-
1
( )
The Huns are the immortal topic of human pioneering spirits
...............................................................................................................2
............................................................................................2
-
........................................................................................17
,
- ............................................49
...............................................................................................................49
...................67
.................................................................................95
.........................121
, - .........................................146
- ..........................................174
-
................................................202
,
-
..................................................................................222
....................................................................................................222
- .....................................................257
......................309
......................................................................................................320
.................................................................................................320
.......................................................................................................................324
....................................................................................................................326
-
2
12
-,
, .
-
-
, ,
,
.
-, -
, , ,
,
- , .
- -
, . -
, .
1964 ., ,
Hermann V{ry Bochum
- .
(. 1).
. 1
-
3
-
- ,
[Vry 2011, 50-51].
-, - Karayaz
Dz (2300 ) (. 2-3). 25 .
,
,
. . - .
. . .
,
-.
Kazbl Da,
. - Karata (2500 ) (. 4).
,
Cunni - Cunni-Hhle. ,
15 .
.
. ,
,
(. 5-6).
, , , , , .
, .
Bayro , :
. 2
. 3
-
4
2. Dagegen mssen die nur wenige Kilometer sdwestlich gelegenen
Snnet-Hhlen bis
zuletzt eine armenische Kultsttte gewesen sein, wie aus der
teilweise erhaltenen Schriftmalerei,
dem zerstrten Freskenschmuck der rechteckigen Rume, den Apsiden,
Sulen, Kapitalen und
Spitzbogen zu schlieen ist. Verzierte Schalen und Kannen aus
Kupfer sollen dort gefunden worden
sein. Die in schneeweien Kalk gehauene Anlage mu einstmals einen
prchtigen Anblick geboten
haben. Seit Jahrzehnten jedoch wird der Kalkstein von den
Bewohnern des nahen Dorfes Bayro zur
Mrtelherstellung gebrochen und diese seltene, aus dem Fels
gehhlte Architektur zerstrt. Die
Lage dieser Hhle im schwer zugnglichen Hochtal einer Quelle des
Kazbil-Baches hat im Vergleich
zur Cunni-Hhle keine in alten Zeiten wnschenswerten
Vorteile.
20 km stlich der Cunni-Hhle liegen zwischen den Drfern Kanisipi
(mit einer Burgruine) und
Memitan ebenfalls zwei grere Hhlen, die ich nicht besucht habe.
Herr stud. agr. Ahmet Aras aus
Elmalidere (Mollaosman) im Bezirk Karayazi zeigte mir eine von
mehreren byzantinischen
Goldmnzen, die er dort gefunden hat. Diese hatte einen
Durchmesser von 2 cm. Die Vorderseite
zeigt das Portrait des Kaisers mit kreuzgeschmcktem Diadem,
sowie die Umschrift: DM TIB
CONSTANT PP AVG. Die Rckseite zeigt ein auf vier Stufen
stehendes Kreuz, darunter die
Signatur der Mnzsttte CONOB und die Umschrift: VICTORIA AVG...
(unleserlich) [Vry
2011, 51-53,78].
. 5 . 6
. 4
-
5
,
, 50
, :
An den auf dem Plan angegebenen Stellen (Z) finden sich,
unregelmig ber die Wnde
verteilt, rund fnfzig Zeichen und Bilder eingemeielt. Auerdem
sind zwei Inschriften zu je 18
und 28 Schriftzeichen erhalten, von denen nur die erstere ohne
Zweifel altarmenisch ist. Allgemein lassen sich unterscheiden:
a Oghusische tamga
b Uigurische Sippenmarken
c Alttrkische Runen
d Tier- und Reiterdarstellungen
e (altarmenische) Inschriften
f ungedeutete Zeichen [Vry 2011, 53].
-,
:
VII-VIII . (. 7-9), Tier- und Reiterdarstellungen.
Alttrkische, ..
, . Hermann Vry
,
V . - ,
.
1 . 7 A S,
,
V-VI . 2 - R
.
.
,
, - VII
. .
3 , ,
. A. v. Gabain
- -
. 4
. Q.
. 7
66666
7
. 8
. 9
-
6
III . - Qiniq,
Oguz-oq.,
. 5
i.
2-5 karischen ,
: 2 se, 3 ti, 4 th, 5 ri. ,
: Talas - Talas-Kerbschrift,
-, -
spthellenistischer Zeit, Marakanda (Samarkant)
Alexandreia am Jaxartes (Kokand bei Takent).
Satrapie Baktrien/Sogdiane/Margiane Karer. Oxos Xerxes
Milesier. Herodot (484-425) Karer Halikarnassos. ,
Skythenland, -
altaistmmige Skythen, z.B. (IV, 103) :
Die Amazonen heien bei den Skythen orpata, das ist
Mnnermrderinnen, denn or heit,
Mann und pata ermorden. Man denkt dabei an alttrk. r- Mann +
bat- untergehen.
323 . .. - Karien Sldner
(10000 Fusoldaten und 3500 Reiter), . Kariatai (Strab. XI,
517). - , -
160 . ..: Kariye-negara devata (Gott der Stadt
Kari). E
- untrkisch (A. V.
Gabain). ,
- . -
,
.
- palotrkischen,
V-VI .
II-III ., . ,
-
.
2 . 8 -
.
. 3
[Vry 2011, 61-65,70-71].
- . 9 ..
Armazem, altgeorgichen.
, pahlavik.
22 ,
-
7
.
, . , -
, altgeorgiche Hutsuri () -
Armazi
, , .
Armazi. Cunni
Mhedruli, - Hutsuri.
F. Altheim 300 . .
. ,
, -
[Vry 2011, 61-66,70].
, 1.5-2
20-40 , (. 10-
11).
,
-. .
.
-.
Bilg Qaan Kl Tegin.
, .
, , .
, ,
. Alp Arslan
Malazgirt.
.
Hocharmenien, - Trans-kaukasien,
- Capriden-Gattung, .
.
.
- Bezoar-
Ziege, capra hircus L., geyik, .
. 10
. 11
-
8
- , ,
[Vry 2011, 65-67].
- -I ., .. ,
-
Volkssprache Ramkoren (. 12), , -
:
T*+r A*stua+c oorme(c') = Herr, Gott, erbarme dich! (oder : ...
erbarmte sich).
, ... [Vry 2011, 67-68].
,
(. 13).
, . ,
alttranskaukasishe, ,
400 . . ,
29 . , - ,
- ,
, ,
.
(S. Taylor), - .
.
, - Kharosthi,
. Kharosthi
V . .. III . ..,
.
Kharosthi ,
.
, , -
.
VII .
.
,
.
,
. 12 . 13
-
9
.
.
-.
,
, . 28 ,
,
.
.
[Vry 2011, 68-
69].
, ,
29
24- : Qay, Afar, Bayat, Yazr,
Salur, Bgdz, ymr, Igdir, Ula Yundlu, uvaldar, Bnk, pni (.
14).
. 14
-
10
, Divan Lgat-it-Trk
Mahmd al-Kgar 1073 .
Gami' al-Tawrh Rad ed-Dn 1306 .
Mahmd al-Kgar 45 180
, .
,
A. v. Gabain ,
. Mahmd al-Kgar ,
. Rad ed-Dn
Bozoq, oq.
.
, ,
. Cumont Universitt Gent 1900 .
- Karata, 10 Suehri.
, Ksedai, . Aksu,
Kelkit (Lycus). Suehri, Akar Ovasi,
Aq-ahr, Aqer-abd, .
, Cumont Karata Yaylasi Saroudjar,
. , ,
, . Cumont
(. 15), .
, .
Salgur Qayig.
Bgdz Ula Yundlu.
, , .
- Apotropon,
.
, .
,
.
. 15
-
11
,
,
, .
, ,
.
sog. yo - Feiern, Orchon-
Inschriften Mahmud al-Kasgari, VI .
dochia. , ,
.
.
, - alttrkischen
Qaane.
.
, Cunni
Karata balbal.
. -
trkischen Donaubulgaren, ,
. -
Proto-Bulgaren, , 893 . ,
Krki-jaba. ,
,
Qayg. ,
,
Qayg (. 16):
Zurckkommend auf die Donaubulgaren mu die auffallende Tatsache
erwhnt werden, da die
von ihnen hinterlassenen Tamas mit wenigen Ausnahmen alle das
Symbol des Qay-Volkes
darstellen. MAVRODINOV [14] hat die proto-bulgarischen Zeichen,
die auf Felswnden und
Grabsteinen, auf Keramik und Ziegeln vorkommen, auf Tafel 46
seines Buches zusammengestellt.
Wir finden allein zwanzig Varianten des Qay-Tama. (s. Tafel S.
57).
1 18 (. 16)
- alttrkisches Tamga, -
- protobulgarischen Zeichen.
,
19,20,21, Qayg-Tamga ,
,
. Qayg
2.3 Prestovatz, I .
Kunsthistorischen Museum (. 17):
-
12
Das Stammessiegel der Qay ist besonders schn auf einem goldenen
Ring aus dem Schatze
von Prestovatz ausgefhrt [15]. Mit einer Platte von 2,3 cm
Durchmesser, in welche das tama
eingraviert ist, handelt es sich wohl tatschlich um einen
Siegel-Ring. Das Zeichen ist an seinen
Enden mit je drei kleinen Doppelringen verziert, die im Dreieck
angelegt sind. Die Schmuckstcke
stammen aus dem 9. Jh. Sie befinden sich im Kunsthistorischen
Museum in Wien. In der
vorgenannten Publikation wird das Symbol als drei eingravierte
Zeichen, vielleicht ein aus drei
Teilen bestehendes Zeichen beschrieben [16].
