i<;tocrac~remained ~m:dl. rl('\'lT llUmbering- lllon: Ihall :.!,Sc)oadult maIn. ill corl1pari~un III its milital'~, na\'al.politic;)l nnd ,Idmilliqratin' rcspollsilJililin. 01'­din:lr~ pl.'upk \\I.'I'C IIOW Io.:s~ wi]lilL~ 10 .'l.'lId llll.:irSOliS a:. :.oldic'r,. <;0 that \"'nin' \\:" (Ihli.l.{cd 10p:Ll'dnn crimirlals il11Ttunll~11' 111cirl·nlistlllelll. 'I'heI'it) inl'I'c':I,illgly rdied OlL 11Ll'll ti'urn tl1l' 7"l'lm /;i'rll/(/

wlriclr. d"spile ih prohkms, wa:. lit·d 10 \'elrin' hy a~rudg"ing' fWrlS,· or 11llll11al ac!\·allr;tg'('. The \\'n~

c'liall~ lllt'll1~d\'l's n'mairll'd ;1 mulli-cultural ;)ndCVl'U lIlulti·rada] so('irly. NC\'\'nbd,'ss there were<;lill t;tr more rC1H'gades li'om Chrish'ndo1ll In Islam.and fl'olll VCllicl' to Ihe Otlorn:ms, lhall \,it(·-\·cl1>:l.Christ ians also In 'a ttd lhei r ;\ Iuslim prisoncr' ~IawsI;Lr lIllI"'" tll,rll Turk\ trealed Christian slaw's,Iarv,d) bC('albo..: Chri~li;1t1 Mx·i(·ty lacked lhel'c:1igious-Iq.{;l1 'i;IJu:tiulI!> to deal I\ith such mrttwrs ..\kall\\ hik tilt' ("Ollln,l Ill' mililar} "flilirs \I'asCl/II'·'·lIlrall·d ill thl' hand~ or a ('olkge or cxpertsmuch likt· ;, modern \\':11' council. Spi.:s andillii Inn(TS pia ~ c·d pl'1'h:t ps a gn';( tlT 1'(,10.: in \' ellel i,lllmilil:ll') prep,Lr:llion~ thall ;1t1}'1\ ha(' d~(' 111Europt·. I\hik in lhe r(ilh Cl'Ill11r~ \"'nin~ itsl'!fIwe,L1Tw a (','llln' li,r the Wrilil1.1.: ami priming' or11Iilitar) I)Otlks and maps. !\Iilitary nlllsiruetiun.iikillcd arlisans. and abOI'': alllht· rnakirl~ofbrOllZCearlnOlI WITt' jncr('a.singl~ cOllcclltr;l1cd irl tllt'Arsenal Irmlt-r rhe d''''''SI gU\'(Tnl11ellt "upl·r'\'isiol1.

\\'hik !Ill: '7 t'I'/'{/ ','iflllfl l4('nnall~ remained lo)'altil Vl'Jlin·. till' l'aSll'rtl pro\'inn' Ill' Friuli was slill\'er~ badward arKl \'inuall} li·udal. 11 W:l~ herelhat Verliee t~c('d seri(Ju~ l11ainbud Ihn',lIs li'omholh Hapsburg- AllStria and tlH' Turks, Both w('re.hO\\'t'\'er. (·ontain.:d: and it would 1,1' bir to!>a~ Ihallhe Ottoman Htilun' to conquer Ital)'. Iarg:d~ as;1rcsult Ur\'('IU'lialr reSiSI<lIlCI·. had a prulilund dli:clolllht· nltlnw orR('nai~alKl'and Europeall hi~lury.

Veneli.n wnodeul !Ihowing Ihe ~iege nf P.d.... NOle lhebesiegers' .._ of <:lOnnon, h.ndg..n~ ignited by • second manwilh • he.IH tnuel",:, .nd Ihe def"-nd.,....• ..s., of inc"ndiarygr"n.d.,,, (from Niccoli> degli AgoSlini, U S"cuu; Bell.'cip..bli"hoffi in '521),

III l(ir.1 r7 \"'lIit'l'li'lIglll Iwr Ia,lag-:lrn a~airlsl Ill\' II:tI'~l)ltrg's

i\rdlduke F"rc!ill;ll1Cl 01 .\uqri:l,the lro'lIhk,ol111' L·.,k"k I'it.ttl"IIclrtht'nl .\driatit'.

U~kuk ;tlld ollll'r piratn. pIll, a 11;(\;11 tlln'at toDalmatia rn'lll Sp;Ll1i,h :\aplt·'i. \1 ('l',. rill' mainprobl'·lll.s corrthlllting \"'l1in' ill till' ],lll' ll'lh alltlI7t Ill'('r 11 uric,. Th.. llsk'lk" bi ulI'd tc, I)C' (:nr,;tckr"li.{{htillg' the Uttoman infield. Iml ill Ell' I tIH'~ l'au~I'd

more tl'Uuhl,' 10 Chri'li:tl1 \'t'llin'. ,\Ithough lh('irha.~e;1I !:)l'l1j \\:1:- IIOrltlll:dl~ ill I bp>.llLlrg 11'l'l'ilor~.

lilt· l'~k'lk~ \\eIT ill rt'a]jl~ rrl'l'!lllllt,·r,. NilI' \\l'fl'chI')' tIll' llnl~ pir;rtl" irl tilt' ,\dri;rtic: Sp:llli;rrd,.F1'I·llch. ])utdl, 1·:Ilg'li,h. Klligllh lir ,\I;r1t;, ;tndTmcall Kni!{lll:- of SI Sl"plll'lI all pl'l'yl'd 011\·.:rwliarl ~hippillg-. ;\lrrsli11l I'"r,arr~ illdudc'd01l0111;111 ·!"\lrks. :\llt,lilI1' I),lo-I·d irl .\III;tllia andsOllllwrn Dalmalia. as wdl as th\' I;Ulll'll' Ibrl>ar~

Cur.'Sair>. fi'Olll Norlh Alrica. VI'I rill')' \\,(·ft' l1()tpiralt'~ ill till' Inw ~"'I\I·. ,illn' dll'ir' ,ll'Ii\·ilit.:>.. likelhosl' or Christian I'lJr~:l1r, atta('killg' ~lu~lirn

";!Iippirlg, \\lTt' g'l'rlnall~ lil'crN'd II} llwir n·'pc,,·tin·gCI\,e1'llll11'lll '.

'.!l

'SI GecriP' by Carpll""io, ",1:;00, Tl!p Kllinl 's shown a,. a full)'equipped V",.."'l'a.. mll..... I-lIrml;, Ihough wilboul a h"lm"'l U".,'t" S"uola di S" Giorgio d"gle S"hiavoni, Venice},

TIll' maill tlir~'at to \"ellin"\ O\'I,:rs('as po~~~SSiOllS

11,. III rally ea me li"llm IIIl' Oll( HIM ns. 'I 'he Empire f)(l

,\fafl' \\'a,~ Ih 1I"~ divided i1110 Ii 'Ill' ddi:llsi Vt· %Ol1t'S: tlH'Gulfof\"t:nin: ,wei 1~lria: Dalmatia ami ils isl:lnds:Ihl' {;In·k j,bmls and Crl'l!": :Ind, 1;11' In til(' (':LSI,

Cypru:i, which had only I;dlt'rl umlt-r Vl'llt'lian

nltmol in q!l!J' Ihllllalia st'ITt'd as Ihl' maillslar of\'l'nClian 11,1\',.1 pOll"c'r ",hilt- thl' rt~llIrtl1l'm:ll"ilimc

t,tnpin' n:lairlt'd ib ori,~illal slralt'gil' functiOl1 as :I

chaill or hC,IVil~' dt'f;"ndl'd baSt'S, 1Iluu,~h lht,Ollllllla ns had :11 read) hr{Jkt'lI IhroLl,l~h thi"~ chain in111 a lly plan's" '1'111:1'1,' was abo a II in,reasi 11g 1I'IIdl"lll"y{fl!' \'('niel"s Crn'k ami Iblk:in sul~i("("L~ lu nl'l' theI,TCl" IlI'avicr hand nfVt'III",iall t'ol('llial ruk li)r lhc

rt:l:tli\'t' rrcl'duill of OllOlllan tt:-rrilOry, To sunwCSIClll V('!Iin- was sun"j,"iug on her pasl rcpulalion"III fact. SIKh was Illl' :I,\','SOllW nUll(" or lilt: ArsenalIll:It II~'WS clf :LllI II III.: r dn'as(a ling" t:Xplll:.icln in ISi19wa" said III ha,"(' t'III'UIlraKl-d the Ollomans IQirl\'a(k, and ultimat..!r sc'iz(' Cyprus"

The FleetDert:llCI' or "'"t'l'lwas baSI'S slill fl'sled primarily tillIlw g:allcy fln"t whoSI' news wnc still used as land oralllphjhillll.~ (;!1Tt'~" SlJ/ll"I/rll//lili ,~allc'~ caplaim. \\'1'I"t'

11ll' ('Iitl.: of llle \"'~rKtial1 ll1ilit:lr~ 1'"~I<lbli,hl11t'IH,

wi Ih IIKi r wick '"XIX-rll-nn' III It (l1l1~ or na \'al ",ar1:II"('Inll of g"ullllcry and comb"l on land, [ll\':lriahly ofnuble rallk. llleir baIlie disciplillc wa~ hiR"h bill IheirSI'nSi" ofrt'spomihility cOLlld ill tJlhn lillH"~ 1Jt' poor.Till')' Ih:qucntly lOok IlwIr ships 'uf!' slatioll' Oilpri'",Ht' \"oyap;t's hack ((l VI,'nict,: cIt"Cor,lled tl1l.'irg:dky's poops with unatllhoris('d alld appaliing'lyt'xpt:llsi,"c gilded woor!"',n'k: 1'(UISlallll)' dl,"l11all(kd

Ill'\\' ships and gl'lwrally In::tll'd Ilwi .. \"\'ssds aspcnonal crllISt'l"S, In mall\" way:. tlll'sl' 1111'11.

rlTOciOliS and skilful lighlers as Ilie}" \\'tTI", Ilad tllurllin COlllmon bolh \\'idl nwdie,',,1 kl1i~h,s ancl wilhsurnt: ;,ir an's Ilt",hl: (;1"\'<11 ""ar!

:\llogellll.:r, hO""t:\"er, Ihcn' \,'<I~ a sli:ady declineIII V"l1ctian 11:1":.11 dTieicl1cy li'lJlll Iht' fait' IG,1l("('llillry Ollwards, despilt> a "~I"l':l1 vicI"ry O\'(T tht'Otloman (ke( 011 Lcp:ulI') ill 1:1711" '1"11t' ~Ill)na.l{(' ofcn'ws bccanw "CUiI'. Bigg:I.:1" \\arships, "llch as a"greal galley· flagship Ill" I{iOl, ""rried :) 7:l I1l1"ll, '.!~JO

beingoanil1Wll, 1:f1lwi"g"oldier~"ll(llllt"irol1inTs.

Senior llWIl rOll~lll in rull armour, rnarilll,'s in lil{hllT(/jfM!elf; ol"plalc, ",hill,' oarslllcn \\"on' light 1l\'lnu'l.~

and Illclal-lillt:d (Qf"'I1~;;:illi f1exiblt' hudy armour"I'"n'(' oarSlllen still hcll)l,"c! lilt' glllllH"1"S in lln~kilkd

l'ap:lCilics. bUI \'cnltc had aln'ad)' 1)1,"1'11 ohlig"t:d 1010w('I" her staudards or n:l\':l1 nTruitnwnt in Ihemid-,6Ih et:ntury, By 111~" 171h ("c'1HlIry sl,,"dard"~

wen' Shllll't iIllt;~ a bY~llt;ll. III 1539 cUllscri pi ielll frtlllllht" parislws had been ab,llldollCd ill Hl\'our orqllota~ or O,ll"Sllwn from Ihe g"u;lds and SCI/Olf or

rdig-iolls li'alerllities, Albanians, 1);llmatiallS,(j rl'd;s a Ild.J I'WS from Corfu iIld uded oarSIlll'11 whohad simply htTIl press-g"Itl.L:l'd, Com'iet oarsmen\\'{'I't' IJrou,glll, or I'\'('n bought. from lleighbouringslal~'S as 1;0' ,didd as RI\"lri,L Chail1('d, ill-c1otlwd,lllld{'rll:d ,lIld dying 11\ bl'R~' numbers li'olllexposurl'. lIlt's\' nlllVil'1 (larSIHCIl wen: 1\("V(Ttlll·les:s('IHrusled with \\"t"i1pons in batik, 'rhl:)' rl:lllaill(,d

Illuch Illon' illlpUI'I<lnllO dw 171h ('Clllllry Venctianfket Ih'll1 did Inll' galley .~I;l\'es. The laltn' couldgcnerally 1)(' distinguished hy a 'rarlar-style singkluli urha ir lJ pOll Ilwi l' lH'ads. while lhe cOllvicts Wl:rl:sh:I\"l'd b"ld,

Vt'llice 11:1<1 till" IOllg ]Jilt Christ ia 11 prisolll'l"s 10 th~'

liars whill- ll1l'rcly slaug-htlTing all ~luslilll, n:­

llegade ,md U~k()k PI"i.~l)lIt'rs. m:lI1: or 1r:malt:, BUItin: l'Ilronil' shunag-e ufuarslllen obliW'd V('nicc 10

lClllow (11hlT (:!lrist;an llavies by pllttill~ c;lplllredTurk.. 'lll lilt" h"l1("lIl'~, Hug{' lHIJ1Ibl'l"1i u!"Ollomanpri~(Jlll'l"s II'l'I"e. ur course, ,l\';lilab1c alier the bankof Lepanlo; and Ihough Ihe supply lalcr dw;ndlcd,Christian llL-t,ts conlinued lu usc morc g-alky-sla\"{'sIh,lll did lhl' es~ellli;llly \'u[ulltCel'-ll1aIllH;d Muslimg-;dlt-ys. :\krcy was still nUL shO\l'n to Oltomauo[lie(:rs, 11;1\·,,1 caplains, skilkd Ila\'Ig-aWt"1i or

craftsllu'n. \'I'w:liall clplaiu~ bl'ill,~ instrul"In[ IIIellSLl I'C I ha I such 1111'11 II'cn: 'killnl ill wha le\'tT S('('I"( 'I

and discreel 1ll:llllll'r yOll SI'C lit 10 ww',

The Ilumber of lighting- Illell al}uard :1 shipdepended on whITe she was sailing, Thoughsrkued mili tia lIlli IS wel"(' still usn[ at s('a, Ihost· who\'OllLllleCI"(,d 1\11' such \'oyag('s 1I'l:1'(' UliCIl dcsperalcIIWII. SC:t servin' lwing" paid ,\I [OWt'l" rall'S lhallsnvin' all land. '1'111' illlpos...ilJilil) "I"l'ulIliing awaywhell li~hting'aboard ship 1I1t':UlI Ihalc'\"('11 inl... riormililiarnl"ll pcr1lll'llled betll'r OIl sea Ihall Oil lalltl.The $(a/lOli \VCl'e, slrictly speakillg-, \,cJ!lll1lL'L'1"marines as dislilH:1 li'om lIlt' .II/!dllli who II'I'I"C troopsraised in time IIfwar for comhal wIWI"('\'('I" ll{'eded,Ull land, sea or ill amphibious c;llnpaigns. Such,II/ldali \1"<:1"\: g\'lwr:dly raist'll by {(JlldlJlfil'l"I 1l1l'rct"llarykadel"S, Ari~lOCr;llic \"(llullll'{'I"S II't'lT still n:corckd,bUI il is alSl) dear that mallY SUi'll 'NolJks ul" thcQuartcrdeck' took Iheir pay but 111'\'1'1" W,'Il! 10 sea,

Early 17th eClllury lla\"a[ \V\'apOllS induded lhelongbo\\', which S('CIll~ 10 havc' had it I"n';\'al,where:ls crossb()ws \"ert' g"{'ll{'I',llly ahalldclllt'd ill!l1\'OUl" ,d' handgu1ls. l,aIL'!" i'11'1'1-anlwd tTO:-'ShllWS

'Th" 8alll" uf L"panlo ('570)' pa;nted by an anonymous arl;'""hortly afler Ih" banle, one of the n,o,,' delailed repre·senlat;on.. of the victory over Ihe Ouoman.., Not .. ,h.. sall..y,,'h ..avy bow sun... Ih .. a""uebus-men ma....ed upon the dec.....,and Ihe poorly dad Salley.....ov!OS. (Ham Hou..", Vicu.tria "­Albert Mus., London)

Tbe galley-barbour of Zadar ( ee plan of fortification), lyingbetween the inn r city (left) and the outer d fences (right),Zadar wa the main Venetian naval ba e in Dalmatia and thiliharbour could contain a lilnall ftcet of warship ,

\1'('1"(' I' 'mal'kall)' a 'Curale alld il111111'IlSt'I, !Jowl'r­rul wi III a how I 'Ilsinll or O\'CI' ~) kg, hut I he ' \wrt''Jo\\' alld rlillil'ull I l U'i', wlll.'l'ea~ anyone' (' ,uldhlazl' a\\'a), Wilh an arqll" liS or h 'H\'ilT mllskcl allhl' S!\(lI'l rallg;l'~ or 11:1\',,1 cOlllbat. (:ullrll~ingl)',

h(}\\'l'HT, IIa \'<d han Igunner, WCI" slill Ofl 'nI' '!Crr d 10 a, ba/I',l/il'ri or no" I ( wnWlI,

Na\',,1 I!.UIlIIITS rill'll1ed lilt' ITa I i'lile, (;I'acll'd inthlTl' ranb th ')' Wl're lmilled in lhl' S 'lluia eli :ta,Barbara ill \'t'llic', or in llh T al'lilllT) (,oll1pani ':aroull 1 lhe Trim Firll/tl alld ()\' 'I'S('(.I· Il'lTillll'ic"The' ('njo)'t'C1 IIl1llWl'IHIS I'IX r n l".oi m,', had lhel'ighllO \)("11' a 1'111, , and WITI' I' 'si Oil, illl'nol nl) lorlhe arlill 'I')' hUI also IiII' 'ig11'l1 I'll 'kl'l anc! uth T

in L'neliary de\'in's, FI II I)' ll'ai nl'c\ gll n lIers wer.,hownTr. 11.,\\ (ollly '11 all ong a grc'at galley', mpll'll ('Ill )1' ':>7'2) ,'0 lllwr l11el11l)('r, or Ihe crrwI ad tu hdp luad, shill and (,\'l'n lir' Ihe gUliS, Th ',l'

Ill.lI11iJer ,C\ {i'om '1S liul' as 11 'mall gUlls Oil a liglllgall 'y, up l 1'2011 gl' al gall y, indu linl{, p" ir ofeul\'crills\\'eighill c \'('1' IO,n) Ihseach. i\lo'l na\'ala 1'\ illel'y Sl' 'nw I dl'_ ign 'd lor nlll/{es or I flO pat' s or111 rc, Th gll ns were pi, 'd ina gall '} " b ""b'ingain1l'd b~ man eU\'rinl{lh ':hil il:('Ir. HrT h­I ad 'rs W('l'(' prd"l'red fi)r th lighter artillt-ry sin cIh "(' uld 1)(' loaded und T I)\' T \\'itho II 'x C)'intheir gUlll1l'1'S to ell 'I )' :Ill rt-raf R;l' lire: an II ronzecannon WCI' \'alueel, _incc lhe' lid n II I'll, I al :'C '

:\1 it: pc, k ofem iel 'y the V 'nice, I'senal could titUl, arm an I I I' \'i:i Il 'I nl'\\'ly I uill galle t ""ilh

,Ialldarelised pans on a pro lu lion-lill' ba ~

un" 'n anywh'r 1st.: until til, 1nelu 'trial Re­\'01 U I iOIl,

ThulIgl lire-pot and ther Iradilional in-eClleliary k\'in's w 'I'(' slillleing usul, l'undal11'nlalchange' in lIa\'al gunnery \ el'l' bccoming apparent, ' dlorls were 1'11<1 Ie l sink or lisabl' a It), \ ilh',lIlnOII aloll', Light galle, shad 110 p'll'l if Ihisna\'al n:\'cAUlion. I utthey rl'l11ailll'd a \'ilal 'IrmenLin till' \ l'n 'ti,ul 11,,1. Th ir el 'igll was also :t('adil 'impro\'t'd. ",itlt y 'I an tl1l'r s 'st 'm orrowillg h 'ingintruduced aroulld 153+ known as a{ Ifll/ouia ilI' 'e1u d Ih numb l' f II W larl{ roar:, l'C1 h !Jeinpull 'c! I y;) tram r li\' to: '\' '11 CI rSI11('n. \ ariousexperimental warships were I uih in lhe late 16th

l!tury. hut til\' m Sl e1ramati IlI'W 'onwr wa' thegailI'm whi 'h (Ie" '1 P I fran Ih, lid mer I anIgreat allcy, Inc! already put in all appnrancc atL 'panto, Th ,ff.alll'(f,1 wa:. a hll I' galley which' 1'\'1' I<Ii'> 'I floaling' rortrc:' in batt! ~,II!l c< nnon, or l'n

The late 16th century Venetian Cortre guarding lraklionharbour, Crete, The low profile and mid< waUs we.re designedto resist artillery; above the entrance was a finely carvedmarble Lion of St Mark, the symbol of V Dic ,

1: Venetian knight, early 13th C.2: Dalmatian urban militiaman, mid-13th C.3: Dalmatian oldier, mid-13th .

A

B

1: N.ltalian cro8sbowman, c.13302: Italian armoured infantryman, c.13203: Knight, ollalto family, c.1340

3

2

1: Jacopo avaJlj, .13 02: Vi netian infantryman, lat 14th3: Cavalli trumpeter. late 14th C.

I: Dalmatian crossbowman, c.I4402: Dalmatian infantryman, c.14403: Dalmatian knight, mid-15th C.4: Italian peasant levy, 15th C.

D

1: N. Italian cro bowman, late 15th C.2: Venetian militiaman, late 15th C.3: Venetian man·at·arm • late 15th C.

E

F

I: Stradiot. ~.1~8V8Iryman.c.l5002' Venetian hg Iy 16th C•

. G ok noble, ear3: re...

1: ~ netian 'Bravo', lat 16th C.2: E caped galle . lave. early 17th C.3: ~ n Han knight, c.1600

3

1: 'Ibmmaso Moro ini, c.16472: Venetian arquebusier. early 17th C.3:' cappoLi' volunteer. early 17th C.

H

'Aull;usti"o Barbar;go', commander oflh.. V.." .. t·i"n g"n..y'" 101the baltl .. ofL..pa"lo, by the lichool ofTitia late 161h ce.. tury,He w .." .... Ih.. full u,,;form of. Ve"el;an ' era!. {Mu"" SIO";cONavale, V..nic..)

IllUUllwd (111 \\"hei'lnl carriages. wer(' IIOW rang('d;dong: ils ,ides illsle;,d of being: ('Ol1<:('nI r:ill:d ill theht.\\,. "1'1" dl'spilt' (K"Ca~ional speclacular SLlCct'Sses.till' f!/llIm\ wa~ 100 ,low alld ullwieldy to lx' widelyusd"ul amll;..w Wt'n' huill.

TIlt' Ilith t"t'nlmy ,I!.afll'illl, unlikt· ilS rin:rine1I;lll!t'sake of all l'arlier n'ntury, was a slimnwd·dO\\'ll n'r"illll or till' merchalll 'round ship' and assuch \\'.I~;tIl ,Irllwd s;rililll{ VI's.sd, It 100 nltlld SlTn"as a lloa ting liJl't r('ss i1l a major lIa \'a1conli'{lll ta IiOII,hUI it was ul"liHli' lise againsl small piratt' galleys inlht, elllllilll'rl span's or till' Dalmatian coasl orAq"~t','1l i"I'll1lls. 'nll' supl'riorilY ol"llfJl'lhl'rn pirateships ill thi' IH'W warEII"t' IIndt'r sail It.:d Vt'ltin' tohin' ,lIld t'vi'lllu,dl} i'opy lhl'st, n'sst'is which \\'crekllUWll to the \\'lIeti:1l1s as ha((}//;, Not unlil llj()j

did VI'nin' ~tart huilding it~ 1111'11 'ships-ol:lhe-lint",IIsill,L: a II En!-:li~11 \\;, r!'>hip as a model. ~(l Iii r had sunklilt' otW-limt' "i\\iSlrt'S.' ot" tht, St'as',

\rith tIl\' ('i!IJ.~(,lidatii!1I of" Ottoman p,)Wi'rthroughout till' Iblbns ;md !'.Iiddk E"sl, and\.ellice's pol iry ilr ;l\'uid ing allianrcs, llll' Vellel i'llll'111pin' \\as lllIJl"t' isnlaltd Ihan ("\"(T, Sll'atq{y, aswt'll as tilt" t"mt or updating: fiu,titicatiullS, wa,~

incrl'asill~1r CUlt("t'n tra It'd / 'II tlte majur a Iidlura).{t's:Zadar. SilJi.:nik. Ko1< ..., Corfu, Iraklion" Kyn'nia,Famagllsla alld Nit'usia, Corru, dl'sn"ib('d as 'theheart <tlld soul or this sla It"" was 1111' lYlldl-pi II ()l" I heenlire empirt', From hert" anti-piracy patl"ob as wdlas great fleets cuuld opcrate, Trul' IJlockades \\'('IT

slill irnpossibli' Wilh av;tilabk n;1\'al It'chnlJk'g-ywhile, ill tum, \'essds as powl'rl"ul as 1he l!,(/lI~'(lJ t"OU leialmost always I~Jrct: thdr way through OltomanITSISt;U1Ct: with l>upplit's ror distalll \'t'll(,tiall(Iutposts" !'.Iockrn artillery also enabled biggerllu:rch;ulI ships tu (!ert:ml IhclllSClvt's, sn it was lhesrnalln ships lhal sulli:n't1 mosl Ihllll piraln andrOl'Salrs,

Land WarfareOn lalld major Hlctical changes had alttTt'd the E:tcl'or Eu ropean warrart... in Ihe 1..',1 r1y IIiI II ('t:ll1 llry, wi IIIgri';tl armies now sCi'kill,l..\" a dc-cisiY(' blow ratherthan indulging in tilt' dabor;l1e manocuvre andal tri tit'll of prt'violls ccn lurit',s" Fa .. hig-htT casualt it'swen' sum..n'd lhan had hn'tl normal in mcdin'aland cady Rl'naissall("t' \\'ar!:u"i', Yel lhi~ wa~ ;t

pa!t'iing phase, becauM' illlpr(WI'IlWlliS ill fiJl"Ii·ficalioll tcdll1iql.les SOOIl bog,l{('d duwll tactics OllCe'again, :-"Ic<ln\\'hilc lilt' \'t'lletiam dUIlg- III lheirtraditionally cautious approach, lll<lkill!-{ grcal liseof their mOLllllaitlnu~ nnnl1t'1'1i li'oillil'r~ againstboth ALI.~lrians and Otlflillans" TaClic.~ \"aril'(1.Ihough V{'nclian armit,~ sfJlnetiml'~ tllal'c1wd witlllight cavalry ill lilt' \';111 li.IIO\\"("d by ht'avy t'avalryand inrantry, I\nilkry li,n'H..d :t cClltralllflt"ly whilea 't'clind corps Qfinlil11lry. 1li"a\'Y and light ("avalryh1'Oughl up tIll' H'ar, Iheir ()rder Ilcitl.l;" tllC' ITnTse oflhose in tilt' "all" ,';(mdiuli \\'l'l"~' n:ll1lrally employed:IS a{h'aIH'l' ;lIlt! nallks guards, i\lany romlolliffi

kadcrs slill ollt-red cOlll>idcrabk IHyall), to Veniet"whih- lilt' supposedly ('i\'ili;1I1 lirolw/illlri look ,HIinlTeasing-ly illlpunalll njk ill positiolls (II' (Olll­llland, At their ht'ad a 1'l'r}lIt'di/lll' Ul'/Il'ml had his OWIlguard of I '.! 10 'lj halhcrdit't"~,plus a I"ull slall: OthiTIJI'Qlw/ilol'; l'ommalldnl lilt' li,l{hl ('a\'alry andI/mdiu/i" while a special t'Urps or 1~/IIl'I'llill!I'i rllIl'

FOl'/I'::';:'1' was eSlahlisltl'd in 15,1'" tn Sllpt'T\'isl' Ill\'Rt:puhlic's fixed ddl'm'(':., Others arn1l'd alldIr(lincd lhe peasant \'ollintecrs or tll(' Trn'iso area,cuntrolled tilt' liccnst'd pilla,~illg ofl'tLcmy lCl'ritory.till' allocali(\tl or :milln)" Ill' llw Slll'\'l')'ing orli"Olllicl's, The Arst:nal \\'as ;tlst! nlll liy!lful'rtlilori,

33

IIH1llg-h it prll\'nllilr ea'llT t~1111alllll:lt'llln't'llf)l1f{h\\t'apnt!s IIt:l.lllog":ltlwllll" thl' lnlllps wht'rt' andWIII'Il Ih..:~ \\I'l"I' IU·l·rkd.

'I'he arm y it.~,'Ir.'1 ill induckd lllili Ii", frOl11 \ "t'nin',md Ilw 'I"m FilII/fl. and many llwmbl't"s or Illl'pOlln'r at'i~t(lITa('y had Ii II It' l'!loin' hUI IU bl"nl1lwl>lIldi~T~. Yt'l til,' n"nall quality o(\\·tl..:lian arlllil"had cll'dilll'd I>adly I)~ Ihl' c;,rl~ 17111 '·ellllll·y.I-I..:a,·y col\alry III filII pl,'tt' armour amI riding­'bardl'(l' or announ·r1 hor!ws WI'1"I' anachronistic inIbis n..:\\' agr or 'in'arlll~ but lli..:y WlTI' rl·taitl..:d.lhoug-h in dt'l"l"easing llUmhl:I'~. li.1' rl'a~om orprt·sti.I.;"(· and ttl gin' lilt' ricltl'l" al'iSI{l(Tal'Y a :-,'Il:-{' 01"

military Pl1l']lO~t'. Such Iwa,')' c";l\'alry Wl't"(: ~till

"r~alli.s,·d ill 1(/1I:;i (,1"01\,' man-aI-arms. lWO liJ.{hlJy

,Irnwd ridtTs \,'ilh ~pl';lr or ("ro~sh(lw. alld amUlltllnl .~I'r\,'llll. EtJ(wt., II. n'lTllil IHII)kml'11 aJjlighl ,·a\,.,lry \\1"1"1' only panially ~lleccssrlli. lhoughI1H: i:;,~uillg: or hl'''\')' llll'ti-al-anns with a pair 01"pistols did prolong th..:ir mililary riJlt-. By tilt' 17lhl·..:lll11ry, en'alry !ann' ;Uld sword h;ld finally hCl'naba nch ,l1l:d iII iiI \'011 r 1.1' pi~t III a ncl sword .. nil: gun,Ilw'mally Illl\V a I'diabk \,'Iwdloek weapOI1 Ihat1ll:nled I1U maid], would be fiH'djuSI helor\.: contactwil h Ille lill:, wlwl'Cli p'lll Ihe :-\\"ol'd I\'('uld be dra \\'11.