Cumont
. -
, II .
Mahmd al-Kgar .
III-IV . , Rad ed-Dn
Oghusenstmme
.
III . ,
Qiniq, , I .
. Cunni ,
Rad ed-Dn Qiniq.
, Seljuk.
. 16
-
13
,
kktrkische Rune, .
Bayat ymr,
,
- . , I
. , III .
fremdlndischem, .
Binh, .
. Faruk
Smer .
.
Aq-qoyunlu Bayindir.
, Qayg,
V-VI . II , ,
22- ,
Qayg:
Die Osmanen, die dem Stamme Qay angehrten, haben ihr tama noch
im 15. und 16.
Jahrhundert benutzt. Murad II. lie es auf sein Geld prgen, und
von Sleyman II. ist im
Istanbuler Heeresmuseum ein 22 Tonnen schweres Kanonenrohr zu
sehen, das mit dem Qay-
Tama als Relief geschmckt ist.
Herr Prof. Dr. inasi Tekin (Cambridge/Mass.) ,
- alttrkische tama, Uludag Bursa.
- ,
:
ber Herkunft und ursprngliche Bedeutung des Wortes tama wre noch
zu sagen, da es
wahrscheinlich aus der Sprache der Alanen entlehnt worden ist.
Eine trkische Etymologie lt
sich nicht nachweisen. Die Osseten jedoch, die Nachfahren der
Alanen, nennen das Emblem bzw.
das Symbol eines Stammes damygh, abgeleitet von myg 'Sperma',
(mygkak 'Sippe', 'Clan';
wrtlich : dem Sp. zugehrig, i.e. vom selben Samen) [20]. Das
vorgestellte da (d) wre die
kultisch-rhetorische Anrufung Dein (entsprechend dem englischen
thy), womit sich also da-
myg auf den symbolisierten Stammvater-Schutzgeist bezge.
- Uigurische Sippenmarken (. 18).
III-IV . ,
,
, :
-
14
Fnf Zeichen aus der Cunni-Hhle knnen mit uigurischen Haus- oder
Sippenmarken
verglichen werden, wie sie auf den Rechtsurkunden der
Turfan-Texte aus dem 13. und 14.
Jahrhundert von Vertragschlieenden und Zeugen angebracht worden
sind [21]. Von rund 400
derartigen Urkunden sind erst 150 verffentlicht. Es mu sich um
Klan- oder Sippenmarken
handeln, weil gleiche Unterschriftensiegel oft von verschiedenen
Personen gefhrt werden. Bekannt
ist, da der Gebrauch von Siegelmarken im sozialen Leben der
Uiguren eine bedeutende Rolle
gespielt hat und von ihnen geradezu kultiviert worden ist. Das
mag seine Ursache darin haben, da
sie mehr als andere Trkvlker in den Bindungen ihrer Sippen- und
Geschlechtergemeinschaften
verhaftet waren. Durch ihr strkeres Festhalten an der
halbnomadischen Lebensweise zogen sie die
Blutsgemeinschaft der greren, politischen Einheit vor.
Zu einem Vergleich eignen sich drei Arten der vielfrmigen
uigurischen Sippenmarken: der nach
oben gerichtete Pfeil, das gabelfige Kreuz, sowie ein T-frmiges
Zeichen. (Gegenberstellung auf
s. 60). Die zwei komplizierteren Zeichenbildungen aus der
Cunni-Hhle erinnern an oben
gerundete Schilde oder Setztartschen. Auch unter den
Turfan-Siegeln gibt es die gleiche Form der
Kartusche. Wenn wir nun diese Umrahmung weglassen, so bleiben
die oben genannten drei
Zeichen als Kombinationselemente zurck.
Die Kreuzvarianten knnten sehr wohl Ausdrcke christlichen
Glaubens sein. Im 11. und 12.
Jahrhundert verbreitete sich dieser Glaube vom Zentrum der
uigurischen Christen, dem Dorfe
Bulayq im Osten der Turfanoase ausgehend, bis tief in die
Mongolei. Buddhismus und
nestorianisches Christentum traten an die Stelle des
Manichismus, den die Uiguren 300 Jahre
zuvor angenommen hatten [22]. Deshalb glaube ich in den
Kartuschen die Vereinigung eines
alttrkischen mit dem christlichen Symbol, nmlich Pfeil und
Kreuz, zu sehen.
Wenn uigurische Stammesgruppen nicht schon frher in Anatolien
aufgetreten sein sollten,
dann kommt dafr sptestens das 13. Jahrhundert, also die Zeit der
Turfantexte, in Frage. Damals
kamen sie im Gefolge der Mongolen. Schon ingiz Han lie sich im
Lande Kaiman durch einen
uigurischen Siegelbewahrer in die uigurische Schrift einfhren.
In der Folge waren die
Staatsbeamten des mongolischen Hofes grtenteils Uiguren, die
sich im Amte ihrer eigenen
Schrift bedienten. Die Eretna-Oullari waren uigurische Adelige,
die als Statthalter der
mongolischen Ilhane in Sivas residierten. Das Gebiet um Erzurum
unterstand ihrer Herrschaft wie
ganz Ost- und Zentralanatolien [Vry 2011, 53-61].
. 18
. 17
-
15
, ,
, .
350 .
Karata,
Karata. ,
, Karata.
qara ,
.
qara Karayazi , , yazi - ,
, ,
.
, 1.5
Kazbil-su .
Kangha Kanka .
. 1-2 ,
. -
, ,
.
Kulturoase Choresmien (Hvrezm) Oxus Jaxartes
Aralsee (. 19).
Kelte Minar III . ...,
I . , Afrigh-Kultur, ..
- vorislamisclien ra Choresmiens.
,
. VII .
:
Die Verzierungen finden sich in jeder Kulturschicht, vom
Neolithikum am Beginn des 3.
Jahrtausends (Kelte Minar) bis zur Mitte des 1. Jahrtausends
unserer Zeit-rechnung (Afrigh-
Kultur), also bis zur letzten vorislamisclien ra Choresmiens.
Sogar das Katzentritt-Muster
kommt in der K'ang-k (Kan-gha)-Kultur (etwa 500 vor bis 500 nach
Chr.), welche die Bltezeit
Altchoresmiens war, als Ziegelstempel vor.
. 19
-
16
In diesem Zusammenhange sei ein in Ungarn gefundenes,
sptavarenzeitliches Tongef (Hhe
14,7 cm) erwhnt. Es ist mit eingekmmten, umlaufenden
Wellenlinien verziert, und auf seinem
Boden zeigt es, ca. 5 cm gro im Relief, jene Szekler Rune , die
wir eingangs besprochen haben.
Dieser Typus der avarenzeitlichen Keramik mit
Wellenlinienverzierung und Bodenstempel tritt in
Ungarn seit der Mitte des 7. Jahrhunderts n.Chr. auf, und zwar
ausschlielich entlang der beiden
Donauufer [76].
Kangha Choresmiens,
. 126 . . .
.
K'ang-k,
(VII- .) K'ang. Kang
. , .
III .
II .:
Der Name Choresmiens mag Sonnenland bedeuten, wie VERNADSKY [77]
ausfhrt. (var-
zem, von avestisch: var; alanisch: ur, beides 'Sonne'
bedeutend.) TOLSTOV fhrt in seinem
Buche den fr uns interessanten Beweis, da Kangha der eigentliche
Name Choresmiens gewesen
ist: Schon im Avesta und in der spteren zoroastrischen Literatur
ist die Rede von Kangha, das
hochragende, heilige (Ardw sr Jt, V, 54.57). Im a-nm ist Kangha
(bzw. Kang-Diz und
Kang-i-Sijawas) der Ort, wo Sijawusch lebte und wirkte. Der groe
Choresmier Al-Brn (geb.
973) wiederum bezeugt, da sich dessen Auftreten in Choresmien
ereignet hat.
Der chinesische Gesandte Tschang K'ien, der sich 126 v.Chr. im
Auftrage des Kaisers Wu-ti
vergeblich bemhte, Choresmien zu einem Bndnis gegen die Hunnen
zu bewegen, sowie die
Annalen der frhen Han-Dynastie zeugen von dem groen, aus fnf
Frstentmern bestehenden
Reiche K'ang-k. Der Name vrezm jedoch ist in keiner chinesischen
Quelle zu finden.
Andererseits kennen die griechisch-rmischen Quellen kein
K'ang-k. Damit wird die Identitt der
beiden Namen bewiesen. Das Reich mu sich in den Jahrhunderten um
die Zeitwende bis zum Ural
und bis zum Kaukasus ausgedehnt haben. Noch in den Annalen der
T'ang-Dynastie (7.-10.
Jahrhundert) wird dieses Land K'ang erwhnt. Vielleicht kann man
dazu auch das in
georgischen und armenischen Chroniken oft genannte Gebiet
Kang-ark[78] im Bogen der oberen
Kura, dessen Bewohner als Fremdvolk gelten, stellen.