Such tal·lin' w('l'e. 1111\\·(·\·1.... co:-dy in hnrsl·~.

LJl1rinK thl: \'arl) part or lbe IGth ('l:llIlIry,Vel1l:lia II li.~ht l'a \'alry or Iia lia 11 origin WCl'e moslly., rmed wi Ih cl'Ilssbo\\"s or a rq Ill'bmes a lid. II nli kc lIlt·J/mdiuli, lfJughl more as rnomHed illl~lIltr)' than realca\·alry. ~IaIIY of' tho~,· invol\'t'd ill the almostglll'l'l'il1a warf;tn' 01" till' Friuli,lIl I"roillil'l' cal'l'icds11l;11l l1l,lldllnck handglllls. alll'C~IOrS or thl: tnl..:pi~IOI. Ot!wrs, calkrl rm·llfll'rilllrgj.!irm. woa' platcdlia 11':·<l1'111lIur. \\'('1"(' orga lliscd ill I(lud ~i1l1 iI" r II) I hose1)1' lht' Iit·a\·y cl\'alry, alld ~il1JilarJ}" tough I \\'ilhspears. maces '111(1 s\\tll'fl~. Trill' light Gl\'alry ur(fIN,,'I,'lIi \\"en' 11lI'~lly lll'Croatian or Balkan origin,Ihul1.~h tltt·y rClllainl'C1 distinct Ii'nm the mOn°tilnll)ll~ \/lodiQI;. By the Ial,' 16th ('f'lltUl)' mally

J/mdioli \\'CI'\.' bcillg- al'llll'd with wlll'dllJck carbincs:lI1d a small ,nll()UllI or body armour. arqudHls·prOlII;·d Ullllll,li"tml. Ilist(ll-prOl)f('d Ollllw bad andwilh a pi~tol+prnor helmct.

Relalively rich and p('anfl1l. V('llin' now la,h'dfiK>1 soldil:r.~ ratlwr th;ll1 ('avail'\". Tht' Sf/lolr andguilds did Sll ppl Y~1I1lt. il11'a Illry uni t:- I)lll \\''':1"(' moreImpOrtall1 <IS Sllllt"Cl'S of o;II~llH·ll. while the.1I\l'IIl/loffi :-lilllltli'l'l,d \·OlllllIITI'.~ in "dditiOll 10 tilt,

D()g-c·~ Pal<l("(' Guard. Tltl' Trl"w Firmfl ('ttll·~

~dl'(:t('d g-,lll' gU<lrds li'om tlwir OII'n f'itiz('ns <IS \\'t'11a!i 1l1i IiIias In ,u ppkrnl'lll I'..ol;:~~inll<ll ,1.;":1 rrisl>llIrO()p.~. lIt ]l1':ln·til1l": Ih('~I' g~l1Til>lllh \,('1'1' tht'lll­~d\"t'~ rl"poll~ihll' lor guarding- J.{.ll'~. pi:l'l.l:<ll>. 1(I\><.tand allllllll11ilioll "IOI'I'S. p<lll'olling- till' \l'al1.~, ~tf('{,I~

and ~lopill.l\ ,I.;"bci:. hqolld tlw \\<111. a1ld rn:ulIli1lJ.{IIll' (";tadd. Svnw ('itil'S lik(' Bn':-I'ia ,11,,1 1':liSl'd all

indigellous 1(,,'("(' of g/l(,rdflmli to lak" m'I'I" ~onll'

patrol dlltif's.i\lililiali \\"":1"('. hO\\"l'wr. of WI') \'ill'il'd qualily.

i\lust ("oll:-islnll.l"nWII 1'llli~II'd b('lwl·l·tllll,· agt·s Ill'

Ii ;lnrl ~.I who relllained li,dlll- li,r 'ITvin' Il11' eightycar1\. TIll')' WI'ft' Ofg,llli~('rl ill ~llh-c(Jtllpallil:' 01"

around IOU nll'lI \\'ho lntinnlti\'t' SUIICiays a Yl'ar.'l'llt's\, in lurn If Inned pari f,fa lar.~l'rl'llIllpatIYfJfllp

A

1'1 IHIlI IlliJiliatlH'1l lI'hich hdd amillal rn,llllll·U\'l'I·S.

Pt'upll' iuil1l'd IiII' a \';Iriel}' or rl'aS"II~. lhllllghpI·t'!tli~~il>11 1'1 111';1 r ,I nJl~ ,1 lid ,'X('mpl iun li'nlll Ja h. IIII'

'l'I'\'in' 011 Ihl' 1(lrlilicaliollS or ill de'lrin,l{ callaIsII,T,' ,"C1tl111IHII tnoli\'t'~, [II ~oml' Ill' the wi[dn or

11IIIUnlaiIHI\lS t'eg"iolh [ike Friuli pl'Ople hahituallyl';It'1'il,d artll~ ill :tIlY cast'. and 11l1'y nlllJd he l'nlisll'dwl1l'l1 necessary as rural guerrillas armed wilh bowami arrow.

'rb,' n,,,~b'l\\ (It'c1iIWd in ];IV'IUt' a~ an illl;llllry\I','apol1, a~ il had dnne al ,>,'0'1: whiit' lhl' hardytt'ainl'd lIlili tias Ill'l'l' ra I'd y ("llll\IX'II'11t III li.~lll wi Ihpikn. which Ila" ;1 h'chniqlll' dt'l1\alldiJl~ finndi~cip[irw and 11ll1l."h pra,·lio'. I'rilllili\,' .lIhirl/J!n'fih'llId.l{ltll<; \\'('1'(' .;Iill t'rll[lICl~I'd ill llw Ihlh n'nlllryIllltllg"h Ill,' ;,rqul·JIll....1{radua[[y ~llll\'rl"'d,'d Ilwlll.H,·,t\'i .... nnlskt,t:.. I'l'quiring: lurks to ~ujJPUI'l thelll,'(lOll mad,· ;'11 aplw,u';llll'l' ;ll1Htng till' Itlilitia. i\ll'n\\'(T,' tr:tilwd to lin' arqudlusl':' 11.llh r\ll111ill,I.{ ,111([tTltllchill,1{, al lat'J..:I..'ts .11I pan's distal1l: musk,·ICI.....SIl'"ilh·d witli t:lrg"'I~ al 11\'in' IIlat ral1.l::l". Otl1\"1"1l'<lillil1l-{ irl\'olwd ,III till.' usual a(l\':tllt.'iIlK. t'l'lirilll-{;rnd ~kinni,lli[lJ..: IlTltniqlle~ 'If lall..' Jlllh ami I i1hn'lltlll'~ innlntr~ \\'" r1;1 n'. Cfllllllt'!,d ~Ul'("ll;'t, and

Woode..", ..rV"n"';an mililary .,o"l.. m.,~;n Co:"a... V"e.. llio'"Hab;,' a",i.,h. d ...od,,",;; di t ..tli if MONdo publishftl in '5gB.A-h.,avy .,avall')' man-al-arml>; &-!.iSh, cav.. lrym..n (I ..ne..

s,,~hI.'S, ag-n'cd War-lTlI'S and kllll\\'11 b:ul1ll"'l> allIw1lwd m"inl:!ill culU'sinn ill 1J;11l[", whill' a [('w

milili" Ullih t'H'll won' till' rl'd alld whil,' 1I1lifilnlllivery llfllw \\'1I1·ti,m Captain C.·11IT;I!.

\'I'lli('"I"" militia, Illa~ h;l\'.· ht"t'1J nltln' dll'clin'lhall those nfnilln Ellrnpeallll:llilll1.~,yet tht'ir n'alvalut' app":rrs to han' hl','n IIHlral ratlHT lh;llImilit<lry, Tltey fi·tSll.....l'd a .'l'ml..' or natinn"l identilYand pm\'\'d lhaltlw Rl'pU!l[i"lnt'tl'([ itS"\lll peop[t'III arm.", a rare ti.'alllt'c ill till' Ilill1 alld 17111Cl' Iltll I'll'::'.

i\lid-16Ih c-:nlury \'I'lwliall cl\'illry sllllwtil11'·"l'arrit'd :ll'<[m'!>us su[dil-rs intn h;lttil' ridil1!-:" pillion.By the I..·ady 171h C('n\llry arqlll'lltl,ilT". ;J1.'nt.'anyillg pi,,,ul.~. 11','n' 0p\'r;ltillg a~ tnll' Ill(JlIllll'd

in[;ullry: a ~1l1all 1,litl' "I' 11l1l1l111t'd illEll1tr~ amII'dwith wlll'dlllck muskets wl'I"e rn'ordn! in ILilli.Tn lOpS ofsud I \'(1[1lI11nT 'dr:jj..(o\ln~' Wl'n' ,imibrly[',lisl'd hy Ilohit' .llp,II/)O. ulltil lhl' .l{O\'t"l'llllWntrt'alised that ,hl·s!.' 1lll'11 \\.'n' Oftt'll IlO mon° thanmoulIll'd brIm' or Ihug's in till' p:t~ of aristocralic1;\111 ili,·s. l'l'i\'a Ie a I'm it'S III' '))(/1'i WtTl' JHJI\' a prnhlnnIhrnllg'hullt llal~' :lnd ~I..Tl1l \II have hl'l"flllll' a rea[thrl',1\ 10 pulilit' (lrckr ill \'.'nl,'l·..\Iany W{'I'('

only pardy 5hown); C--Soldi"r rrom ,h" Sr..kia r"g;on or...... Ih"rn Cr"I~; ~G.d.,o";or F../i/.. eon..eripl "old;u aboardw ......g..U..y•

• c D .,.J.'

'Unknown V"n"l;an nobl"man' by Moroni, mid·.6lh c"alury,!Ihowing I.h" arn.ing jack!!1 wilh n.ail pan,,", 10 prOI"CI tI."armpilS. This _S "'0"' bf,nealh plale-armour, h"r" lying.round Ih" man's r.... t. (NRI, Call., London)

llll'rn~d\"('selr;t II II from dt"~pna1(' and iIII po\"t'rishednohl,' l:lIl'lili,'s: olhn'" had IW('l1 lIlen'ctlary soldi(:rsand lItlll1lwr,'d forcig'luTs among lhcir rrlnks, A b;"tllon tht nllTyiu.\.: of wcapons wil hi n \"'Ilin.: had lill Il­,'JllTI. I.ar,!.;e-M'alc bra\\I~ l\"I'r(' fiTCjul'nl alld ('\TIlin\'okl,d lhl' liS,' 01" arqlH'bllSI'S. ,,'Ilile ducls and;I'sassinalinm \I,idl lhl' ~lt.:l1dcr I/ilrlt(l daggerIx'carne a I)/{I/'I' specialilY. Thin,!!:s .!!:ul so had lhalSOIII\' Iwopl,' lllok to \W;lrillg li,l.!;11l lllail protccliollhelll'alit lheir l"!lIIlH·S. An lI11dt'sl'l'''cd ami romallli,'1lI)'lli(llo!-{~ dndopl'd anllllld Ihl'~I' Vl'lll'liall brll/';.

\\'ho I"CIT I'"en en·diled willi lllunkring lhl'irt'lwlllies with 1}(,i~(HI-fillcd ~lass l/iI,II(I\.

\\'hik troops from Vl'nit;I' :Iud 1Ill' 'lrl"m J.i"mwsCl"'l"d ill the m·,'!"Sra.'> ,'mpir<' and su!l;..rcd Inri Ill.,los.~"s from di~easl' and cxposure. 11'00PS li'ollt lht'('mpin: also 1;H1glll for \'cnin' in Ilaly. The .I(mdifl(iabo\"(, all ;It:hil'\"l,:d some: lIotabk StH'l"L'SSI'S a!-:";IinslFn'uch he:;l\'yct\'alry ill 151(i. In 1:11'( Vl'nice 1l1;IC!cg-r('at dlorts 10 t'llbrgc lhl' O\'ITSl'as army /J(j :11111'1'rind 10 impro\'e lh(' qualily orl'olonialmililias. TheSlandard or t11t'.~c milili;t lon:L's n'm;lillnl loll'.lIOWe\Tr. amllhcir e:quipml'llI lI'as On"ll abysmal.III COrlll. Crete and CYPl'US 10(_'al Iroops wert'lrained lu usc thl' arquebus, bUI many COluillued IIIlight wilh composile bows ill Tllrki~h h~hillll,

;"Iililias in smaller islands lik,' Kd:tllillia s(J1TlI'tirnl'~

signed up nwrcly to avoid slan·ati"ll. Elsl'\I'hl'l'l'. ason IiiI' Catholic amI t"iel'('(~ly pru-Vcl1eti;1I\ island ofTinos. strange relics (,ra llll'dieval li'udal systeln Ill"reCI'Uilmenl sLLrvi\'cd, A poorl~ paid loeal ca~lk­

guard or III/gIll' d(l /!.,W;;'::'Q SOll'lt'lil1les includedVenetian lroops who had ~l,ltkd {)\'\'rsc;l~ ull .. linyIwnsioll and wilh minimal duties. /\110\'1' all.hOWl'\TI'. lhcrt: remained lhe folllwd ~(md;o/i. Fil'recand outlandishly dressed, briltle 011 points 01"hunour and ;tddiclcd 1(1 plunder. Ihey slill foug-hlprimarily Wilh light ~p,'ars. swords and ("lJllll)l)sil"bows. They lcnded ltl shy away frolll 1':ul'Ope;lIl firOltoman infalllry wilh fir(';mns. but prnwd highlydkcti\'c againsl Turki~h ('avalry who tough I illmuch til(' same slyle as Illl'msdws. I~~ (he lal,' I{Jtlland <:arly 171h CC1Uuril'lt. hO\\I'\"\'r. 1l1;1ll) I/mdioliWt'IT thellll>I'h'c~ adopling" piltlols ;md ca\'alrycarbines.