Den Namen Kangha leitet TOLSTOV von dem gemein-indogermanischen
Stamm qan 'Kanal'
ab, dessen Bedeutung sich bis in die heutigen europischen
Sprachen erhalten habe. Der
ursprngliche Name Choresmiens Kangha bedeutet demnach Land der
(Bewsserungs-)kanle
(bzw. Fluarme). Tatschlich haben die russischen Expeditionen in
der Wstenzone
Transoxaniens, zwischen den Deltas des Amu-Darja und Syr-Darya,
durch Luftbildforschung
nicht nur viele stadtartige Siedlungen, sondern auch ausgedehnte
Systeme zahlloser Kanle und
Wasserverteiler festgestellt, und haben das Gebiet demzufolge
Land uralter Bewsserung
benannt [79].
-
17
Die Choresmier gehrten wohl jener Vlkergruppe der ostjapheti
tischen Steppenbauern des
iranischen Hochlandes an, denen auch die Subarer bzw. Hurriter
zuzurechnen sind [80]. Die
materiellen Kulturen Choresmiens weisen starke Bindungen zu
Kasachstan und Sdsibirien auf, so
zur Afanassjewa-Kultur des 3. Jahrtausends und zur
bronzezeitlichen Andronowa-Kultur des 2.
Jahrtausends. Es wird jedoch mit fortschreitender Erforschung
deutlicher, da dem Aralsee-Gebiet
dabei die Rolle des Vermittlers von Sd nach Nord zukommt [81]
[Vry 2011, 71-75].
,
. 1044 .
. ,
, vrezm-. III .
Al'ad-Dn Muammad II (1200-1220)
. -
. Kangha [Vry 2011, 75-76].
-
-,
, . . [2012]
, -
,
:
,
, - - - .
1). - (, ). -
, .
,
.
,
,
. - - , , , ,
.
, .
- ,
, -
, . ,
-
18
- ( ),
, ..
2). - .
-,
, , . (, , ,
) , ,
( ). ,
,
.
(, ).
,
( .., .., 1991, . 62, 63).
3). - . ,
, , .
( ) , -.
4). - (). ,
- (
, , ..),
, ,
,
- . ,
,
, ,
,
.
5). - ().
, - .
.
, , , ,
II, III . (. 9). ,
, ,
.
6). - .
( ) ,
,
,
.
-
19
, ,
.
7). - . ,
,
.
,
, ,
, ..
8). - . ,
,
. (, ,
)
, . ,
,
( A.M., 1964).
, , .
, ,
,
[9-10].
, -
- ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
, - .
,
*daghma
, ,
. dalamak , ; ,
- ,
,
VII-I . :
, -, , ,
.. , ,
-
20
i
, , .. , , i ( ) V
: " , , ." , - . , i -
i , , i i * 2009, 285].
,
( 36) .
, ,
(,
, . .).
(
, - , ' ),
.
.
: , , ,
.
- , "
, " (),
, ,
(, , )
[ 2012, 6-7].
A tamga or tamgha "stamp, seal" (Mongolian: tamag, Turkish:
damga) is an abstract seal or
stamp used by Eastern Eurasian nomadic peoples and by cultures
influenced by them. The tamga
was normally the emblem of a particular tribe, clan or family.
They were common among the
Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle
Ages (including Scythians,
Sarmatians, Alans, Turkic peoples and Mongols).
Similar "tamga-like" symbols were sometimes adopted by sedentary
peoples adjacient to the
Pontic-Caspian steppe both in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Archaeologists prize tamgas as a
first-rate source for the study of present and extinct
cultures.
Logo with the Xiongnu tamga; these five symbols were later used
as the tamgas of Genghis Khan
and his sons.
Since the time when the ancients, including the Mongol nations
have developed into relative
groups, origins, and ethnic groups, the symbol and belief of a
clan have emerged, and a custom to
distinguish their origins and relatives have been established.
Consequently, when labor
-
21
distributions within clans began to develop and people started
to manage an economy, various
tamgas, drawings, notes and earmarks have been used as an
identification sign for labor
instruments and utilities as well as in domestication of
animals. Every time the clan branched off
due to internal clashes, the number of derivative tamghas been
gradually developed into personal,
family, lineage, khans, and state tamghas. Those new tamghas
were created through adding new
markings on the original tamgha, in order to conserve the
tradition.
"Tamga" or "tamag" literally means just a stamp or seal in the
Mongolian language. Tamgas
are also stamped using hot irons on domesticated animals such as
horses in present-day Mongolia
and others to identify that the livestock belongs to a certain
family while they graze during the day
on their own. In this regard, each family has their own tamga
markings for easier identification.
Tamga marking in that case is not very elaborate and is just a
curved iron differentiating from
other families' tamgas. The President of Mongolia also passes
the tamag "state seal" when he or she
transitions the position to the new president. In the
presidential case, the tamag or seal is little more
elaborate and is contained in a wooden box.
The Turks who remained pastoral nomad kings in eastern Anatolia
and Iran however, continued
to use their clan tamgas, and in fact they became high-strung
nationalistic imagery. The Ak
Koyunlu, like many other royal dynasties in Eurasia, put their
tamga on their flags and stamped
their coinage with it.
For those Turks who never left their homeland of Turkestan in
the first place it remained and
still is what it was originally, a cattle brand and clan
identifier.
Among modern Turkic peoples, the tamga is a design identifying
property or cattle belonging to
a specific Turkic clan, usually as a cattle brand or stamp
[Tamga 2012, 1-3].
Ta ve kayalar zerindeki damgalarn yapl ve kullanm nedenleri
unlardr:
1- Otlaklarn belirlenmesi ve otlaklardan faydalanan kabile ve
boylarn iareti olmas gerekir.
Gnmzdeki tapu senedi yerini tutmaktadr.
2- Trklerde yu trenine gelenlerin damgalarn vurmalar ile ilgili
olabileceidir. Boylarn
beyleri veya ileri gelenlerinin yu trenine katldklarnn belgesi
saylmaktadr.
3- Eski Trk geleneinde nemli yol kavaklar ve konak yerlerine
iaret etmek iin kullanlm
olabilir [Ceylan 2012, 2].
Tarihsel kkeni ok eskilere dayanan tamgalar (damgalar) bir
iletiim gereksinimi olarak
tremitir. Bu sebeple hayvan, eya ve hatta silahlarn damgalanmas
gibi harmanda elde edilmi
olan hububat da damgalanrd. Erken Trkler, Kuzey Avrasya ktasnda
yaygn olarak yaamlar,
geimlerini obanlk ve avclkla salamaya balamlard. Yazn yaylakta,
kn klakta yar gebe
hayat srdrmlerdi. Mevsim gleri srasnda, srlerin birbirlerine
karmamas iin her boy,
srlerine kendi tamgasn vuruyordu [Trk Boylarnn Tamgalar 2012,
1].
The term tamga, originally referring to the "seal" of a given
group, was later borrowed by
Russians to designate customs levies (Russian: tamozhnia). The
tamga was embroidered on Central
Asian tents, incorporated into rugs, filigreed into jewelry,
struck into coins, and used as a cattle
brand. A list of early tamgas is found in Kashgarli Mahmut's
eleventh century work the Diwan
-
22
Lugat at Trk. It provides, in part, the visual identification
component of the membership in the
polity.
As one result, the triad uran, tamga, dastan comprise, if you
will, the constitution, passport and
national anthem of the confederation. Together, they form the
emblems of a polity, or statehood. In
the political party platforms of the proposed Turkistan
independent republic, the traces of these
elements are discernible. This triad was always used by Central
Asian polities, even after large-scale
Central Asian empires, city-states or other smaller entities,
dissolved. The triad lay dormant for a
period, until new conditions favorable for another confederation
presented themselves. It happened
in the fifth to seventh centuries A.D., when the Gktrk empire
rose from its earlier roots, and even
after the thirteenth century Mongol irruption as the Timurid
empire demonstrates [Paksoy 2012,
2, . . 2009, 45; , 2012, 1-2; 1997, 46-58;
1988, 91-105; , 1984, 219; 1984; Divitiolu 1994,
39].
-
:
1. ,
,
.
2. ,
,
, , (. 20)
[ 2012, 13],
, - -,
- .
,
-.
3. , ,
, , , -
, , , , .,
. -
, .
-
, ,
.
, - ,
(. 20) *-
1980, 11+:
-
23
, ,
, , ( -
), . . , . , . .
., , .
, ,
, , ,
(. , ) ,
, , ,
.
, -
, IYI,
- , , .
,
,
.
,
, .
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
. 20 . 20
-
24
, IYI , . .
.
, ,
, ,
. -, ,
, .
. -
.
- , .
IYI, .
, ,
,
: , , , , , .
, , .
,
. ,
. - , ,
, ,
.
I
, , ,
, .
: , ,
, , ,
, , ,
. , , , .
, , ,
.
.
2
. IYI, Y,
, . IYI,
, IYI
, ..
.
, ,
, .
- IYI , ,
. .
-
25
, .
, , ,
, , , .
, . ,
, .
.
I,
, , . IYI
, ; ,
. , .
,
. .
. IYI
, ,
.
IYI e ,
, . 79-
I: , ,
, . -
* 2012, 2-4].
, , . (. )- ,
, . .
, (, , )
, , - . ,
, , ,
.
-, , , , ,
. , ,
, .
V .:
( - ,
. 20). ,
.
:
. ,
, - , ,
, . ,
-
26
, - 30 . ,
, . (. . ,
, 1965 . 3.).