Illt\'itahk \'(lrialiolls in lhe mililary stylt-~ nftl1\'dillt'ring Vellt,tian P~St.:SSiorIS aJ....n p'T;.i~tl'(t, 'nIl'

,I/mdio/i of Dalmatia \\"1'1"1' bast'd ill l'ig-lll mainCI·1l1rel'i. though lht,y SPClll 11l1l~1 ol"llwir time in out­stalions closer 10 lhe frOlllil'r. Ou(" hundrl'd Jll'lldio/;

II'crl' based at Cvrl"u Wilh dcladllllellts nil Olhel"Ionian islands. while the flmdior; 01' Cr('le wcr{' orI)()(lr q ualit y. p;t .. II y bccaust' ora sca rei Iy 11I"II"rs('s illthe eaSlern ~lcdil{'Trane:tll. Thc li'arslJllH' .~filkioli

inflllllry archers fi'om suulht.Tll Crele l'iollll'liml'sfc)ughl for Velliet.:. bUI WITt· ~('nlTally a sourct: 01"l'cbds, brigands and pirates. \\'ilh a g-l'owillg Ihl't'alol'Oltom:tn altack, thI' \ \'llI'tiall aUI hnrilies tried 10reform the chaOlic and cornLpt Crelall mililiasystcm alld In cree! ll10ckrn lonilil·.. liuns. Anli-

\'l'lll'ti;111 li:din.\{ W;IS, hown'lT, rill:: lllrt.IIIg-llOllllht,islal1d am! \\'h(.'11 Ihe Oltoman assaull did <:omemall)" Crt'talls ','ckolTlt'd tht, invadtT,

V(,Bt'tian rull' appC'ars to ha\'c bCt'll ('\'t'n harsht:rill Crprm lhan Crt'le, For Vt'nict" Cyprus nc\'cl'lJt'CIl1l(' anything mort' than a dangl'rou~ militarytlmpOSI ",IH:re \'t:nclians wcn' llOt only unpopularhut WtTt' notahi y rcllll'lanl 10 sel'\'t'. Cypru~ al readyIwd a \'1'1') lllixnl I)(lptllalion. Thl' Vent'lianaul1HlI'ilil'" cam(' ttl a re;lsonablt, unckrslandillgwith Ihe l'xi.~til1,l.{ C;,tholic military diu: which daledf"nlln the 1:111' 121h cel1lury Crusac!t-rcOll([Ul;st ofthcisland. and which :llready included man\' I t;t1i.1l1s.The \'elll'liarlS also fiwoured lilt' haskally :\ralJMarunill' Chrislian cOllllllunilY whos(' roOts \\"t'lllt,,·t'll dn'PlT: bUI they SCl'lll 10 haw Ihikd 10 will1ll;lny li'iellds alllOllg lilt' 1;lr,L;"t' alld warlikt'!\rlllt'nian minol'ily. 11 is alw illlcre~lilig to nULl'that lTWl1Y uf bUlh lhesc mill(l1'iti(,s laiC" t'oll\"Cl"ledlO [slam lolluwill,!,{ tht, Otlumal. l'onqUt'Sl of tilt:i.~1a nd in 157 I, bl'('ull1i ng l1tL' a l1ecSlors of a t leastp'ln ur lhL' pn'SL'llt day Turkish-Cypriot COlll­

mUllity. ~Iailllalid Creek ,,{mdio/i were lH'oughl ill to\'('Ilt't ian (:rprll~. a nd b) 15 t~l a lTum bIT ol'CypriolGr('eks had also Ilt.'en enlisted, These men st'fwdalotlgsidt, lilt' IUfro/JOli light ca\'alry rClainl'rs of lhl.'old landed anstonacy, lroOps who~e hi~tury

similarl) Wl'lll back al kast as 1;11' as tilt' Crusadt,s.III addili('1\ to \,ulullt(,('!"s ,\lId militias [i'om

\'('nicl', lht' Tt'I"IfI j,j'rl/lrl :U1d the ()\'t:I'~t'as pos·SI"SSiOlIS, lUlh :Illd 17tll n'tltllr)' V('lll"tian armiesl'OlllaitlL'd a Jargt' numb\... 1'1' tlHT('I'naril's, i\lllsl(olli/llnin; tronp~, ill ullIl'r wnrd:. lhose recruitl·d asan el1tin' CtHllran unit. Glm(' li'om lhl' Trim Fim/(/(Ir dSl'lI'lwn' in northern [taly. 01he1' l'egiollal*JldilTS ill,lmkd Cflrsicans ;111<1 Liguri;llls, whilenon·ltalialls numlwl'ed Swis~, (;/'l"1n,111S, (moSIVt'lTcliali gUllIltTS mosick the !la\')' still being­(it't"1110111! Fn'[leh. Spaniards, CZI'chs, DUl('h.Fkmish <llld English aillong their ranks, Thetll;ljority "I'I'\'L'd as int:tntl'Y whnt'as most, thOll.1{hlitH a II. Iblk:1II llHTCt'llarit,s \\''''-I'L' c;l\':,lry. Thl' Ja t1IT\\'I'I'L' n'(Tllill'd not ollly from Venetian taritory hutal~{J fi'Oll1 Ill'ighbourin,l.{ Ollllllltlll-rllkd regions.Apan li'om Ihl' Calholic CroatiatlS mu.St weft'Onhodox Christians, but SOIllI' W('rt' ofutlspt'ciliedreligious atlilialinn and a ft,\\, were clearly i\lustilllsIrom Bosnia alld Albania, Tltislicamlalist'd Venice's11l'i,L;"hhnlll"s whik C\Tn tht' VC'llctian diarist

Detail from 'Gyp>;)' and Soldier' b)' Caravaggio, h,te .6,hee..>Iur)', showing a t)'pical Italian Ilword of lhe period,(LouvrP, Pari")

GirnlallltJ l'rillii 1101\'<1 lhal, lill' \'L'lIin', such1'L'Cl'uilll1t'l!t wa~ likt' a mall 'l'ulting" olrhi~ pt'lli~ 10spite his will". The disni lIlilla liOl1 lha I lhcst' ·'rurh·1:lcl'd ill c:lrnp SIII'lllnllht'1ll 1(' all;lllcloll Vl'llt'tiallwr"io', howI'\'I"',

Siege and counter-siegeVt'llelian US(' of" paralld In'llch ~)SII'nlS whellb('siegill).;' an 1'l1el11)' stl'ollg'hold m;IY th\'msL'!,'cs~how Ottuman illfhlt'net' (sl't' 1\1:\/\ I 10, :I,.mi"1 ifflit Uf/Ol/lfll/ T/II"k, '300 '7N), alld lhl.· \'('llt'tians\\','I'C ckarly willin,l{ ltl !t-:Irn li'om any source.Captured ~llll.') wtTl' lestI'd and lhe ArsenalcOnst;lllll), exptTinwlltcd \\ith new (ksigns. Th!'rewas ,I gradual mO\'(' tflwards ~Ill;dkr ami mort'mohile' aflilkry while fil'ld ~llIl~ and siq.~t: trains\\'1'1"t' tlo\\' dt'arly separale Till' tll()~l dramalic::

37

lkn'l<,pllwIlIS InTI', h""I'n..., ill IllrliliCllioll, Thiswas ,I fidd ill II'hi('h !lilh lTIl\Ury Italy illflul'rlcnlIhl' rl'SI of Euro]ll"

"I'nil"!: Iwd adopted a ddi.:lIsin' 11l'IIlral slalllT illwhich tlll'tili('atiolls played a \'Ital rhl!:, Thenurthl"!'11 alld ,'aSHTIi 11HlIliLWill p,lSSI'S ('oole! bl'bl(H,:knl 10 ;111 1'111'111)' ~i,'g" tr;lill wilh strall'g"il'allysiled lilrIIT~S\'S. nTII ir inEllltry ('(Hlld alwaysintil1r:111' arllLllld SUi'll ddi'rll'l',', !Jul Ih\, broadI,<Jill 1l<1 I'd pbi n Ilad ;1 IlI'a ys hecn eXI rl'md y di flicultIII d('li.-lId, \'\'llI'ti,Ol stralegists 110\1' 10l1k inlorOiISidl'r;lliOlI Ihl' riwrs lhal slicl'd Ilwir ("ITi(orril Llo S,','I i, 1I1~. wi Ii Ie IIH' l,m'ITs 1'1'slr,ltl'/o\,il' ci lit'S II't'r,'1(1\,'I'n,d ,ll1d llwir ~'alt's stn'llglhl'lInl 10 lake<I,Toun( Ill' pu\wrful II"W sicgl' anillery, CasldbtlS\\','l't' 1't"~I)'lllSilll,' Ir1l' Ih,' IIlUlllli(111S, :tl'tilkry and,l.;::trrisull,' of sud I 10\\,IIS, but 111l' p'HW pay ml'anllltal fi'\\' of lIl1' Illilit<try l,lil" <!1'l'l'pl,'d such ]los\."

The '4th '5th century defence5 ofSton, said to be the longest"ily w,1I1s in Europe, This W1Il1i one of Ihe mOSI ..tronglyforlified po..ilions in Daln.alia and wa.. frequently di ..puu:dbc'wttn Veni"e aad Dubrovnik, The 'long walls' endose Ihemountain-top, the port or Mali Ston on the rar side orthe hilt,and Lbe main ..eulement or VeBki S10n (here), Low roundardltery ba"tions (lower le£1) were added al a later dale,

II was lilt, ddi'lln',~ Ihl'lllS,.[\'{',~ Illal, h~ tlH' Illid­l(ith O'lltury, cn'Ulllall)' solidili..cI "I'nin"s li'otl­lil'r~. 011I' Ilt'\\' t'OlllTpl Ihal till' \'t'lll'ti;IIIS used,'arly ill lhl' tlilh t'l'IIIlIIT was till' 'douhlt, I'isallrampart' ill whil'h a 1Jt'~iq!;IT, il'll1' Imlb· IhroughIhl' oUI,'r ",;,11. l(lLlnd hilllsl'!r I;Lt'illg " ~IT(lml

nllllp;lI'\ alld Irappnl ill ;1 tire-swepl killiug' Zolll',Basit"llly. h'l\\','YtT, Iht· 111'\1' ~y~lnl1 'If ddt'lIn',rdil'd lin witkr ;lIld dt,tVt'!' SI'"ll'-liIWd ditdl,'S, andflankillg firt' li'om pn~jcclillg h,I,~ti"IIS whit-h. bl'iug'Ifl\\'. Ilrl':ld ;llld l'a!'tJI-filkd, ('(IILld III II t',l~ily Ill'dl's! !'Ilynl by a rl illny or 1'\','11 111 i11t'~, »" rad! lxil'al Iy,Ihe dl'\',.[OpllH'lll of IT,t1I~ elli,t,tin' glillPll\\'dtT:lrt;lkry lIad strt'Jlgthc,wd Ill,' dt'!;'lIsivt' dl'I'Wlll illwarbrl' r"t1wr \hal1 thl' olli'l1si\T. Tli(' 11l\·d;\'\'alcastk had bn~ouH':l ]{\'llalSsalln' !urtrl's" bUI it slillbdd lhl' lIppn halld, while' Il<llld-gllll" fired bymaSSl'S (If bardy tl'aillcd ddi'lIc1ns c'oltlel h;1\',' <t

deYasla Iillg dli:n 011 ;lU Y:t It,KK<'rS wi l( I Ill;l na,~' ,II 1'1li/rl'c a Ill'\"ll'b. H\lw"\','r, Ih,'s,' m'ld,Tll d,'li'IKI'S111'l'lkd wide Upt'll firl' ZUII"S, 1\lli,'11 1"(1 t'l til"rill hless dl'lnoli IiOll ofbllilt -up a re;IS bl 'I h ill,itk a lidoUlsidc' their walk TIlt' lollg-"Sl;tblislll'd rt'-

lali()ll~hip IWI \I' Til '111 Italian eilyand iIS~UIT()Ullel­

illg fOli/adli also chang· I. The counlryside was nowgellcrall ' aball lone I 10 an enemy 1"licler whjl(kr'ncl' wa~ COli 'nlnle I in lh' ity whi h was inturn swollell 1>y rcf'ugee: from the \·illagl's. Fear of's( liLian and in. UIT Lioll wilhin lh' wall' lhen kcl10 a ~11'l'llglhl'lIillg ol'll1c cila I I as a derence \\'ilhina c1efencl'.

Th· l'"rli 'Sl sud I lunificalions WlTl' buill ill <J

hurry an I of'canh. w L1nl lillie now remains. LL islh' SWill' dde'nce. thal replace I them which nowgiVI' a speci'll charanel' 10 many n nh IlalianI( wn:. The \'ilal cilY of' \'croll'l. lor example, wasrL'ltll'lilied ill Lh' I :'30s, I 'ing gi\' 'n an imm 'mdyslr Ilg ·ilHcI ,loll lh hills a!J()\'('. There'all rV ronanl:\'l.:r enclur 'c1 allolher s ...iou~ allack ulIlil 17.17.Ihough as early as l598 tlw Clulhorilics laced lhecllCl'ouchn1l'1ll Oll Ihl' ,ulill Ty fir' ZOlh'S or shtd',11 JUSt's. orchards. \. 'gelable pi IS, drainagl' elil 'h :alld hi rd-sna ring grO\TS (the \'croncs 'sLillli kc Lhei I'

u(a/Mli grille I small birds s T\Td on a bed 01'Illaizl' nour). Among; II 0' mililary l'llg;ill ers w'hocll'.'igned \' ('rona's new ddell l'S \\"IS t\ I iclH'k cI i

Fordfications in the Terra Firma (Mainland Territories): A­Verona <:,1600 showing ;.mprovements designed by MicheleSllIlJn.icheJe c.IS30 (note that the Baluardo di Carnpo Marzowas added at the end of the 16th C,); B-Orzmuovi mid·,6th C.(after plan c.16oo); C-recon truction of the Venetian Arsenalin the early 14th C. bowing the first Corden'., rope-factory(after Pizzarello & Fontana)' D-Palmanova, designed byGiulio Savorgn nO & Vine nzO Scamoni in IS93 (after plan",1600); E-Malano, double-octagon bastion on an artificiali land in th V nice Lagoon near Malamocco (after planc. I 600); F-Baluardo di S. Bernardino, one ofVerona' bastionsrebuilt to anmicbele's design around 'S30 (after Duffy).

\

C@E'~• I ••-._--a.......~-r

Courtya.rd of the Porta di dine (,60S), the best preserved ofPahnanova's three gates (see plans of fortifications). Thisfortress, designed by Savorgnano and ScaJDoni in 1593 andbuilt on a virgin site 10 prolecl Venetian lerrilory fromAu trian or Ottoman attack, is tbe most perfectly preservedexample of late Renai sance mililary architecture in exis­tence.

,'alllllichtli, HI: Itad slLldil'd IItt' \\llfk of' anolhermasler. Antonio da ,'<lngallo, and was 10 han' hisI/\\'n l~lmous lollowfTs: such ellg-i n('(Ti n,l!; 'dYIl'lSlics'bccanwa {i'atllr\' of' \'cneliall alld [lalian mililaryarchill."llIrl.· ill Ill<' ((jill all I 17th ('l.'Ilurics, A

lassi fi)rlili -aliun of'lhis Inil d. al Palmano\'u. stillstands \'inually un'hangrel 11I1I hI' li'om til('y u~()sla \' I I' kr, II was plan m'd in I c: 93 as aSUI posl.'cli ' sdr-sulJicil'llt mililar. tOWI1 \ ilhin asylllllleLricul llilll'-lnSlion't1 wall, buill in \'irginIcrriLOry as Ihe hub JI' Friulial eklellc againsl\ustrian' n I III mans, Pallllanova was ' 111­

pklcd ill Ihl' carl ! (jOlJS. bUl remained sUl.:h a1c1lH'ly and ullh 'allh, sil' Ihal lilr )'I'al'S no OIH'\\'allt'd \() Ii\" ther',

The 171h (elJlLlry sa\ anot!wr bursl orIllnill 'ation-buildini-, amun I Ili 'l' ,In I (J"l'rSea:.The ll>r\ifil"llions ( I' Ihl' 'mpire Ofl I/(lre had. illlal'l, bcell o\'crlooked lilt" . car:, bUI IhoLl~h Ihl' '\\'t're small and old 1~lshillncd llw)' had gel1l'1'allyb('cl1 well maintained, Such c!l'I<:'nC'C's r;t ,I alta kli'om both !-Ind ancl sea, all I il was li)rlllllalC tlnltlH' Ottomans had 1)('('11 I' ·hli\'l.'I} qUil·t fiJI' SOn-H'Ii 111('. n' major problem was Iha I the co I or n 'W

ClJllSlru lion h<ld to he borlle largel b IhI' Inca Icommunities and tltese \ CIT Lin)'. 'x pt in Crele'and : 'I rus. Jn J)allll'lti'l til(' OllOl1lanS had~t1l'('acl brokcn Ihrough 10 Ih Sl'a in a llumblT orplacr', whil the skob an I Hapsburg n ad1Illwll1l(lrlabk n('igltl mIl's. \'('Il\'lian fiJrlifi <lIIOIIS

39

Sll h as KolOr also I '~d tl) kn:p an e, t lin the wildi\ Iolllencgl"lllS .."hu, though ritrc " ' an I i-Olloman.

also ra v 'd a sC'a uu L1tt of'1 h i r mVIl, 0, IY (he mainna\'·d bases weI" g-i\"11 Ill'W and mIlCh-I'll f(lr­

lili aliolls; hUI .. hell till' risi' came in the' (j-t '

\ cni e did ullcxpt,tedly wl'11. Dalrnatia was eas)' If

reinlhr (' li'omllearh \'lIicc alld wassluddec! .. illl

caslks, wh Tcas till' Ollom,lns weT' opnaling farrrom Ih,ir maill bases a'ross bkak muuntainsinl abih"d by I/ot'll/afti pc'asallLS who WlT' all LOO

cager to !'I'voll agaillst lheir nominal Turki. hoverlords. The (toman alta ks \ (T" in fact1 kal'd and 'en ice I 'lnaKed to expand her

lerrilor)'.