, ,
. , ,
().
, , ,
, . .
, -,
. (. .
, 57) * 2009, 43-45].
-
(. 20)
(803-814), .
, ..
:
I. Boba *1982+,
, , 670-680 .
, ,
,
. ,
. , . , ,
800-803 . ,
, ,
,
; ,
. . , ,
, , ,
, - -
,
, , ,
,
*68-77]
[ 2005, 59-60].
,
, :
-
. ,
,
-
27
. ,
, ,
(. ) , ,
- ,
,
.
(. ; . ; . )
, .
, ,
, ,
(. ).
, , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
IYI, /,
?/ (. ).
,
, :
2
. IYI, V,
, . IYI,
, Y
, . .
.
, ,
, . - IYI ,
, .
.
,
. , ,
, , , , .
, . ,
,
. .
I,
, , . IYI
-
28
, ,
. , .
,
. .
. IYI
, ,
.
IYI e ,
, . 79-
I: , ,
, . -
.
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
, .
* 2009, 13-14, . . 1993, 163-171; 1987, 15-23].
-
- (. ),
(. 21) * 2012, 406+
,
* 1988, 93,99+, 965 .
(. 21-21) [Fetisov 2011, 33+. , ,
,
.
(K. Brook).
(. 22):
Moreover, Svyatoslavs seal is also mentioned in written sources.
For instance, seals on the peace
treaty document with the Greeks in 971 are mentioned in the
Russian Primary Chronicle (Povest
vremennykh let). The Russian closing of the document reads: Dont
doubt the honesty of what we
have promised you today, and have written in this charter, and
have sealed with our seals [Fetisov
2011, 33].
X
. 943-944 ,
, , ,
, ( ).
The ivory plate with a bident was found during the excavations
of Sarkel, the largest Khazarian
fortress in the Lower Don area (fig. 6.2). After Svyatoslavs
campaign against the Khazarian
-
29
Khaganate in 965, Sarkel was turned into a Russian city called
Belaya Vezha. Published for the first
time by M. I. Artamonov, this plate had not yet been related to
Svyatoslav and neither to the events
of 965.
Only later was it associated with the knyaz, though the
hypothesis was poorly substantiated.
There is a consensus in historiography that the sign on this
plate is that of Svyatoslav. Still, the
director of the excavations did not describe the archaeological
context of this find, nor did he
mention its level of discovery or its dating. S. V. Beletsky
refers to this round plate as a referential
object, but its origin, its purpose and the meaning of the
depicted sign remain unclear. Two more
bidents (scratched upon pieces of amphorae) were also found at
Sarkel (fig. 6.3 and 6.4).
The images are linear and, albeit resembling some of the bidents
scratched upon dirhams, they
could belong to the local Iranian and Turkic tradition. In
Sarkel was also found a bludgeon from
10th to 12th century, with a series of tamgas incized on it.
There is a bident among them (fig. 6.5),
possibly dating, according to Beletsky, back to the 10th
century, a supplementary proof of its
Rurikid origin.
There is one more very interesting example. Bidents were found
on the walls of the sepulcher on
the Tsarsky tumulus, near Kerch. The history of this site very
much resembles the one of the
Basarabi complex. It is a sepulcher of a Bosphoran king, located
on the top of a tumulus which was
erected in the fourth century B.C. During the 9th-10th centuries
A.D. it was transformed into a
Christian church. The walls of a 75 meter long corridor, leading
to the burial chamber, are covered
with graffiti from different periods. There are three bidents
among them, probably dating back to the
10th century (fig. 6.6-6.8). A. O. Amel'kin supposes they could
be Rurikid signs and associates
them to the eastern campaign of Svyatoslav, when the knyazs army
reached the lands on the
eastern coast of the Kerchensky strait (A. Fetisov).
- , 4-5 . -,
, . .
. 21
. 22
. 21 . 21
-
30
,
, ,
. ,
,
(. 23) *Barabi; Fetisov 2011, 30, .
Agrigoroaei 2012, 2-51]:
Upon the south-western wall of the B3 churchs nave at Basarabi
has been scratched a drawing
of a bident shape (fig. 1 and 2). The drawing has the
approximate size of 12x12.5 cm. Both jags are
sharpened at their top, and the lower part of the sign (the
stem) is quite wide. This stem is
divided into two parts by a vertical line. A recently proposed
hypothesis interprets this drawing as
a patrimonial sign of the Russian prince (knyaz) Svyatoslav
(957-972).
Since the 1920s, bidents and tridents of similar shapes have
been regarded in Russian
historiography as private and patrimonial signs of the Rurikid
dynasty.
The appearance of Svyatoslavs bident on Low Danube at Basarabi
can be related only to his
wars with Bulgaria and afterwards with Byzantium, in 967-971
(the chronology is based on the
Povest vremennykh let). The presence of the Rurikid signs in
sites located not far from the border
with Old Russia and exposed to invasions of Russians (as
above-mentioned bidents from Kerch,
Sarkel and Basarabi if we assume a Russian and not a local
origin for these signs) could have
some special meaning.
Since all these regions certify to a local tradition of using
tamgas, one may suppose that
inscribing the Rurikid sign upon local objects could imply the
understanding of this gesture by
local dwellers (A. Fetisov) [. . 2011, 3-6; 2010, 1-2;
2010, 2010, 11; , 1983, 57; 2010, 11-14; Brook 2010a,
1; Fetisov 2011, 1-13, . 1997, 45-65; 2010, 1-7] [ 2011,
519-522, .
. 2012, 372].
. . *2012], -
,
, ..
. 23
-
31
-
:
X-XIII . -
- . ,
, , .
,
.
,
( .., 1999).
,
- ( .., 1999, . 320, 321).
, .
.
[4].
,
,
,
:
. , ,
, ,
( ,
).
,
( , , , ),
( ).
. , (986-996),
(1160),
, , , , , , , .
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
. ( , . , ,
-
32
- . , ,
, , .
,
,
,
).
, X-XIII .
- - .
, - ,
, ,
- * 2010, 5+.
The Rurikid signs (both bidents and tridents) have been found on
objects of different types in
pre-Mongolian Russia (10th through 12th centuries) such as metal
pendants, pendent seals
(Novgorod and its region), bludgeons (Minsk, Sarkel, Kiev),
silver Arabian dirhams, first Russian
coins srebrenniks and zlatniks; on pottery (as potter marks),
etc. A trident has been also inscribed
upon a wall of Saint Sofia in Kiev (as graffito) (A.
Fetisov).
,
, .
,
(. 24).
. ,
.
, -
, ,
.
,
, . Fetisov *2011, 34+,
(. 25).
, ,
, ,
, .
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
-
33
, , , -
- :
Two pendants of the 10th century representing bidents were found
in the territory of Old
Russia. One of them is from Gnyozdovo (Smolensk region), the
other one is from Novgorod.
The pendant of Novgorod was made of ivory (fig. 4.2). It was
found during excavations in a level
dating from 954-973. There is a trident on one of its sides,
while the other side bears a bident, later
transformed into trident. The side bearing the bident is the
obverse. It has been suggested by V. L.
Yanin that the bident could have been transformed into a
trident, because its middle jag is traced
very lightly. This trident can be ascribed to prince Vladimir,
and it was during this very period that
Novgorod passed from Svyatoslav to Vladimir. The initial bident
could have been Svyatoslavs sign,
later altered to become the patrimonial sign of Vladimir.
Certainly, such a reconstruction is strictly hypothetical.
Still, one should bear in mind that the
pendants dating and the way it was depicted allow its ascription
to Svyatoslav [Fetisov 2011, 6].
-
,
, .
:
. XIX
, .
. 24
. 25
-
34
( ,
, .) (
, , , )
, , .
, , ,
, -
. -
,
.
()
* 2010, 11+.
-
-
, , . .
*2012+ - ,
*406+. , -, ,
, .
(. 26) *Fetisov 2011, 37+ ,
. , ,
, - ,
.
(. 27).
,
:
The same seal became one of the main arguments for the
attribution of the bident sign to prince
Svyatoslav Igorevich. N. P. Likhachyov has read an epigraphic
fragment as
-
35
reads prince Svyatoslav. The most convincing interpretation was
given by A. A. Molchanov, who
has read it as the name Svyatoslav written in Greek (A.
Fetisov).
,
- .
, -
, , ,
-, , - ,
- , , , . -
:
Two most remarkable objects, bearing bidents (although their
attribution is rather questionable),
are a lead seal from Kiev and a round ivory plate from Sarkel
(Rus. Belaya Vezha). While frequently
mentioned in Russian historiography, they still havent been
sufficiently studied yet (Fig. 6-1).
The lead pendent seal with bident depictions was found in 1912
during the excavation of the
Desyatinnaya church, conducted by D. V. Mileev (fig. 6.1). By
1970, when V.L. Yanins
fundamental work on bulls was published, the object has been
lost and only drawings of it have
survived. On both sides there were bidents with barely legible
inscriptions around them. Though
these drawings were published more than once, Yanin in 1970 was
the first to analyze and interpret
the bident.
His hypothesis was based on the evolutive patterns of the
Rurikid sign, reconstructed according
to the tradition of Russian historiography. V. L. Yanin traced a
certain regularity in their
inheritance: each sign appears as a combination of patrimonial
features - the graphic base that is
common for all the Rurikid signs and personal details
distinguishing individual princes. Thus we
have here the same inheritance system as in Bosphoran/Alanian
tradition already mentioned as
such for the Rurikid signs by A. V. Oreshnikov: the passage of
the sign from father to son with the
addition (or elimination) of various details.