I n Cyprus Ihc Vel1niallS made greal cO<Jrts to

strength '11 lh ir positioll sh lnly 1 1')1" 11ll' llO­

mans allarked. \1 first their plans b tray('cl i:I

( 'pical Renaissan 'prl'OCClipaLioll with dal)(ll'(llt'machiner)', :eeming to PUI Lheir l~lith 111 ropl'S,

I ulkys all I coUnICT-\\Tig-hlS, hid Icoll explosivcminc,' ami multi-barn'lIl' I fire I I' .ic·clms Ic'signedt rrar lip in all all'I'k ...·s far'. n Hto l11elllillll slnw­

re'lease poisons in ncighh()lll'in~ wdls all I baitedf(ldckr 1'01' ('n'my horses. In the 1'\'I'nl prdl'l"t'llcC'\ as g;i\'l'n to S I'l'nglhcning IIw IC)J'tilicaliolls or

icO'ia; Ihis cllt;,iled tlle \·irlnal c1cstnlC·tioll ul' Ih .

old cit\·, incllCling till' l'(J}al IUl11hs (lnt! monasl Ty(II' 'an Dnl11eni o. 'ul("l lhl' iJuillillg Ill' a S('\'('I1­

bastioncd five-mile- 'il'('uil wall similar 10 Ihal

rc'cenlly n' ·ted at lraklion ill Cret\'. \"1 ill 157licosia I' IIlu llle Glloman' alkr a si('ge ol'lcoss lhan

lin' mun Lhs,

\' 'nCli;1I1 deli.'n cs prov 'elmore l'lkniq· ill :rCl'

whel'(' IrakliOIl endure I a ·~:.!-Y(,i1r Oltoman si('~r.

The Turkish ill\"asiol1 was anually sparked by the

pi rali "al aggr 'ssion 01' L11 ~ [" niglHs orSIJ ohll hasedlin l"dalla. II Olwh il was \ enin' lhal pai llhe pric '.Th' war was IOllg 'I lid bi ILeI'. ra Ilgi Ilg rromDalmatia lO lhe I ardanclles. The Ollomansl'vcnlually Look :relc. though till' \'('JlC'lialls Ic)ughl

\ itll a 1~lllaLiri:111 exo'lling cn~n lhal or tile Turks'lhe ommandcr or Ihe fortress or Sl Tlll'mlnr wassaid 10 haH' bluwn up himsdl: his mc'n, and lhe'HtackcJ's when the Oltomans finally {)\'l'nall hisclCrCl es.

The OlLomans hael already unsuccrsslullyallcmplcd I take lfu in I.' 7.1:k'lwl'en 15,~~PIl cI1570 Ihe ellC:tiall ~'O\Trnl11cnl I ai 1 no Ics, Ihan

250,O)(l ducals I slrcngllll'n thaI i ·Ian I's f(lrLi­Ii alions .. hi h easily ['('Iuls' I a final ()\(Ol11anassault in 1716. Onl, aile 'car ("Irlier lh las(Veil tian-held t'gean i.sland Llll" I Ill'! (L1lpusl (If'TillOS. ha I linally rallen. The l'ncti'1I1 'mpirc asonce aga.in redu eel to thusl' po~sc 'siuns wesl of"Green:' thaI ha I been h ,I I sin . b ·f()IT lh ' FounhCrusaclco, plus Corru and (he Ionian islands which,carly in the 1~)Lh ccnLury. pa:scd Ln another risingimp rinl and nLl\'al power Hrilain.

Fortifications in the Imperio da Mar (Overseas Territories):A-5plit, Dalmatia (after carved plan on fa-.ade ofS. Maria delGiglio, Venice); B-Zadar, DalJnatia (after carved plan onfacade of S. Maria del Giglio, Venice); C-Nicosia, Cyprus(after late 16th C. pla.n); D-Kotor, Dalmatia (after late 17th C.plan); E-Iraklion. Crete (after carved plan on fa"ade of S.Maria del Giglio, Venice, & '7th C, plans).

One oflbe urVJ",n ba tion ofNic:osia,ln '56, Venice greatlyreduced tbe ize of this city, and though the Venetianfortification 'urvive they appear t'o bave been extensivelymodernised during the Ottoman period, (Courtesy of CypriotPress & Information Office)

-Irllls fllJ(/~.jrIlIOllr

V 'Ilil" II '\'cr IJl' arne 011(' or Ih' 11 (~jor arl11:­proelu il1g enlre. or Europe, I lI1 il:' coml11 rialweallh all I wi Ie Ir;1(I, Ol1la'lS 'nsur cI Ihal\ 'l1l'lian 1m p:; \\' "rl' LI.~lIall)' \\"11 ('quipped,\1\ '<.II um as '" 'II as :!tips \\" '1"<.', ur 'OUl"', m'l I intill' I\rs('l1ill, alld Ih 'gf)\'crnm 'nl al~(I,'landardis d111(' d'sip;n (II' vilal it 'illS like 'r(ls~l o\\"s s( tI alcro'sl ow :lring"s <II d boll,' ur alTu\\" , ',auld fil all",,leaI'm s. 'I'h'sl' h· d 'Ol1lpo:,ile arms :imilar inslru('(lIrc 10 tlw 1(' TI"u1 COIllP( :ill' h W,' or Ihtvlllslill1 Wlll'lrI, They" 'IT al.n n:plrl'd to thel3alkans via V '11 li,l almalin al least as early asIhe 141h c 'Illur), By Ihis lin1\' Ill, I 'mallei (:H' lhingslike To.show boIlS' as :;0 high Ihal in I ~)o+ Ihe

('ncli; 11 gov TIlI1ll'1l1 had to sul>- unlraCI lhe

11 al1uraclure of':.l ,< (I iron boll-heach. nccde I b)VC'IWlian comJllunal /1)1"(", Experimenlalion wilhII W Wl'alJons rdk ICc! a sciclllilic altilude perhap'inh Til(·d li')m Ih B)'7.antill -,', A ll1ulli-shol

ro'sbo"" slIll OSI' Iy apall' or sh lin}' I boltsan I 'cw11 arahlc- 1) n also S n in alaI' 121hl'l'nlur ' blamic military Irealise "a' rl"llrdcd inlhe I' lh I lUry, .'u 'h an impl'a Ii al mulli- hOirosshow was again, ugg SI 'd ill I I I, by , hi h

timl' the \ cilcliall ArsC'll'll W<lS 'ds(l - 'P Tim 'IHill!!:wilh wa 's of' improving Ihl' IH'\\' hand,L,run~_

Venic(' similarl xp ne I s\\'or Is, II ,11I1('IS andother pic c, «('armour IU tlH' Balkan: '111 I p'rhaps

, nd. \' ni' - h I. II' w. S op 'n I , illlluell'cs li'om

til' East. lit - Europ 'an coal-ol:'plall's p( ssihly b 'illg­inspir db, B 'Z. l1lin r lsi l11i' lamellar armourbroughl 10 Europe via '('Iii" ')11(1 il' olonialempire, 1 or W rc innu 'n 'S all rnlll1 IIll' Ea '\. Thebroad bn.rilarrl clagg or "'hic!J b,tam a ma'ul"

w al 11 r l1etian inlanlry ,as, in OllraSI,pmb blyof' wi:: or soulh erman origin. il. nameindi alin thallh lirst SLl h dagg<'rs WC'IT imporled(rom B.sd, TI1I' popularily or bolh harcknl' I and'. oft' or nexi Ie I alh I' armo II' ill \ 'llicl' 'Illd tl1I'r 'SI of' Ilal (lull als bnra' ByZCllllil1l' or Islamiinnu n "

l',,[ilan nlhcr Ihan 'nie' had how'\' T, bn'l1t1w main l'JIlr or arms I rodLl 'lion in northernLtal)' sin l' lhl' miel-I'11h 'cl1(ur)', i\lilall mae!'armour. Icsigne I spc ifically or expurt, induclinO'lh - s -call d \ >11 'liall slyl- or saikI '1I1e! barblll<lIwlnll'l:, \'("1 th'l,(, "TIT ulher il1110nalll 'lI"IllS­

m'lnula'luring- l'lllrc:, in Ilonh 'rn I I'll) , 'lIlClli'( 111

the mid-I.jlh ('I1IUI'. some o["IIw.(' la' V,'ilhil1 the'xpancling \'~n lian Tma Finna, For 'llluriL's Iht'ltalian cum industr) , <IS II)\' mo. I imp nalll inE.UI' pc lhough paniall' ompklt'd WCcl( on: W ITimportcd rr m nth r 'our' ': LO has: 'mbl 'd inIlurlhern Ital), h mighl al'o be menlione Ilhal Ihe

arm indu'lry 'mpl y'd '" III n a. well as m'lIwom n h ing r'(')r led as 'scwin~' hdllll'IS andarmour. Thi' probably rcf!'nTd I Ihe linin. orde 'Ol"llilln of' hd m '\.' a n I III lh ' n LIm 'rOll' 1-atherslraps rial I' n 'di( nd armour. 13 'Ih mi 1-151hcenlury J'vlilan ivdl' was in decline and eniceonlroll'l all Iht" remaining north Italian arm

c<:'nll'e. 'erm' n armour 'I: gra luaJl sciz('d domi­nalion ,r Ih Eumpcan mark 'I Ir III Ih mid-16lhC Illur', bUI Ihese enclian manul~H'llIringn;nUTSCOl linlll'd to mak' lug \U'Ullili ',' ,rfint, arm ur.., eapuns and abo\'(' all firearms, Th' cnainlyI' I in'd a 'p 'ial pia (' in Ihl' mark I Ii r'I. b raId)' I,' rat -0 'I" (ni, I arl11:;,

h hier 'U h V 'nrtian armamenl: CllIre ,..'<I

Brci' ia, , hi h I k 0\'('1' Ii' I lilall as Iltc' mainllalian pI' ell! cr lal . in Ihe 1bth alld 17llt 'cnluries,Brcs ia had, in ra I, been l11anul~l tllrill~ ann: sill {'Ih' I I til and possibly \'('11 Rlh "Illllr)', \'lni ,took

'FI,,' .IIilitfl~1""f'/Iirr I, I l'It' In

!.r.!!omFntll:lll,l. I'irll(' r

\'l'nin' l!tH:i '

pp, I '13,;\1. It ~lalkLl & J. R, Hal< ..

(h,l!.rllli::.alilJl/ rtf (/ }(ru/li'~(lIIrr SI",(':Ifili (Carn1l1'id.L;\' l~II'Il.

:\, TI'Ilt'tl1i. I'il'l/(I' & 11i(' /),'dillr '!.I "l'IIill' Il.ondotlt~l-jl J.

Further ReadingG,'tlera) hi~loril's (ll' "l'llie,' :11'\' l,:t,il} :t\'ailabk,Li~(l'C1 h,'lm\ an' ~llltH' Inor.. ~pl't"ia)iwd ~OLlnTS,

.11"111' & .JllllulIl':

U, Fntllzui,.1 mllJ/I~ I' 'i! tlir IJ/JR"'~ I'alt/Ct I V,'nin: ll,d.

,\, Gaibi, 'I:,\t'\\' hrl''>(i:lIlt, dl'lk annaturt':

cnntrihuto alb ~l(ll'in ddb arllli dir"lI~i,'"

ilaliam'· . .1I'Ilii ./I/llrltr ll!)l.l:i. PP,I.; ;)1'.F. Ros-,i, .Ill11i I (lI1f/(lwll hu,mltll ,Id '11ttl Bre~cia

,I: 71i,. 1:Jlft I'I'I/tlll)'

.11: I'rut/illll ~/Ii,f{hl, ml"{l' qlh fI'llllI~r

I)uritl~ lhl' t'ady l:i1h ('I"tlllll)' Vt'lll'lian arm" amiarlllour wert' hasit':dly thl' s;llln' a_~ 111lI~e nflh(" rl.'~1

of ltnly, Earlier L'ly".r.atllilw inllul'I1l"I' had I"rg:d~

disa ppt:'ar('d alld Illt'r,' had a~ yCI IK.... n lilile Urit'llla Iitllllll'nf(' from tht' \'t"lI'ti:lll O'TI~'a~ t:lupirl'. OnIhc otllt.:r halld Italian ,t~k.. tllt'lll~d\'l" difl<-rt'dI"rom I hft:'(' 01" llllrllwl'!l EUro!K', Thi~ kni)'.:IH \\'\'a ..":t

197 1 .1-/l'mll/l)':

E, IJd TIIl""SO, ,lmlJiffl (,rl"/IM F'l/lli Uclilll' I !J7HE, ~Iuratld,l, l.ibrolf,lrm/f/l l'OIr~/(/ \'I"rulla 19i9E. ~IOI':.llldtl . . Iwwllfllr /'0<111,.,1' \'\'I"tllla 1~li6 ,Forlijirnliol/:.\, Ddln \':llk {·e1il.. l'OIr:ill r i 7/1,,/';. Srol/I"; I'

CIJ/!lrlllill IIi 111/1 cil"ililu f~lil,1ll 19!i:l' indudt ....anid{'Sunl'lrlilkaliclIl & mililar~ l"IllllilJ1ltalilltl.

G. Gl'ml". I //IUlllilllrllti l'N/flr lIr1fi'o/fI fli (.",,/(1,;; \ol~

\ '{'nin' 1!j(lfl :i! 1

P. ~I:tl't.'h,,,,,i. I'illlr::.::.r 1·,./II'::,wI/r 1],/1 'i!Ji ~Iilall

I~}H'I 'L". Piunrdlll & \',

flr/r.lf,IOIalr III I"mr::.ifl

,lIi!ita~l' 111;!1,(/IIi}flliOll:

J, K. Hale. ·~lt-Il alld \\\',lpon,: TIl{' Fig:hlitl~'

l'oil'lllial of Si"({'('lllh-CI.'llIUl'~ \·t,tl\·tian (;al­lqs.' ill II"fIr am! Som~l': .1 rf(/,-hfll)~ uJ .\lilit",),

1-1;~tlJl"l" nlil, B, Bonel & I, Kl'~ {I,lllldt'll I~J75l,

lilt" t"il~ ill tl'.lU alltl Ihen'aft ..r l·ncClural{I.'(1 Ill('Un,...-ialt illdtl~tt). rlr;t\\itl~ in armt'l/rers li'olll~lil:lll \\110 hllpl'd III ",,':q)(' til(' JH"a\'~ hanrl of'

\'i""1l11li rtllt-, ~ot until IGH \\"1' thl' Ur..~cial1 ,l!uildul"arrlllllll't'l" di,... ,ln'd, :wd l"n'll lhal did lIot marklhl' t'ntl or lillt" Hft'~dall arm, !'l'lIdtlt'lioll. Apanli',"l) illnnlil,l> l"il'hl~ tl,'("llnll"d 17111 ("('lll11r~

:Innllllt..., Ikl',ci:111 g:lltl~ ,'al'lll,:d a litle l'l'pulatioll:llti.~ \\a~ P:ll"lit"tll:trly Inll' c,r Bf('~ci:llt \\'Ill't,ll(,,"kpi~l(ll~ :tlld rn\l~k,'l~, Slwh ·~I'lI~f;r;ll.l.\' .l.\"Utl~, whidl\\C'I"l" ttludl llu,n' rdi:lllk than the' prt'\"lou~

tll:lll'hlut'k" :lppt'ar III It:l\'\' heell im'l'lllcd ill(jt"rtIWtt). Fill' yt'ar~ lht') WITl' t'otl~irlcn'd so(hre:Hl'lllll.l.\ I" 1:1\\' alld order lltal thc'y \\'l'redl'I:lan't1 illl".l.\:tl, IIUI 1winK !"x:rmiHl'd t'\Tn torlllililar~ IN' utllit ':)7'1, i\l'\"l'l'lllI'lf'S" whl'dlockshad rl'achl'{1 ""Ilicl' \ ia hl'r l'aSlerll Tum l'i"lIIrI

pru\'il1\"I' IItTl'illli t'ad) ill tilt' I S~tr.;. and tlwl'l'aticr1111' l'lunplil':llt,(j 11\'\\ tirilll-: Illl'l'hall;\tnS \\'ITt:itnp0l"ll'tlli'olll Gl'rm:\Il) (111M' madt, up inlU KUllS at

Bn~ia. TIll" filli,lwd \\l'''I>lIIlS \\tTI' IlwlJ rt·­

\'XI>I\rll'd ,III O"t'I' Europt' :ltlc! Ih.. Iblk;lII~.