,
(. 28)
[Fetisov 2011, 40+. ,
,
:
In the time of Svyatoslav and his sons the sign began to change
while passing on to successors.
Every following prince altered just one element in it, a fact S.
V. Beletsky pays special attention
to.47 Vladimir added one more jag to Svyatoslavs bident,
transforming it into a trident. Each of his
sons, Izyaslav and Yaroslav, altered the central jag through the
addition of a new element.
Svyatoslavs grandson Svyatopolk, having kept the bident, added a
cross to one of its jags (this sign
must have stemmed from the unknown sign of his father Yaropolk).
So, after Svyatoslavs ruling
the Rurikid signs became private and patrimonial ones.
The difference between inheritance traditions before and after
Svyatoslav (preserving the sign
intact vs. altering it by every new heir) can be possibly
explained by the crucial changes in the
-
36
nature of princely authority in the last quarter of the 10th
century. In the time previous to
Svyatoslavs reign, the domain of the Rurikids never split up,
and there was always only one heir
(Oleg-Igor-Svyatoslav). The fist division of lands was carried
out by Svyatoslav, who divided them
between his sons Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir, which caused a war
between the heirs after their
fathers death.
Fig. 7 Srebrenniks coined by Svyatopolk and Vladimir:
1 Svyatopolks srebrennik;
2,3 Bidents on Svyatopolks srebrenniks;
4,5 Vladimirs srebrenniks;
6,7 Tridents on Vladimirs srebrenniks
(Sotnikova 1995; Beletsky 2000).
Since then, Rurikids signs began to change when being inherited.
It is worth mentioning that
Vladimir got his sign (or, at least, began to use it) when his
father was still alive. Svyatopolk began
to use his private and patrimonial sign (the altered bident)
exactly the same way, during Vladimir
Svyatoslavichs lifetime.
Id like to pay special attention to one notable detail of the
Basarabi sign, namely to its stem,
which is divided vertically into two parts. This element is
absent from Russian analogies of
Svyatoslavs sign49; but it can be found in signs of his closest
heirs. The images of Svyatopolks
bidents and Vladimirs tridents on their srebrenniks have such a
stem with a vertical line (fig. 7).
And here we can notice the same logic of the signs
transformation when transferring it from father
to son by way of preserving its basic form and altering or
adding secondary elements. This detail of
the Rurikid sign (the stem divided by a vertical line) was
perhaps inherited by Vladimir and
Svyatopolk (via the sign of Yaropolk, yet unknown) from their
father and grandfather Svyatoslav. If
so, the Basarabi drawing may be regarded as a missing link in
the typological chain of Old-Russian
princes signs of the tenth and early eleventh century (.
Fetisov) [ 2011, 649-653].
. -
-, - ,
,
*. .
1993, 163-171; 2005, 152-158, . 29; 1993, 69-78, . 30;
- 1980, 160-163, . 31-32; 2005, 243-247, . 33;
2008, 25-31, . 34-35].
. 28
-
37
,
-
, ,
-
-- ,
- .
,
-
.
. 31 . 32
. 29
. 30
-
38
. ,
(. 36), . [1998]
,
(???) [102].
,
,
, ..
,
(. 33) , .
:
[98]. , ,
,
,
,
.
. 33
. 35 . 34
-
39
- [100-101],
(. 37). , ,
, ,
:
.
. ,
,
.
- , ..
. ,
, .
.
, .
, .
,
. -
, , I .
, .
; ,
.
.
, ,
, , ,
* 1998, 100-102].
-
(. 38),
(. 39),
(. 41) *- 1980, 45+, ,
, .. (. 40) * 2012, 6;
- 1980, 48+.
. 37 . 36
-
40
(. 42) * 2012, 7+, (. 43)
* . 1997, 74+;
, (. 43);
* 1993, 72-76].
, ,
:
, , , .
, -.
.
,
( I- .) :
, ,
, 3 4, ,
. 39 . 40
. 42
. 38
. 41
. 43 . 43
-
41
, , .
, .
, , , -
. .
, ,
[ 1998, 101].
,
, , ,
, .
, .
* . 1997, 70].
- ,
(. 43),
. .
, - , -
.
-
,
,
,
,
. ,
, *. . 1997, 68].
-
,
,
- :
. 43
-
42
, , ,
, , , 4
, ,
, , ,
. ,
.
,
* . 1997, 68, . - 1980, 36].
- (. 44)
* 2012, 6; - 1980, 37+,
, * 2012, 7+,
, (. 45),
-
:
,
. ,
, . ,
,
.
, .
* . 1997, 69+.
,
,
, (.
46), .
,
, -
- ,
, (. 46,47-48) *. .
2012, 282-283; , 1993, 20; - 1980, 167; 1996,
90; 2012, 1; 1991, 12, . 1990, 39-50].
. 44 . 45
-
43
, ,
,
-
.
- ,
, , -
, - -,
:
. 46
. 47
. 48
. 46
-
44
, .
V- , ..
( ).
, . ,
.
, .
,
. YI, 160
, , , , , .
.
. e , , ,
" " - .
. ,
7 ; 7 ; 7 ; 7 ; 7 . 7
,
. - .
, ,
- , .
YI .
. - (" " - .) ,
.
. , , , , ,
, .
.
, . ,
, .
- , ,
, -
.
, , .
,
; , " " .
,
"-".
, , :
-
45
. e , , ,
" " - .
, -
.
.
, , (
, ).
().
. - ,
.
,
:
, , , - -
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , - -
,
.
- (.), ,
, ,
[ 2012, 1-2].
,
(. 49-
50) *- 1980, 33,167+. ,
. ,
- ,
,
,
*. - 1980, 33].
-- ,
. , . [1996]
-
46
(Sic!) ,
(Sic!), - ,
I .
, , -
,
. , -,
.
, ,
, ,
, - -
,
.
, ,
,
, - ,
, (Sic!),
,
.
. , -
, , , ..,
-
.
-
. ,
,
ww
,
. [89-94].
. 49 . 50
-
47
- . [1997],
,
, - ,
, , -
. ,
- ,
,
..
upsilon.
;.
, .
Y , () Y
() (. 51-53).
-
, ,
. -
-
, .. .
- (!!!),
. .
- ,
. -
- -
[45-64].
. 51 . 52 . 53
-
48
-
, ..
, - ,
! :
, , ,
, , , , -, ,
.
, .
,
* . 1997, 69+.
,
.
, .
,
, ,
.
.
[ 1992, 96-99].
, . [2008]
, ,
- , ;
, ;
, 24-
, -, . 7 ; ,
(..
) -
.
,
(Sic!) :
, .
, , , (. 5/9
13). , ,
() ,
, .
II III ., ,
(. . ) . ,
, ,
-
49
. ,
[27].
,
-
- .
- ,
. -
, .
VIII . .
-
. I . -
-
.
. ,
,
. 26 1071 .
IV . , ,
. -
, ,
, .
II . -
-
.
,
-. (. 54),
,
.
, ,
, .
, - ,
.
-
50
,
.
-
- -. -
, , -
, .
:
Ouz siyasi birlii (Ouz ili) 24 boydan meydana gelmitir. Boylarn
12 tanesi Bozoklar, 12
tanesi oklar diye anlrlar. Bozok denilen 12 Boy unlardr: Kaylar,
Bayatlar, Alkaevliler,
Karaevliler, Yazrlar, Dodurgalar, Dgerler, Yaparllar, Avarlar,
Bedililer, Kzklar ve Karknlar.
ok denilen 12 Boy da unlardr: Knklar, Bayndrlar, Peenekler,
avuldurlar, epniler,
Salgurlar, Eymrler, Alayuntlular, Yregirler, dirler, Bdzler ve
Yvalar. Bu boylarn neden
byle ikiye ayrld Ouz efsanesinde anlatlmaktadr.
Trkler Mete Kaan unutmam ve onu efsaneletirerek,
lmszletirmilerdir. Ouzlarn,
Mete Kaandan treyen efsanesi Ouz Han destandr. Bu destana gre,
Ouz Hann birinci
karsndan Gn, Ay ve Yldz adl olu oldu. Bu oullarndan treyen
kabilelere Bozoklar ad
verildi. Ouz Hann ikinci einden de Gk, Da ve Deniz adl erkek
ocuu oldu. Bu
oullarndan treyen kabilelere de oklar dendi. Ouz Hann her olunun
4 olu oldu. te Ouz
hann 24 torunundan yukarda adlar saylm olan Ouz Boylar meydana
gelmilerdir.
Her boyun banda bir Bey bulunurdu. Her beyin kendine ait ve
sadece onun egemen olduu
bir yurdu, g alan vard. Beyler Ordu iinde yaarlard. Ordu birok
adrdan meydana gelmi
byk bir karargaht. Bu karargahta bey, ailesi, nkerleri, uaklar
ve obanlar birlikte yaard.
Beyin yanndaki yoldalarndan biri onun yetkilerini kullanabilen
kiiydi. Bu kiiye kl-erkin
denirdi. Beyin yannda onun zel yaamnn bir paras olan inaklar
(srda) da vard.
. 54
-
51
24 Ouz boyu arasnda hiyerari vard. Ouz han Kay, Yazar, Avar gibi
hiyeraride nde
gelen boy beylerinden birinden seilirdi. Bu 24 boy, Boz-ok ve
-ok olarak iki kola ayrlrd. Her
kolun banda bir kol beyi bulunurdu. Dede Korkut masallarna gre
-ok, Boz-oktan stn
tutuluyordu. Bu nedenle -ok kol beyine Beylerbeyi deniyordu. -ok
ve Boz-ok beyleri
arasndaki iliki Bat Avrupada daha nce anlatlm ilikiye benzer bir
ilikiydi. Vassallar ve
suzerenler vard. Vassallar belli zamanlarda suzerenin huzuruna
gitmekle, arldnda hizmete
komakla ve hediyeler vermekle ykmlydler. Suzerenler de vassallar
korumakla ve onlara
bakmakla ykmlydler. Her boy kendi beyine, her bey de kendi kol
beyine balyd. Byle bir
hiyerari iinde ilerlenerek en st rgtlenmeye kadar varlrd
[Ksakrek, Ksakrek 2013_8,
65].
- .
( -, -
) ( -
, -, -) ,
- , , .
, , ,
.
(), ,
, , ,
[, 2012, 58-59].
- -
, ,
,
, . ,
,
.
,
-
[ 2012]:
, e
, - , -
. :
Barbarus, heu! cineres insistet victor, et Urbem
Eques sonante verberabit ungula;
Quaeque carent ventis et solibus, ossa Quirini,
Nefas videre! dissipabit insolens,
,
. , , - ,
-
52
. .
; - .
, ,
.
.
, - ,
: , ,
, ,
: , . ,
, , , ,
, .
, , -
.
, ,
, , .
: , .
, , ,
. ;
; , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, . - , :
. : ,
. .
, .
, , ,
. , , ;
.
, , ;
, ;
, ; -
. , .
, ; ,
, - .
; ,
; .
, , :
, .
(),
-
53
; , ;
, .
, ,
, ;
, , .
, - .
, - , ,
, ,
, ;
. , ! [, 1-2].
Ouzlar
Ouzlar, gnmzde Trkiye, Balkanlar, Azerbaycan, ran, Irak ve
Trkmenistan'da yaayan
Trklerin mensup olduu Trk boyuna verilen genel isimdir. Ouz
Han'n 6 olu ve onlarn 4'er
olundan meydana geldii iddia edilmektedir. Bu torunlarn her biri
bir Trk boyunu
oluturmutur. Ouz soyundan gelenlere genel olarak "Trkmen"
denilmektedir. Ouz ismine ilk
kez Barlk ay kysndaki Yenisey Kitabeleri'nde rastlanmtr.
Ouz Kaan Destan'na gre 24 boydan ve Kagarl Mahmud'un Divn-
Lgati't-Trk eserine
gre 22 boydan oluan Orta Asya kkenli Trk halklar.
7. yzyl civarnda konar-ger bir yapyla yer deitirmeye balamlar ve
corafi olarak Bizans
kaytlarna gre nce Balkanlara yaylmlardr. Ouzlar, Trkiye'de
(Seluklular, Osmanllar,
dier Trkmen beylikleri ve boylar), Azerbaycan'da, Trkmenistan'da
ve Irak'ta yaayan
Trklerin atas saylmaktadrlar.
Destanlara gre, Ouzlar Ouz Han'n 6 olu ve onlarn 4'er olundan
meydana gelmilerdir.
Meydana gelen bu 24 boyun ayr ad ve nvanlar vardr. Bu blmleme,
Ouz Kaan
Efsanesi'nden kaynaklanmaktadr.
Her boyun bir ongunu ve tamgas vardr.
Ouz kelimesinin kkeni
Ouz kelimesinin kkeni hakknda deiik grler bulunmaktadr.
Bunlardan birisi Ouz
kelimesinin ok-uz kelimesinden geldiidir. "Ok" eski Trke'de boy
anlamna ve "uz" oul
anlamna gelmektedir. Gnmz Anadolu trkesinde "halim, selim,
arbal" kelimeleri ile e
anlaml kullanlmaktadr.
Ouzlar iin Araplar Guz, Bizansllar Uz, Ruslar Torki isimlerini
kullanmlardr.
Ouz Kaan Destan'na gre Ouz boylar
24 Ouz boyunu nce iki kolda (Bozoklar ve oklar) daha sonra Ouz
Han'n 6 oluna ve son
olarak da onlarn 4 oluna ayrmaktadr. Listelerin kaynaklar,
Kagarl Mahmud ve 14. yzyl'da
yaayan Reideddin'e dayanmaktadr. Reideddin 24, Kagarl Mahmut ise
22 boy saymaktadr.
Bozoklar ve oklar
Bu boylarn Bozoklar ve oklar olarak ikiye blnmesi ise daha
sonradr. Bu iki ana kol
arasnda kan anlamazlklar, boylarn bir ksmnn batya gmesine neden
oldu, bir ksm da
-
54
Gktrk Devleti'nin kurulmas ve tken'i igali nedeniyle batya
gmtr(6.yy). Kalanlar
Gktrk egemenlii altna girmitir.
630'da ilk Gktrk devletinin zayflayp in kontrol altna girmesiyle
tekrar birlemeye
balamlarsa da kinci Dou Gktrk Devleti kurulunca fazla direni
gsteremeden tekrar
egemenlik altna girdiler. (7. yzyl sonlar). 745 ylnda kinci Dou
Gktrk Devleti de yklnca
batya ve in'e gm birok Ouz Boyu da tken'e geri dnerek Kutluk
Bilge Kaan'n
kurduu Uygur Devleti ats altnda birleti. Altaylar'n batsndaki ve
Tanr Dalar blgesindeki
Ouz topluluklar ise Gk Trklerin bat kolu olan Trgi ya da Trke
Kaanlna bal olarak
varlklarn srdrdler. 760'l yllarda blgeyi ele geiren Karluk
boyunun kurduu devlette yer
aldlar. Bu boyun nclnde Yama ve iil boylarnn da katlmyla kurulan
Karahanl
Devleti iinde Ouz boylar da vard. 10. yzylda Hazar Denizi'nin
dousunda Ouz Yabgu
nderliinde ilk devletlerini kurdular. 1000 ylnda Kpaklar
tarafndan yklan bu devletten sonra
Ouzlar ikiye blnd, bir ksm kuzeye giderek bugnk Krm, Kazak,
Bulgar ve Tatarlarn atas
oldular; bir ksm da Seluk bey nderliinde gneye indiler, slam
kabul edip slm ordular
hizmetine girdiler. Dou'daki Ouz kitlelerinin tarihi baka ynde
geliti. 840 ylnda Uygur
Devleti Krgzlar tarafndan yklnca Ouzlarn asl byk g balad ve
Asya'nn drt bir
tarafna ama daha ok kitleler halinde batya gtler ve teki kanda
boylarla birletiler.
Ouz kitleleri iinde Knk boyundan olup, atalar Seluk'un adndan tr
Seluklular olarak
anlmaya balayan bir kol Turul Bey nderliinde 1038 ylnda Irak ve
ran'da Byk Seluklu
mparatorluunu kurdu. Etrafta dank yaayan dier Trk boylar da bu
mparatorlua katld.
1040'da Merv yaknlarndaki Dandanakan Sava'nda Gaznelileri
yendiler.
Seluluk egemenlii ran, Horasan, Merv, Irak, Suriye, Gney
Kafkasya ve Anadolu'da bir
asrdan fazla srd. Son byk sultanlar Sencer'in 1141'de Semerkant
ile Buhara arasnda
bulunan Katavan mevkiinde Mool kkenli Karahtayllar'a yenilmesi
ile devlet zlmeye balad.
1153'te kuzeydoudan gelen Karahtaylar ve Karluklar tarafndan
imparatorluk yklnca Ouzlar
dald. Dalan bu boylarn kimi Harzemahlara baland, kimi Horasan'a,
Kirman'a gt,
kimileri de daha batya gidip Irak'a, Suriye'ye yerleti, kimileri
de Anadolu Seluklu Devleti 'ne
katld. Bunlardan sonra kurulan Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu, Safevi
Devletleri, Alemdarlar,
Anadolu beylikleri, Osmanl mparatorluu, Suriye, Irak ve
Azerbaycan'da eitli beyliklerde de
Ouz Kaan Destan mevcuttu.
Gktrkler ve Ouzlar Vergi memuruna Amga (veya Imga) derlerdi, ve
devlet kasasna da Aglk
[Ouzlar 2012, 1-2].
Ouzlarn Bozok kolundan, Osmanllarn da mensup olduu bir boy. Kay
kelimesi; muhkem,
kuvvet ve kudret sahibi demektir. Kay boyunun damgas, iki ok ve
bir yaydan ibaretti. Ouz Han
olu Gn Han olu Kay'nn, bu boyun ceddi olduu sylenir. Yirmi sene
hkmdarlk yapan
Kay'nn nesli, uzun yllar bu makamda kalmtr. Bu sebeple Kay boyu,
Ouz boylar arasnda ilk
srada gsterilmektedir. Dede Korkut da eserinde, gelecekte hanln
geri Kay'ya dneceini
bildirerek, Osmanllar' haber vermitir [Kay Boyu 2012].