-1'1

}(~Imet.., A-Mid-,~,h C. V~..~lia. ba,;ci..~t. e..1 do " "';th"'y_Iot,. added i.. 151lo c., (o..ad al Kkalld.IM"I. M o(An•N", ... York!; B--typiCllI Dorlh halia. barbu,a, .... '3500 (Mus.Poldi Pu-.oIi,Milaa);IC C V~D~liaa b~lm"'l. (_ad al Kha1kis,aD'" ia !ii"'loric::a1 Mu~ Albe".' C--h",lm""';1la hu.&ed "&blch...,k_pilOCC minID&..... ISOD SO; D---Yi$C)~ hdm......i,h hinked"khl c)'...,k-piKe mi"llliak. ".'SOD SO; £_"'<:1011"'" 'Coriallow'_1"'I.mid·'s,h C4"·-....I"1 ...ith hiDked aawll,mid"slla Co; C­.·mall ....1"'1, mid"s,h Co; 1I-~1ila ........ arm"", la,,,, 'Slla c.,(11.1 ..,.. (;iv. Man.ol;' Bruda); I--Mil..",,.., do,.., h",lm",t,d....o...,ion DO' lIloo_, ".'570111.1 (;iv. MarIol;, Breseia);J-bursoa",I, dl£Co ,.ioa DOl "ho , lal'" ,61.h C. 1M.... Civ.Marzoli); #(.....(; 1 1I.. lm (rom Bobano, .... IJOG (Calitel S.ADk.,lo MUlll.. Rome); "f-b<orb.. I• • 11• .......".,i.". «w"'~ iD~ v",h'''' .....ilh kildHi b ....."" ornam""uuio.., lal" '5,h C.(M..... 0... Manol;, Br....a.); N o--,...ia...d &: C .......'Rmoria..!!, dl£CaraLla .. lIa, ..ho...... lale ,6th C. (Armoury ofDokc·. Pllllle"" Velli"",)

lidl l1l:,il IlaulJcl'k. Ihelllgh lacks lhle' surnl:ll whichhad Iweollll' IIl,nll.d in Vrallec. Hi.'; kg:s arepnollTl"d hy standard mail chausses but bl"lll'athhis rn:lil coif is :1 d<Jsl"·ljllill~ iroll I"fl7'rllihl' hdllll'1\\itll a \"t'ry larg"l' ll:l:-.:d It' !>n'l"('l his I;UT. TIlt'ktli~ht's l:ll'.~l' ..hidd would also haw been utlusllalUlIlSidl' Iialy and might rl'llt-el the impnnall('(' 111.11:H't'hl'1'Y had :tl1't'ad~ achi("\'vd ill lta[ial1 warl;ln·.1i\1'lill "IllUTt'S; ear\'l'd li'in',l', [ale l'2th c:lrly 1:1lhC .. [;lcadl' or Vidl'lIza Calhedral; wall painlings.[illl' 121h C .. P,dazzu dl'![a Ragiol1c. :\la11lua:earn·t! i\'o1') IllnJlH", l'2r'2 So, l\lus, Naziollak',1{;r\'l'nrla,1

.[.:!: /)"III((Ililll/ /liI/II1I lIIilililll//all, /IIifl-I:]lh ("1'III/I~'lt

'l'lll" Illilir:ll") ~Iyks uf lJillrnatia Wl'1't' " St1'allgt'rllixllrn' tIl' Iblkarl illid Iialiall [:lshiolls, .rille' largt'

Ibl-llll!leHlH'd ~hidd lls,·d by his unarrllt,urvdill[;lllt1') rllall wuuld h:I\'(' 1)('("11 (Ollsidl'IYcl old­

1:lshilllWd iIr \ V,'SII'!'11 Ell rope: bu I Ihe bUilt lllS ,l!1 hisIllIli,' W('1'e':1 \Try 1110dlTll idea lhat had IliIrdly yelappt':lrnl ill 11H' \\·('sl. His soli. l1:tl-IOppt'd har

Sl'('llIS t,l "II,~~,'''I :I Hung,lrian slylt, li"lill Ihl'Ill'i,l:'hluorrrirl,t{ I-Iullgarian-nrkd illlni"r. (i\laill"ourn'; l'<H"\"t'd r('lid~. (.I:.q,O. weSI don1' 01'"1"1'0/,,61'C;llllcdr:II.1

.IS: J)alll/aliall ,,,/di"I". mifl-I]lh UII/III)'

This lll:rH's ,'qUipllH'lIt is similar to thaI \\llrLl inlIlt'din'al Snl.ia and t·\·,.n p,lrl~ or ByzarlliulJ'l, It

n 1I1SlSlS ,.ra IJri rlllned in III dlfl/II'/.d":/F" el\'I T a 1m ,admail t', lir that ,I !so prol(:cI("d Ilw lIlal r's SIIUllkh.TS. IIIaddilion Ill" rllail h:urlwl'k he has all i1'oll I:lmdl:tr

nlira~." or d""rly I':".'l ..rll lOr Byzilnlill" ill"piraliort.His sword is. hO\\'('\'l'r. !ypil'ally European. t?\lain.~ll(l1Te·: (;/111111\ (II Ih" }-Ir)(1' ,""'/lII/rhl"r, can','d rl'1id~

,..r'2.lu, \\"t'SI dnur or·(·I"O,l.;ir Catlwdral.)

JJ: Tli/'ji/lill/llj I!/ Ih,1 141h ({,IIIIII)'

lJ,: ,\i)/Ih I{alilill (1"IJ\.I/III1('I!/(Ifi. I".I:J:JO

(:nlssb,)wrm'n playnl all essential ('(,I" irl r.phl'l'nlury II:rliall \\ar!;ll'e alld many appc;rr ltJ han'Ill','ll pl'el(l',,~illrlall1lt;rt.:t"IJ:lrit·~. En'l) urhall mililiatTOS,S!J"WIlWIl would g"I1''I":III)" ha\'l' bl'l'11 well·l'quipped by Ihl'ir rkb rllil's. Thi~ lll:m is a Iypicall'x'lrnpk. with his "trnllg: iron $alkl helmet Wilh aIringed H:rsal; tlrickly p:rdded mail tippet 0\"('1' Iled:arld sh(,uldl'r, and mail hallbnk un... a lhickl~'

quil1l'd g:lllllwson. I-k is al"llwd not unl)" wilh a

rnarmally-Ioaded LTo:-sIJt.w IHlt wilh :1 broadhasi1<l('d <Iag-ga. (1\1<Iirl snlll'('('S: C:II'\'l',] capitals.early l,ph C .. Dll~,,("I''s 1':t1ac,'" V.. lli...·: (,'l"/Iriji\iMI.'I'df'wall pailHings. 1',r3:;0 ;)0, churTh of S:llll'Allbellrdiel. C()llHl.)

N~: Iialirll/ (//'lJlUlIl'f'I! iI!/IIIIII:l'I1l((lI, ",1:12°This mall i~ tlb\'illll~l) :l proli's"iullill. l.:i,hl·1" a ti,IL'dknig-hl or :1 SU('t','ssl"lll rJ11"rL;,"llary. I-k l'<I1'1'k" ahro:ld·brirnllH'd (lilt" pie... ' inJlI dlll/n'l·tll':/;'" illld h:lsall early lonn ur ('oat-or-plal,'s tJ\'('r his mail. TIlt'[q:("-proll"'l illl-{ grea \',,,~ :Il'l' (II" harder rt'( I Il.:alhl·... a lid

his Sal)alOlis larllltJrrr("d "h,It'sl ill"el :rppl':lr lel h,'l"(l\·,'n·d ill h:lrderlt'd Il';ltlll'r.l-lis''''\'"nl.lll('~lt-t\(kr

basilard dag;gn al his 111'11 and IUII~-III:ldl'd

gl.liS:ll'llle axe ilre commun \\·,"apl)Il~: bUI the harhedja\"t'lins ~Iallding: rt'ad) (l!r tl:-l' would lIsually lml)hI' li"ll" war al sea. 1i\I<lirl sourn'; S/,\}(lrlilllt'IIUII/((f'1

Ih,. .ll1'urr! by SillHHlt' i\l:lrtini. r.r:{17" ,\Innldi"rl'Chap\'1. dlllrdl orsl Frallcis. r\ssisi.l

'Pa~deOrlheGene~tdi Mare in P;':r.:r.a San Marco', early '71hcentury ..ngraving by Giacomo ""ran"•. (Mus. Ci ..., Corr"r,V"ni""l

43

N:F I '111"';111/ ~I/i,!!ltl ld Ih,' (,'fllI(lI/!I,filllli~J" (,1.')./(/

HI'l"" a you 1Ig' 11WIIl lll'f of I h,' \\ adike Col b Ito 1;1 III iIY1'1'11111 "enicr':; 71'11"1I Fill/lll l11:,inlallll pn:,sc:!isitll):;. i~

11(.1 tlldy ;lrlllllUn,d ill lIlt' 1a1l'~1 ll:diall Sl~ k hUI alsowC;lr, a Iwaddulh lhal dOl'S nol appear 10 havcbCl'1I 1"11"11 III11:.ide 11;d~.lli, ba"t'illt'llwllHt.:1 has i1.~

m;lil ;t\"l'mail doubkcl Il\"'r ill anlll!lt'r Iialianb~hi••11: \\ hi I" hi~ 1;11 lriC-((.\ lTt'd coa l-ot:pl:t Ie, and,blluldn ll:l p, \\'1 'L1ltl pl'C1Il;l Ill) ha \"I' Ill.,"'ll Ii Ilcd wil hinJll or t'uir-boLlilli hardetlt'd kalhn sraks, Th,'rcrt'hr<ll'!":. lhal prol.'CI his upper ann~ wouldpl'Ob;dlly h;l\'c llll'lal 1'I"lIll'lllS ill~id,', as \Iotdd Iht'('un:; ofbi, hulrlt-athl'" ,~aLlnllels. Th(, ~r,';\\·"" lhalprolt,,'l olll~ 11ll' I"rolll of hi, lq..(~ ,liT 110\1' or iron.li\laill ,ounT:;: t':tl'\'t'd (·apilals. c"dy 1,Ith C ..Dugl'\ Palact.:, "I'uit'l'; dli,\{) or Ik1'll:l1'Clino d"iBar;llli':Olli, t.I:H,'j ;)1I :'Illls, I.apidari'l [sl,'ns\,.i\1,/,II'n;l: '1IP!)t)rlill.\{ lig-III'I'S 1111 lomb 1.1' AZZ()lle"i,n,nli, 1.I:t~'1 dnll'l'lI III'S, (;1'11;11'(1" in COl'll'.

'Fran<:..s<:n Morosini' w..aring Ih.. Dog..'. cap and a s ..nior<:on"nlllnd.. r'", cloak with ljhOllld.. r d ..<:oration", by Giovann;Carbon<:ino roid"7lh <:ent .. ry. (M..... Civ. COrr...., V..ni<:e)

n" \It< \'q\j ., ",

:'Iliiall.l

(.': Till' .II'(IJ//(I half (!i'lhl' l.fIh (1'/1/11I.1'

(.',: ](lrtJ//IJ (,'(//'{/lIi, uJt/o

Jacopo C:n'alli Iwrl' \I't'ar~ a hC;l\ cy. cr{'sted ,~n':tt

hdm lhat wlluld l1ol'1nOlliy h<tv" I,t'('11 l'I':.{'I'1'nl tiwpar;\{k'~' Only lh,' shuuldtT ddi'IK"~ lIrhi~ nml-ol:pl,lIl"s ;tlT lltl\\ \'i~ihk, th(' n'Sl hl"ing oh~l-UrL'd

hL'Ilt':tth a tighl-fitting sun'oa1. Tltt' knighl's il'Ollarm-prOl('c,ting rt'rt'bracl's. COlllt'I~ :llld \'amIW;lCl'sonly t'OVt'I' the outside or lhL' lill1b~, and thl' ironpolcyns amI gn'a\'t's Oil hi~ l,'~~ an' or a silllil:trlyli,\{hl InX·. Hi~ shic.:ld now Ita' a Ilolr!tt'd !allcT-rt':,1in Oll(' ('OI'l1t'r. His hnrs(' is prOlt'C-h'd hy " smalla mOUlll of a nnour, I.-·OIl.~iSlil1g:of a 11 iron dlalllfrOll

wilh eXira ll('c,k lallles_ a quilted aim'l 011 tilt' Ilecka nd a ~Illalt {Tupper' O\'I.-'r' IIw a Ilima I's nUll p, ( i\ Ia i 11sourct.:s: tomb of Federico (:a\·alli. lalt' l.ph C.,church 01' S. Anastasia, "1'1'01101: 100nh or Callsig:­Iloro ddla Scala, (,135() 75 Otl\~idt' l'hurdl or s.i\lari;l Anliqua, "nona: Batll,' or "al di (:hi:tlla,wall painting 1:l73' Palai':zo l'llblin" Sit'II:!.l

(,':.!: /'(lIl'Iillll illfIllIIJIIW/I. la(, 1./(1/ rfJIllI~l'

Onl)' thc' lIppl'r arm rndmll'l'l$ arl' 1I0W mack 01"harc!t:llc-d !t::llhcr, Ihl' k~ h:trIl('s~ Ij('ill,C. ;ill ori1'On.

as an' the splil11s inside his 10\\',,1' ann \'amhl'acc's:lnd his t~thric-e(l\'ercd solid brcatplale. TIlt' deepf1uled basc:inel is a lypienlly ltali"ll helmet. butappears to lx' worn on:r ,Ill old'(;Uihiolll'd mail coil:Tht' largl' reclangular n·d mantlt'l bearing lhegoldcll Lioll of 51 i\lal'k was, or ('Olll'S(', ",old)' allinfantry shield, The broad-bladed sp('ar is a UalkanW(·apOll. p"rhaps illlpol'tt'd f!'Olll Daltnatia. rMail1sources: lomh or i\lanno I)OIl;lli, laIc I.l1h C,.church uf S. Antonio. P;ldua; .1\(11'/11 111I11/1' b"It'l'l'fI

I i'lltliall tliUllmprrilll/ol'rt'.I, wall pain ling by Spi IwlillAn:lillO mid-qlh C.. Palazzo Publico, :iiclla; ,)'fo(J'

dS, J(I/III'J, rdids t)ll s1l\'('r altar hy !.l-'onardo di SCI'Gio\'anni 1:17[, Pisloia Calhcclt'al.l

(':3: TI'II!IIfll'lt'r i1l sul'i(, qf Ihl' (:lIl'1llli j(II/';~)'. /all' 141h

(,I//UI'I'

This trumpeter wCilrs no armour S;l\'C' lor a Jiglllm:lil hauherk, and a Ckl'p helmel which has ahinged dwek-pit·ec. pCl'haps nrigillally itl!\'llCled foran archer, The man's daggl.-T ag-aill p('rhaps sho\\'sIblkal1 illflucllce, (i\lnin sources: Vl'llt'liall helml'lrrolll Kbalkis, hll(" l+lh carly 15lh C .. Hislorical

J\[lIs., ALl1l'ns; /Jalllt' I!( l'rd di Cltirllla, wall p<lil1lillO'1:~73, Palazzo Plilli 0 'iclla.j

J): em.\ 'illg Iltl' /.6/JPio Pa.l.I. 1./39D,: Dalmaliall ITO SOOlIIl/{/II, 1'.1+/0

B) the I th (Tnlury vari us ' stems or 'panningmore I /)\ c'rrul crossl ow' had om' into uSc: h Te aranequin is shown. Thi· Dalmatian soldi T ha:

allolhn decp Iwlmel \·vilh a hing'd h k-pi C' nIhe righl si c. He nlhcrv,is w'ar, rull,latc arm uron his arms. legs and bod" though the laller isco\' reel b a quilted surcoat in somev hatBUl'g-ulI li'ln style. (Maill SOUI' e': rdicr 'iLl'vingmid- 151h '" Jur:ja Barak vi a ,Ire 'I, Sib nik;

cneli. n helll1l t ['rom Khalki', II' t hall' 15thHislori I M U:., • then:.)

Staff weapons: A-ronco, .6th '7th C. (Armoury of Doge'sPalace, VeDice); B-ronco, 16th C. (Mus. Civ. Marzoli, Brescia);C--eeremoDial partizan, decoration not shown, early 17th C.(Mus, Civ. Marzoli, Brescia); D-remains of broad-bladedspear Or partizan found in ford Dear TriJj, Dalmatia, undated(Archaeological Mu., SpUt); E F-halberd-partizans forofficers, '7th C. (Armoury of Doge's Palace, VeDice); H­ceremonial halberd, late 16th C. (Mu', Civ. Marzoli, Brescia);l-ceremonial halberd, 16th C. (Armoury of Doge' Palace,Venice); ]-pole-a"e, 16tb C, (Armoury of Doge's Palace,Venice); K-glaive, '5th-,6th C. (Mus. Civ. Marzoli, Brescia);L-ceremonial glaive, decoration Dot shown, Venetian 17th C.(Mu . Civ. M.arzoli, Brescia).

1':2: 1'l'Ilelia/llllililiOIl/OIl (!/Iltl' (.'r1/1l/IO.!I,lIi dl'//o C·((I:Of(. Inlf

l,'jllt «('111111)'

Hand,l;L111S wen' increasingly importanl in the latl'I ::Jth (' Illury. This -xamplc- is a vl'ry simpl ' ri)J"(ni,e;nivcl with a separate heated iron IOlldll'. Apartli'( m a lighl Itdnwl wilh separale ('ar-picn's, Ihisyoung man is unannOUl'e I. though his 'xLra\'aganlcostume is in the Ill-ight or Velll'lian lashioll andshows him to be a 111 'll1lwr or Ollt' o"llw 'Trousn

F' III) ,\((o/ld hO{/I!/ IIII' 1511t (1'/11111)'

£,: ,\(I/-/l/(',-" Ilaliall rro,ubllwlllall, 11111' 1,';111 1"1'111111)'

AnULh r IWW m thocl orspannin~ a TO. show wasthe' TOW' 'I(, It' 'hown here: Ihough sOllletin ('S usedin wnr. it appears tn han' be 'n more pupular rOT'I uillil g or larglt-sh Iting. This ir rantryJ1lan . tillhasa I' ps II t wilh a hinged nasaL but hi, armouri~ othC'1"\'\risl' light 'I' 1I1(1n in carlin' plTiods. The ironbreastplale al. 0 ha.s \' '1')' 'ar! lill'lns or tassets lopI' IllTl hi, Ihighs, Ol hnwise I hc man's Iq~s arc' onl yc!ef('nc!ed by light gre;l\'('S, His s\\Iord, wilh the\·(Ttic;).! guard, IIIa)" agaill rdlcTI Balk,lIl or \:rlllaninl') LI n e. ( ['',IIai n sou r l'S: SI (1.\1I11l (:l'fl(' byCa rpac io 1.~93, \caclemia, \ cnicc; ,llImr!rlllls q/Luigi (;on-ago, wall painting by OOll1cllil'O J\lor{lll'1~9(), PalazZ() Dunik, Manlua; \' 'IWU<ln hdrn'tI'rolll K hal kis, J. lh ' .. H istorieal t\ 1u.s .. Athens,)

D2: /)"III/olioll il!f""/~J·nt(l/I. (.1.1-/-0

Here a helrm I with ( hing d hcek-piccC' also has amoveabl' visor. Thi Lime Ih' ,ur al i. or richbl'( c. It' import·c! Ii- m Ihe Islamic world. Th·strap supportinO' Ul rondcl d gg r goes to a beltwom I,'n 'ath the surco I. Th man': armour i.again ol'rull ironllat with a minimum ormail: andlhe hrge triangular shield i· an il fanlr)" limn thathad J en u··d in the B< Ikans r I' .ome c l1luri ...( ain s( ur«'s: r lid' alying mid-r th C., J uljaBar(lkovin str' 't, ,'il nik: \ IH lian helmct fromKhalki. first hall' (r 15\h ..,iSI Iri £II [\·1 us.,Athens. )

DJ: /'t'I1l'lirll/ mlll/lial klll:l!,hlji-ol/1. 'iht'llik. Dallllalio. II/id-

'511i rl'llll1~'l'

Though 111' is a Dalmatian and wears a form orheacldress brlrayillg IUlIg<trian inOu'n t, thisknight ha: Ilw I SI impurted Jtalian armour.T piral \ uld be < sail t helm 't in a specifically\ en ,tian sl I·, rover d in \. -Ivel and \vilh goldende nrati ns riv,t d l the surface, ole the -'xtrafringe or mail from the rim (II' the l~llIld laSL 'ned 10

the lower edge ( I' his brcastplal . ( lain sourc<:s:stalu' or knight carly J. th C., Orlanc!m' Kip,Dubrovnik;\Ii.\,\f/1 or Duk, Hr\' ~i\' \ ukcicIrvatini'lIr 'plit, 1 npkapi Lib" Istanbul)

IJ.J.' llf/!i,," /1('(/,\(11I1 11'1!)' , 1511i rel1ll1l)'

L ngl ows orsimpl . construction Wl'J"C l' 'garckd a.­peasant wcapons in late mcdi val ltaly, On theolher hand some' orlh ' I eSI y w wo d 1'01' su ·h bows

was grownCluantiti s Iby Ghibeni

in Italy, being expl rled in JargEnglan I. ( lain s()urr ': bronze Inor

Illid-l.~th C,. Bapti:tcry, Florence, ~

45

Cluhs'. He nlStI cUTin, ~1 bro:ld-bladl"d dl/lIIWdl'fl

~h(lrl-.~lI'ordotl his hip. I r..laill ~ourCt·s: Sli '''.1/110 crdrb~ Carpan'in 'I!I:'I, .\c;ldc'11li;I, \'t'llit't': h:lIld-g"un,mid-15th C .. ;"111'" Ci"i,o, 'I'ri,'slc·.!

H:;: I ;'II"illll 1II11II-fll-IIIII/', Ifllr 151ft I'rllllll)'

In (",.mpk-h' ('()]JI ra"l It' llll' 111Ianlll.urnl IW1Id­~ttllllr. thi .. Illall-al-arms is (:quipp,:d lin' dost,t..'cullh"l wilh llll' IhnT-j:>llinled rUlltl), ;\ pendi;lr\\',';I!l0ll thai pn.\"t'd n'l") popular in II .. I~, Hisarmour is a tllag-nilin'lll ,'xamplt' Orril11 platc 'whill"armo11r' mack ill nortlll'rtl Ital~ and "XI:>lIl'u:dIhl'oll,l.{lulIll Europe. TIn' ann ddt'lln's an: slig-htJydiniT"111 liJr l'adl ann. His 1;lr~c' irull sallel i~ or anallll()sllilllyt'Il("!I.s,'d tYllt', 11:\\'itlg-nludl ill t'01ll1110nwilh SClillt' ;IIlCi('lll Gn:l'k hdllU'ls, (i\ [aill SOll1Tt'S: SI

i'H1I11I (l'df hy C"rpan'io t,l!n, i\eademia. \'t'llit"c:,/lIl'11dllll/l I!/ /,lIip,i (;III1'::'IIPJI, \\';r11 p;1I11ltllg' In'Dorlll'llif'1/ i\lorOlw 1.1~)tj, I'ab'l.zo DOt'ali-, ;"lalllu;l;\'I'I1C'li:lIllwIIlWI tl-clll1 "h:\lkis, l:",lh C" Hisloril"ali\lll~ .. '\thl'lh,l

F: Tltr ",,111' dil" frllllll"l'. .FI: 'Sll"fIdil/t' h:ii,hl fIIl'lt! ~l'I//(1IIfi 1//11 /)alllllli ill, (. 1;j00

Slradioti \I'I'I'C' ;!Iways lig-llIly ;lrlllOtll"\,d or {:n:l1tlllarmoun'd, hili fi:\\' illtblnltiollS ~lln'i\"t.: ~hcl\\'ill,g

IhOiw n't'ruilt·d ill till' ~Olllht'rn and t:'li'lt'nI1l10~1

paris Ill" 1111' \'em'II;lll t'rnpin', Thi~ man probabl~

cnnH'~ li'o111 D:tltll:Llia or lsI ria ill what i~ Ill)\\'

Yllgmla\,ja. Hi~ ho\l' is or lhl' :\si;lIit..· l"OrnpOSill'lype. l-li,H'ul'wd ~abrt' i~ similar lu those used iu thl'Oltolll:ltl Ernpin', whill' his shield is I)f:l typicallyl'asll'rtl EUI'l.pt:;lll Ill' HUIIg;lriall lorm. His liglllarnl\Jur IS, hlJl\'I'\Tr, typi"all~ Iwlian, ((\laill

sourcr's: SI {''''1I111 err/I' by Carpaccio 1.193,Anuh'lllia, \'cllin': (."l1'a!mdr. \\,;\11 paililing 1.174,I'hllt't'h tlfSI i\1;lry, Lknlll'l, [slri;!.)

F:1: "/'IIr(;1I11 lighl (fI/'(//~rl/l(lI/. [.150{)\'~'J1('liall dn1TH'slil' alltl [Ialian c:l\'alry \I'('I"{"

di,'idl'd iulu li,l.:1tt and 11I';\"y ullilS,lhflll,l.{h till' maindilli'n'm't· st'em.. 10 h;\ \'1' Iwt'u iII Ihe IISl' (Jl" 01 h!'l'wiseIlrlllll'Sl'-:ll'lllllllt'. 'I'hi~ man, as a lig-hl cavalryman,has a d~nn'd salll'1 illslead ot'tllt' dosed arillel uscdhy lwa,'y ';l\"alry. Hi.~ armOll1' i~ also 01";\ flUlCd\'aric'ly: though lll;ld,' ill northern Ila[y il clluldt'dll'~'1 tire' illl1lll'tlt'~' ",. Gt:rntan ;ll'lllC'lln'l"S. whnmad!' much .~t't:;t1l'r us,' or I1l1tin,~ lill' hothdeC"ur;ll iOlI a ml ~trl'ug-t1lt'lling-. I i\ \;1 i11 sources:

['1I!,-lIlIIt'lI kl/~~hl hy Pic'l"O di Co~i11l0 (.t~)t;I' ~al.

G;llltTy, ',\llldclll: SI (;'''''}!.'' by CarpatTil' ',15fl(,.Senlur;1 di S. (;iol',~i" dt',~k S('ia\'lIlli, \'t'nic·t'.1

/':'J.' (;rak IwMt'lJllII/.1 r(J1II / 'fllt'!ifll/-m/<"(/ It'l riloll),. ,{/r~ \'

Ifi/ll (t'III/I~I'

Tilt' lillIe Ihal i:- kllown ;Ih"rtl ariHoCr;llic n.stlltlH'in Jllth-l'l'1Hury Gt'CITt' ~ho\\"s it III han' !lVt'l)~Irol\~l~ illlhlt'llt't'd by {)l t0Il1:I11 'l'urkil'JI ~I~ It,l'. (}1I

thl' utht'l' halle!. Ihis mall'S short llllli,' i) dt';II'I~

Europt';\n, His :-word was mafic- ill Il:lly: ;lIld hi,hrimmvd hal was a Styll' ~I't'll dlrtlll.!.,:hnUl till'13;\ Ikall,~ alld H It ngn I'y. ( ,\ b ill "1l111Tt·~: -"I ( '/ Ilda (ydl'

hy C;1 rpaccio 1.19:'1, .\c:\rkrnia. \ ';'lIke: .ldOff/liUII 11Iht' ,\1(I,~i wall paimillg- lal(' t5th C.. ~11I'" Ci\·im,Padua.!

(,': .111 {/,I,lfI.I"illlllilJlI 1111"11//11 ill "I'll/I"<' IU'l/IlIrI Ifit",

(; I: I "'lIdif/1i 'BI"III"li', Ittlr ilillt <"1'11(111)'

Vl'IIiCt, was OIH: (If till' Illain l'~'llIrt'l< 01' "'c'StITHb~hinll durill~ till' l!ith {"'llllll'~. ;llld ret:ord~

indi(';\lt' Ihal ltirt'd bodygllar{b Ot' lhu.L:,~ known asHrlll'i wen' .Illlon,t.: Ihl' mosl l'Xlra,·a,l.::lIltJ~ dn'sst'dIlll'll inlhc' dty. This indi\'idu;Jllighls \\'illl;1 l':lpicrand Idi-hamkd dagg-t'l' ill;1 l'har:l('Il'l'islil' latc' 16lhcentury fi1rtn of ll:l1cin.\{, !;"Iaill :-"llrt'l'~: ('lIklllJ/('1I

r'tlldiml IIIlMrll/ll1l by i\11'lr(lll;, Illid-J!ilh C .. !\at,Gallery, London; '\"'Iletian Bn,,'o', itl \';'cdlin'sCQ,llIlIIr BooL puhlis/wd ISH!I,}

(;:1: /~\((Ill1'd ,l!.td/~l'-,lm'f, fIIr~l' '7lh IIHIII~1'

\'t'lll'li;m g::r1lt'y·slan's amI lho", t'llll\'i("l~ will,sn\"l,d their SI'llIC·IH.'t"S al II1\' ";Irs \\'11"1' :-imilarco:o;t 11 tlll':'i: IIlis was IOlall y ina([,-q 11;11 C' ri.r tht' rig'oll I'Sfir lif(' in ;1Il 01'('11 \\':rr·g'alky and rnall~ died thlllll'XI)lJ:;un'. 'I'he \\"(';llJ1)1JS lhal Ihil' 111:111 has "l'i".nlilldlldt' a lon~-h:dkd halh;ll'eI, :1 tl:Jg'g'I't' li'oll)Croalia, ami a p('culi;11' tonn ol" IH';r\'~ l11:ttdllnckpistol with;1 r('vokin,1:;" Iriple barrel. ( ;"laill ~1!ltITt'S:

'Galley slaw', in \'cl"l'llio's (,'0,1/1111/1' 111101.: \'c'IH"li:mhallJt'rd. c'ady 171h C .. Arll1ollr~ nl"\)og-I",~ P;,[;]c't'.\'c-nit'c,l

(,':1: /'l'lIl'Iillll kllig!ll. ufit"l

i\!ost arrllours lhal sUI"\"in' ill l11USt'lllll~ lal'k Ihl·iroriginal lining. This wa~ olkll C:Xlellell,d In Ii Inn ;1dl'corati,·t..' ri'ill,~e around o'nain pit'I'l's, as showtlhl'I't:. Thill \\'c;l!lhy aristocrat h;l~ ;1 ht'lnll"l Ill" tilt'dosl' helm 1'1 ,rill. H is ~WI ,rei is \'l'l"~ /\('a\'~ l"'111 pa n-d

III lilt, rapit'r 01" hi~ lIpplillClll. Iron shield;, \\CIT aI'daliwly latt' dcwlopIlH'l1l; althou)..:"h dcsip:lwd 10\\'ilhsland piswl and muskt'l balls. t1wy \\'en:prohably more (kCOrali\'I' Ihan dlcC!in:. (i\binsourc,': rull ,lr111our. \Iiblw~t' or Hn'seiall f.1570.i\lu~, Ci\"iw \larzoli, Br(·sda.)