Esmi-i avm- Etrk-i Sar-nin ki tammet Dip Ya'b'u drt olnlar
neslinden-
drrler ki ol Abulca Han oldur ki an iml-i ar ve iml-i arb erfna
gondermi-idi.
-
55
Ve hem ara Han ve Or Han ve Gn Han ve Gr Han ol vsa birle ki ara
Han ol
mvaid oldu. Ve ba' vmlar ki anula mttefi oldlar, iki sm oldlar
ve cmlesinu eri
Ouz-nme'de gelr. Anlar ki Ouz'la mttefi oldlar, mvaid olup
Tengri'yi bir bildiler; anlar
ki ittif itmeyp Ouz'a uymadlar, kfir oldlar, adlar Mool ve Tatar
old. Ouz u'besi, ki
mezkr ara Han'u ol-y-d ve ba' arn ve 'ammuzdelerinden ki anu-ile
mttefi oldlar.
Evvel: ay, ya'ni mukem.
Sa ar yarn sk, hin u tama (. 55).
Vasiyyetm mcebince Gn, an ola! Anu ardnca ol, ay an ola.
Atasndan sora co zamn ay anlar an old [Ouzname-S,
173,185,187,191].
,
- -- , . ,
, -. - ,
, , - .
-- -, -
. , , ,
, ; . ,
, - , -- -
, . , ,
. .
. -- - -.
: -- ,
-.
, , -
; , .
y-, , ;
.
:
,
( ) . ; .: . . .
, . 37.
. 55
-
56
--
- - - ,
- - -,
. -. -, -
. -.
( . (. 40): )
.
, -,
, , , , ,
, , .
, , ,
. , -. -
: -
-. ?. - ,
: . . -
. .
; .
. -, ; , ,
*, 42-75].
- .
, , .
- (. . ), .
.
, ,
- , , , .
, . ,
, . ,
- .
, , ,
[, 102-103].
, ,
, ; -
, , ; -
( : ) -,
[, 9].
,
. , ,
-.
-
57
, .
, , ,
, , ,
, , . ,
, ,
,
. [-, 2-10].
, , -,
(. . I).
.
. - ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
, .
VIII-IX . . 890-
, .
-
. , , . , ,
- . , ,
- ,
, -.
X . -,
- .
X .
. , , , ,
. , C-,
C , , , . .
,
.
, C -.
.
,
, ( )
. ,
.
.
-
58
-
[ 2013, 67-69].
Bu destann konusu ksaca udur:
Belerbei Kazan tabileri olan -Ok ve Boz-Ok beyleri ymak olunca
evini yamalatrd. Fakat
son defa evini Boz-Ok (D Ouz) beylerinin bulunmad bir zamanda
yalnz -Ok (
Ouz)'lara yani kendi z koluna yamalatmt. Bu ekilde hareket
ediinin sebebi aklanmyor.
Kazan'n evini kendilerinin bulunmad bir zamanda sadece -Oklar'a
yamalatmas Boz-
Oklar'n ba ve Kazan'n days Uruz Koca'nn ve onun tabileri olan
Boz-Ok belerinin arna
gitti. Bu yzden Kazan'n ordasna varmyarak tabilik vazifesini
yerine getirmediler. Uruz Koca,
Kazan'a dmanln aka bildirdikten sonra kendisine bal olan
Boz-Oklu beyleri katma
okuyup bundan byle kendisine ba emiyecekleri (asi olduklar)
yolunda Kazan'a haber
gnderdiini syliyerek bu hususta ne dndklerini sordu.
Onlar:
"ne diyelim, nk sen Kazan'a dman oldun, biz de dmanz" dediler.
Uruz Koca, Kazan'n
ina Beyrek'in, Boz-Oklar'dan kz ald iin gveyileri olduunu, bu
sebeble de ondan kendi
saflarnda yer almasn istemelerini, kabul etmez ise ldrlmesini
teklif etmiti. Beyrek bir hile ile
arlm, ona kendileri ile birlik olmas sylenmi, iddetle redd
etmesi zerine Uruz Koca
tarafndan kllanmtr. Beyrek ordasna gtrlm ise de ald yaradan
lmtr. Bunu
renen Kazan pek zlm, gnlerce divana kmam, sonra sevgili naknn cn
almak ve
onlar yeniden itaat altna sokmak iin harekete gemitir. Kazan,
Uruz Koca ile yapt teke tek bir
arpmada onu yenerek ldrd. Bunun zerine teki Boz-Ok beyleri
Kazan'n elini pp
kendisine ba ediler. Kazan onlarn sularn balam, Uruz Koca'nn
ordasn aptrm ve
elini gnn (yani orda halk ve boyunu) yamalatmt. Grlyor ki bu
destann konusu
hazindir. nk karde kavgasn anlatyor. Bu kavgada yakkll, yiitlii
ve iyi kalplilii ve
ahlak ile "Ouz'un imrencesi" lakabn alm olan Beyrek lm,
Boz-Oklar'n ba Uruz da
yeeni tarafndan ldrlm ve her eyi aplp yama edilmitir.
Burada Beyrek'in kendileri ile birlik olmas gerektii hakknda
gsterilen sebep, yani onun Boz-
Oklar'dan kz almas- bizi doruluundan phe ettiriyor. nk iki kol
da birbirinden kz alp
vermekte idi. Beyrek yaralanp da ordasna dndkten sonra Uruz
Koca'nn olu Basat'n ordasn
basacandan ok korkmaktadr. Fakat olayda Basat'n her hangi bir
hareketinden bahsedilmiyor.
Bu sonuncu destan belki ikinci destandan nce konmalyd.
nk ikinci destanda Boz-Oklar'n ba artk Uruz Koca deil torunu
Kyan Selk olu Deli
Dndar'dr, teki destanlarda da daima Deli Dndar'n ad geiyor.
Bunun gibi Kazan'n naibi
Klba da bu olayda sadr. Fakat o, kinci destanda kl Melik'in
Kazan'n ordasna yapt
basknda lmtr.
kinci destann konusu ise ksaca yledir. Kazan beyleri ile ava
gittii esnada dman kl
Melik yapt bir baskn ile Kazan'n byk ordasn apm, naibi Eli Koca
olu Klba lm,
olu Uruz, kars Burla Hatun ve anas tutsak alnp gtrlmtr. Bunu
renen Kazan, kl
Melikin zerine yryerek beylerin yardm ile dman yenmi, olunu,
hatununu, anasn,
hazinesini geri almtr. Bu destann da bize olmu bir olay anlattn
sanyoruz. Yani dman
-
59
babularndan kl Melik'in, Kazan'n ordasn basp yamalamas bir gerek
olacaktr. Fakat
Kazan basknda ordasnda m idi, deil mi idi, bu hususta bir ey
sylenemez.
Yukarda da bahsedildii gibi, ecere-i Terakime'de Peenek eli
babuu Doymaduk'un Salur
Kazan'n babas Enki'in ordasn bastn Enki ve Kazan'n katklarn,
Kazan'n anasnn
tutsak alnp gtrldn, Enki'in, naibi ile mal gndererek karsn
kurtardn anlatan bir
rivayet bulunmaktadr. Bu rivayette olduu gibi, Kazan'n mal
gndererek yalanlarn kurtarm
olmas da muhtemeldir. Ancak Kazan Be sonra parlak bir zafer
kazanarak bu basknn cn
almtr. Bu destan ile ecere-i Terakime'den naklettiimiz manzume,
ite Salur Kazan Be'in bu
anl galibiyetini aksettirmektedir.
Destanlarn kahramanlar asilzade tabakasna mensup kimseler, yani
beylerdir. Sahnedeki
ahslar arasnda halktan kimseler grnmezler. Yalnz ikinci destanda
Kazan'n Karauk adl
oban belki bir istisna tekil eder. Bu oban efendisinin srsn
dmana kar fedakarca
korumu ve hatta kardeleri Kyan Gc, Demir Gc bu uurda lmlerdir.
Fazla olarak
Karauk oban Kazan Be'in kl Melik ile yapt savalarda da yararlk
gstermitir. Kazan da
Karauk oban'n gsterdii vefakarlk ve yiitlie kaytsz kalmyarak onu
mrahor'u (emir-
ahur'u) yapmtr. Bu yiit obann tad adn nl Karauk dalarndan geldii
grlyor.
Trkler'in corafi isimleri ocuklarna ad alarak koymalar, slam
melliflerince de bilinen, yaygn
bir gelenek idi [Smer 2012, 10-12, . . Smr 2012, 185-192; Togan
1981, 321-322;
Uak 2013, 45-50; Uzunarl 1988, 94-97; Qorqud, 30-37].
-
Kay Ouzlardan bir oymak,
(. 57):
Divan Lgati't-Trk (Arapa: ), (Gnmz Trkesi ile: Trk
Diyalektleri
Szl), Kagarl Mahmud tarafndan Badat'ta 1072-1074 yllar arasnda
yazlan Trke-
Arapa bir szlktr. Trkenin bilinen en eski szl olup, bat Asya yaz
Trkesiyle ilgili var
olan en kapsaml ve nemli dil yaptdr. Kkleik Arap szlk bilgisi
ilkelerine gre hazrlanm
olan szlk, Kagarl Mahmud'un Trk boylaryla ilgili ayrntl
bilgisinin yan sra, Arap dil
bilimi konusunda da esasl bir eitim grm olduunu gsterir [Divnu
2012, 1].