H: Thl' dl'at/' '!J TO/III//(/Ill .lfm·UJilli. IG.17III.' Tamil/till! .\/(.If/J.lilli. f.d/:17By Iht' mid-17lh ("l'nlury 111(' g-re'lt age or armourhad l'mkd, :\ 1(-\\ lidl arrnOllrs W(T(' \\'01'11 hy ht',w)'ca \'011 ry and by ('lJllllll;llldillg' ot1iCl~rs for pn·sli~(' .. \tsea tlll'Y wIHIld have Ilt't'n \'irtually suicidal.!'O herl','\'t'll 'I'\I11'lma:m :>.Iorosilli has bC('11 ~i\'t'n al>anil"ularly lil1\' lornl 1'1' Ilalr arrnOlll' wilh amatching- lobSler-tail 11<'lnlt't. The broad nas<llshows ('\'I'U 11101"1' dearly Ill\' ori('lltal illSpiralion ora II sllch hdnH'I'. This pa 1'1 icu I;, r sui t of a1'l1H,W' h:ldIWll allcrllali\·c l~pcS ufproteclion fOI" thl' hips alld~n Ii II; 111(' \'er~i()ll worn hl'IT \l'as for com IK\t 011 li)!)t,wlwreas IllI' 01111'1" was III bl: worll on hnrst'hack.NOlt' thaI l\ltlro.~ini is armcd with a ba;,kd-hiltednlpilT ami a lilll' wlll"dlock pislol. [l\laill ;,01l1"C1':

mid-17lh C. I~n'~dall half armour. l\lus. Ci\'lcni\lal-l.llli. Brc:-cia.J

I·/;!: I'rlll'fimi arqw'/Jillil'l', I'tIrb' /71h (f'flllll:l''I'hl·lm'astpl;ttl· ot"lhis ordinary soldier has llll' samc'd('lll or 'proofing mark' as Ihl' line armour 01"'l'omllla~(1 i\llll'osilli. ThotrKh del'oral('d, hi~ breastand back plaIt'S. rnurinll Iwlmel and ir(JIl IIl'c'k­protl 'cti Il~ gorgi·t \\'orll hl'llcal h I he IIn'ast piau' :U'('

or nmdl illli...ior (ILl;r1il~, Tht· mall's :-\I"unl is aIblkan Irill/"lJIII/ whill' his :trqul'1Jus ha:- a GC'l'lllanlock I)ul \\';1' aSM'nll)lt,d ;11 Brcsci:l. 111 \'C'lll'ti;lllh'1.,.ilory. [1\1ain ",un'c's: '\'elll'ti:ll1 inl~lIlII'YIll:lll·.

ill \'I',dlill's COI/1i1Tt1' Hook; Il:dian inbnl ry armour,(';Irly 171h C., :\I'IlWtlr~ or till' Pal:lt"t' or tIll'"-Ili~ht!', i\lalta: ~cia\'(-.na :-wurd. \'elll'tian c'ar!y17111 C.. !\nl1ffury oflhl' Dog-i"s PalaCI', V('llicI·.)

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CominUt!d from t«k 'o~,

160 Nap's Guard Infantry (2)44 Nap's German NIleS (I)41 Nap's GerrNl> Allies (2)90 N.1IH German Nlies (3)

106 Nap's German Allies (4)111 Nap's German Allies (5)199 Nap's Spe,;,alLst Troops211 Nap's o,.erseas Army111 Nap"s Sea Soldlllrs

88 Nap's It.lhan Troops116 Ausv"", Army (I ~ Infantry181 Austn.1l1 Army (2~ CavalryU1 AuIUl.1l1 SpeooI'lt Troops151 Pf\JS\.laO l.II1e "'Ianlry149 PrvsSlaO L'ghllnf.mtry192 Prvs\W> Reserve 8. Ircegulars161 Prussw> Cavalry 1792 1607172 P"hSl<lr!Cavalry 1807-15185 Rulwn Army (I~ Infantry189 Rulwn Army (2): Calr.llry

B.4 Well"'lllon's Generals114 Wcll.ngt.on's Infantry ( , )119 Well,ngton's Infantry (2)151 Wellonglon\ Htghlandcr<116 Wellmgton's Ugt11 Cavalry110 Welhngton's Heavy Cavalry104 Wellington's Specoalist TrClOp'i161 Brunsw"k Troops 1!I09·1598 CAJun·BeIli"'" Troops

106 Hanovcnan Army 1792·1816116 The Arne""", War 181 2·1 "

96 Mllery Equ'P'nents17 Flags of the Nap Wars ( I)78 Fklgs of the Nap War. (2)

115 FkJg\ of the Nap Wan. (3)

19TH CENTURY231 Bolivar and San r1ar1lnIn Alamo 8. Texan War 18)!>·656 Mco<J<:an·Amencan War 1846·8

272 The Me><0QI1l Adventure 1861-6761 Arnencan·~ Wars 1860-90

170~n 0 ...1War ArmIeS:(I): Confedo!ral~

117 (2): Unoon119 (3): 513ft, SpcwIrsts,

""'~190 (4): Stale Troops207 (S): Volunteer Mhoa)7 Army of NO<'thern V"go.J)8 Army 01 the Potomac

251 Flaeo; of the AmeriUt1 0..,1 War.~"

VolunteeriIlOS Indoans,1950-90Rebellion 1851-66

1y of the

"• on Campa.gn:53nea, 18S4·S6

01e~:

1 Alrrcan Alnc;a

1lTlp<lJlr'S 1860-70

"'"rps ,n the~ _ y 1957·59

91 Beogal Cavalry RegllTlffilS91 Indliln Infantry Regimet11S

U) French Army 1870-71 (I)U1 French Army 1870·71 (2)177 The Ru<<o.Turlush War 1877

51 The Zulu War59 Sudan Clmpa,lr'S 1881-98

HO US Army 1890· 192095 The Boxer Rebelloon

THE WORLD WARS8(1 The German Army 191~·18

81 The Bnt<si, Army 191~-18

245 B"llsh Terntonal Ur.fS 1914·18269 The OnOlT'lan Arm~ 1914 18206 Lawr",""e and lJito Arab Revolts182 Bnlosh Banle Ill\Igno,l

(I) 1914_18181 (2) 1939-4~

14 Tne Spans/1 CMl W~r111 T~ PoIts/1 Army 193945112 an\lsll Battlcdr~~ 19)7·61110 A_oed Commandef'> of WW2115 The Royal Air Focce

10 US Army 1941.45216 Thl: R.cd Army 1941-45146 The fl.omanIiIn Army220 The SA 1921 45

1<4 The P¥\.!er Dl-vrsoons166 The AlIgemeJIle·5S)4 The Wat(~n-SS

119 luftwaffc f del [)"""""124 German COtlYY\andero; 01 WW2213 Gem"", MP LJn>ts139 Ge<m.:in Aorborne Tcoops1)1 Germ;r.~{~ F. Fr0l11 Alloes10) Germany's Spa",s/1 VoIunlec<>147 Welvmacht Foregn Volunteers25<4 WeIYm1cht Aux,kary Focc('SH8 AlliCd Fon."i:" VoUllef:rs142 Partl'ian WJrfare 1941 45169 ~ta1'(e Warfare 194Q.'IS110 Flags of the Thrd ReICh

\ I) WehnT;)cht114 (2) WalfeoSS178 (3) PilI"Iy a. PollCC UnoIS

MOOERN WARFARE132 r1alay<Ul CampaOW' 191860174 The Korean War 1950·53116 The Speaal Air Scnocc156 The Royal Haroes 195(,·94I)) BattJC 101" the ralkl.lnd<

(I ~ Land fOI"~1)4 (2~ Naval for<:e<;135 0, A" Forc~150 Argentne For,~ on the Fidl<land's111 Isradl Army 19<18-7)128 ArdbAtrnes(l~ 1948·7]194 Arab An-noes m 197).88165 Armes on Leb.lnon 19828410<4 Vllllllim War ArmIes 1962·7S141 Voetnam Wa,' ArmOC'S (2)209 War In CamOOd&a 1970·75111 Warm Laos 1960·7518) Modem Alr"an Wars:

(I~ Rhod!..~ 1%5-60101 (2): Angola a. Moumboque142 (3): Sculh,West Afra159 Greoada 1963178 Rv;,<;t', War In Nl!hanistan111 Central Amel"'('a~ Wars

GENERAL65 The R<:>yal Navy

101 Brltosh I<1f.mlJ'Y EqulplS. (I)106 Bnt<s/1 Infamry [qulplS, (2)118 Bnl/'Jl Cavalfy Eqopts.72 The~l Front"",

114 US Infanlry Equ<pts.105 US Army Combat Equ'PlS.U4 Germatl C<.>mb3t Equ;pts.151 Flak )"Ckets12) Ausvalliln Army 1899-1975164 Canadlin Army at Wa,'161 Spanrsh Forcogn Lcgoon191 Royal CarOOoan Mo..onled Poio(e

rmmMILITARY lVIEN-xr-ARMS SERIES rmm

MILITARY

An unrivalled SOUTce of infonnation on the unifonns, insignia and appeanmcc of the world's fightingmen of past and prescnt. The ,Men-Ilt-Anns titles cover subjects as diverse as the Imperial Rom:m amlY,

the Napoleonic wars and Gennan airborne troops in a popular 48-pagc fannat including some40 photographs and diagrams, and eight full-colour plates.

COMPM'IION SERIES FROM OSPREY

ELITEDetailed infonnation on the unifonns and insignia of the world's most famous military forces.

Each 64-pagc book contains some 50 photographs and diagrams, and 12 pages of full-colour :u·twork.

WARRIORDefinitive analysis of the annaur, weapons, tactics and motivation of the fighting men of history.

Each 64-page book contains cumways and exploded artwork of the warrior's weapons and amlOur.

NEW VANGUARDComprehensive histories of the design, de\'e1opment and operational use of the world's antlourcd vehiclesand artillery. Each 48-page book contains eight pages of full-colour artwork including a detailed cutawlly

of the vehicle's interior.

CAMPAJGNConcise, authoritative accounts of decisive encounters in military history. Each 96-pagc book contains

more than 90 illustrations including maps, orders of battle and colour plates, plus a series ofthree-dimensional battle maps that mark the critical stages of the campaign.

THE ANCIENT WORLD118 Anoen! Ct>~ AI'mlI.";109 Anoen! Mdd~ East137 Tho: Scyttlian\ 700-300 B,C.69 Greek & Pe~ W¥'> 500·)23 B.C

148 Arm'( of Alexar1d<!e the Ge....tl'21 Carthagtnoa,n W~...... Roman Army:

~I""",.T","

9) 2 Hadn;an-Constanllne119 's Enemoes

I'! """"""',•D~~Isa I GallIC & BrItISh Celts175 3 Po1I'th4ans & Sassantds180 ~. $pain 118 8.C.·19 B.C.243 5 rhe ~<1 Fr<>ntoe<"

THE MEDIEVAL WORLD247 Romano-ByUnlJrlo! Arm>es 4tr>-9th CIS4 ArUv & Anglo·Sa><on Wars1SS Armoes of trot M'lSIJm Conqves!115 Amlles 01 islam. 7th·ll\t1 CISO TM Age of Charlemagne89 Byzantine Armoes 886·1 I !68S Saxon. V>Iung & Norman

2J I Freoch Mf:dOf:val Artl'IltS 10Cl0- I 30075 ArrnIf:s of theC~

171 Saladin & the Saracens155 Kn,thts of Oms!200 EI CId & ReconqUtSU 10.50-1492105 n... Mongols222 The Age Of T~n'"If:rlane

PiefM note thol fa< sp«e eeawn:s ~",lffitIIle5 eve g~ ~. when OH!erlfli,~ quoledie l'llf: r1iJ'l'ltOf:t. e.f. 'MAlI 109' for 'AncientNI'l'1/f:S 0( /he MddIe Eas!". etc

15 I M~ Clw1esf: Armoes50 ~vaJ Eueopoean Aemoes

lSI Scots & Welsh W~rs

94 The Swlss I)OJ. 1500136 Ita/ian ArrTl1eS I300-1500164 German Armoes I300-1 500195 Huo2MY & E. Europe

loo]"·IWI159 The MamkJks 12SQ.-1517I'" Ottom¥l Tueb 1300·ln4210 Venel.W1 Empre 1200·1670III A~ of Cr~ ~nd POI!lf:rs144 Mf:dlf:Val Bu....,ely 1164·1477•• 3 ArrrIoe5 of AglocOl,ll't1<15 W~rs of trot Roses" MedItV1lI Her~Id')'

16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES156 ThelnshWirs 1485-160319 I Henr)' VIII's Army58 TM l..andsI<nechts

101 The COI'lQUI5tadorf:s263 Mvgh.JIlndia 1504·1761135 Gunavus Adolph./5 (1IInf~nt')'262 Gustavus Adoj~ (2 . Cavalry

.4 Engb5h Qv.I W~r Armes•• 0 NewJ'1odf:IArmy 1645-60203 L0U<5 XlV's Army267 TN: BrMh Arm~ 1660-17Cl-l.7 Marlboro.Jgh's Army.86 Samurai Amues 1550·1615

.84 PollShArmoes 1569·1696(1)

Avec annotatIons en fran,.als sur lesplandtes .., couleurs.Mit Aufzeichnunaen auf Deutsch Ilber denhrbufeln,

1&8 PoJtY1Armoes 1569·1696(21

18TH CENTURY261 I8\t1 Century H~rs260 Petee lI1e Great's ArTJ'Iof (I ~ Infantry264 Petee the Greafs Army (2): CaVil')'II 8 jacobite RebeUIQf1lO2J6 Freder..:k the GeeA! I"140 Fre6erxk \he Geea! 2)248 Feedf:r..:k the GeeAl )}271 AuslnillArmy 1740.80(11176 Aus!n;all Army 1740-80 (2

48 Wolfe's Army128 Amenan Woodland tndlans

39 Bnt Army III N, Amenca244 Feenc.h III AtTIer W~e Ind27) ~I W~sIw>gton',Army

(I); 1775·1778

NAPOLEONIC PER'OD157 Napoleon\~ III Italy

79 Napoleon·s EgyplJin Campa>gn87 Napoleon's Marshals64 Nap's CUlr~ssltrs & CaribK1iersSS Nap·s Dragoons & Lanc.ers68 N~p·s lJne Chaosseurs76 Nap's Hussarsn Nap's Guard Cav~I')'

.41 Nap's U"" Inf&r1!')'

.... Nap's Ught InfantryIS] N~p·s Guard Infantry {11

Tille tiu cOIIfitlUed 00 imide bock co"",

ISBN 0-&5045-899-4

9 UlJUlli