Kesin olarak Kagarl Mahmud, dnemin btn klasik ilimlerini tahsil
etti. Arapa ve Farsa
rendi. Saciye ve Hamidiye Medreseleri'nde tahsil grdkten sonra
kendisini Trk dili tetkikatna
vakfetmitir. Bu amala Orta Asya'y boydan boya kat ederek
Anadolu'ya oradan da Badat'a
gitmi. 15 yl boyunca Trklerin yaad btn illeri, ehirleri, obalar,
dalar ve lleri dolat.
Bu geziler inceleme amal idi. Trklerin rf ve detlerini
mahallinde aratrd. Gezileri
srasnda, ana dili Trkenin Hakaniye, Ouz, Kpak, Argu, iil,
Kepenek ivelerini de rendi.
yi renim grm, slmiyet'le ilgili bilimsel almalar yakndan
izlemitir. Arapa ve Farsay
da ok iyi renmitir. Trklerin bulunduu blgeleri gezmi, ana dili
olan Trkenin btn
lehelerini yerlerinde renmi, geleneklerini greneklerini yakndan
izlemitir [Kgarl
Mahmud 2012, . 2009, 83-84].
- ; 22 ,
, .
-
60
, . Beenek Kfak,
- .
, ,
, , . ,
,
. ,
, -, , , ,
(. 56):
Ouz ehirleri hakknda aratrmada bulunan Rus Kazbilimci Sergey
Pavlovitch Tolstov el-
drs'nin batda Aral denizi, douda Takend ve kuzey-batda "Murgar
Dalar" (bugnk ad:
Murgajar-tav) arasndaki Ouz blgesi hakknda u bilgileri
verir:
"Ouz ehirleri oktur. (Bu ehirler) imalde (kuzeyde) ve douda kar
karya sralanr.
Ouzlarn eriilmez dalar ve bu dalarda mstahkem kurganlar vardr ve
beyleri buralarda
saklanr, eyalar ile yiyeceklerini muhafaza ederler Bu beyler bu
ilin koruyucusudur."
. 56
-
61
Kagarl Mahmud'un izdii harita'da Cebel-i Karauk dalarnn gneyinde
"Bild
al-Guzziyya" yani Ouz ilinde, isimleri yazlmam tane yan yana
iaretlenmi ehirlerden
birisi olduu varsaylr [Sapran 2012, 1].
Krkz, Kfak, Toxsi, Yama, igil, Urak aruk,
,
. omul, Yabaku, Tatar Basml Kay
, .
,
, :
Awlap meni koymanz
Ayk ayp kaymanz
Akar kzm u teniz
Tegre yre ku uar
Beni avlayp brakverme,
Sz verip cayma;
Gzm dengiz gibi akar,
Yresinde kular uar.
[DLT-1, 28-30,55,393-394,465,471,487; DLT-2, 45-46].
Kay .
IVI [DLT-1, 55-56; DLT-3, 166] (. 58),
[DLT] ,
(. 59):
, .
. .
. ,
-
. -. XIII
() -
. 58 . 59
. 57 . 58
-
62
, I
[ 2012, 1].
,
,
X-
XI .,
, - ,
- . 1036 .
,
, . ,
- -,
.
- , -
, .
1027 . , ,
, . -, ,
- . , 960 .,
, , -
, , .
, ,
-; , .
-, - , , , , .
, , -
, , , X-
XI . - [, 2012, 131].
, ,
, ,
(. 60) ,
:
. 60
-
63
(izelge 4)'de yer alan iki ayr tamga listesi tam yzyl arayladr.
Byle olmasna ramen
Kay, Salgur, Ula Yontlug ve regir'in tamgalar, hemen hemen ayn
kalm *Divitiolu 1994,
40, . Uzunarl 1988, 97].
,
.
, - -,
, (. 60).
N. Trkmen [2009],
,
, ,
:
Avc kular, Trk mitolojisinin de en karakteristik hayvanlarndan
olup, nemli bir yer igal
ederler. Bahaeddin gel, Emel Esin, Gnl ney ve Yaar oruhlu bu
kularn sembolik anlam
ykleri zerinde incelemelerde bulunmulardr. Yaplan almalar
neticesinde ortak bir sylemden
sz edebilmek mmkndr. rnein oruhlu, bu kularn Orta Asya Trk
topluluklarnda
koruyucu ruh ve asalet sembol olarak kabul edilip, slmiyet'ten
nceki Trk devletlerinde
hkmdarlarn ve devletin ileri gelenlerinin g, kuvvet ve
kudretinin bir gstergesi olduunu
ifade etmektedir. Bir arma, bir totem nitelii tayan kartal ve
dier yrtc avc kular Reidd-
din'in Cmit Tevrih ve Eblgazi Bahadr Han'n ecere-i
Terakime'sinde 24 Ouz boyunun
sembolleri olarak dikkati ekmektedir [80].
. 60
-
64
-,
- , -.
, -, ,
, :
Ala Atl Ki Donl Kay nal Han
Bu hkmdar yavku unvan ile anlmyor. Kaynamzda bu adlarn manas:
ala atl, samur
elbiseli Kay Boyundan nal Han eklinde izah ediliyor. Ki trkede
samur demektir. Kaynaa gre
Hazret-i Muhammed bu han zamannda zuhr etmi, Kay nal Han da Karu
Dede Gezenk' (?)
Peygamber'in katna gnderip Mslman olmutu; Bayndr'dan Dnger(?)
olu Erki Kay nal
Han'n nibi ve Der'den Ilduz(?) da veziri idi. Kay nal Han'n lm
zerine nibi Erki byk
bir yu (l) a verdi. Bu yu anda iki havuz yaplp birine ayran ve
birine de kmz
doldurulmu, at, sr ve koyun eti tepeler gibi ylmt. Yas iin
etraftan gelenler, yu andan
yemiler ve evlerine dnerken bu adan gtrmlerdir. Kay nal Han'n lm
esnasnda bir olu
oldu [Smer 2012a, 7-8].
- -
, . . ; :...; - , -
.
( ) ,
, .
() ,
12 , , -
. ,
() .
( ). ,
.
.
, -
, .
.
, ,
: , ,
.
, , ,
(?), ? (?) .
() () , ,
(?) . ()
(?)-, ( ?), , .
-.
-. :
-
65
, - .
.
-, , , '
, .
, (), .
, , .
. ,
.
. - -
, - ,
. , .
. - ,
. - ,
-. -, .
. , -.
-,
... ... ... .
. ( ).
: , ,
, .
*, 52-84].
Ahir zamanda hanlk tekrar Kayya geecek. Kimse ellerinden
almayacak, ahir zaman olup
kyamet kopuncaya kadar. Bu dedii Osman neslidir, ite srp gidiyor
[Korkut, 1].
: - , - , 1237 . . = - 1822 . . .,
, , -,
.
y- - , - , - -o,
- -o.
, -;
, ; ;
.
- , , - .
-, y-
- -
. , , ;
, , .
--
- . - -
. , , - . -
- : - ,
-
66
-?. : ; ,
. , , ,
-, ,
, .
, - ,
- . ,
- ,
. , - ,
.
: ,
; -, -
. , , ,
.
*, 14-43].
.
, ;
:
-
, ,
, -
-
, ,
,
-
, ,
,
, ,
, , - , ,
, - -
, , ,
, ; -,
, :
- , .. ; ***. - . -
[, 35,47].
- ,
: , , , a
, . ,
, ,
, , ,
;
o .
, , ,
-
67
[ 2009, 82, . . Amin 2012, 406; Sevim, Ycel-1
1990, 180-183; ~*~-2 1990, 1-6; Smr 2012, 199-200; Uak 2013,
51].
- ,
.:
,
, . ()
. 1180- . .
. ,
: , ,
, , . ., .
-,
, ,
, .
. 1030- .
11- . ,
. -
, .
, , .
11- .
. .
, , , ,
. ,
. , -
. -
, .
. .
.
, .
.
. - ,
, 750- . . ,
. ,
, ,
. .
, . , ,
-
68
, 8-
, [
2013, 7-8].
-
(. 60). VIII . ,
, ,
,
,
.
, ,
(). ,
- (.
60), , :
. 60
. 60
-
69
- , .
; ,
, . - .
.
, , ,
. , ,
.
, ;
-, -, ,
, ,
.
. ,
. , ,
.
, .
- . .
, .
, - .
.
- -, , .
548 (1153) . ,
, - . ,
. , , , .
( - (. 317): ***). . '
-. , , ,
. .
. . - .
-, ,
, ,
. 548 (1153) .
, .
. ,
, ; . - -.
, [, 88-119].
.
, , , , ,
. , ,
; ,
. ,
;
-
70
, . ,
. ;
, , , ;
, , , .
, , ,
. , .
(Sarai Juk), ,
- ( ). .
, , ,
, .
, *, 3-12].
-- -; ;
, , (..
) , -,
, ()
, ,
, , , - ,
. , ,
-, ,
, . -,
( - : , ; :
. - , = , . .:
J. Marquart. Uber das Volkstrum des Komanen, S. 42) :
, , , ;
? : ,
, , - , ,
...
, - ,
, .
- , ,
, , ,
, ,
, :
, , ,
, ,
, , , .
*, 3-8].
, , -.
: , ()
. , ,
-
71
; . ,
, ,
, . ,
- , : ,
- - ? .
, - -,
, .
, : , , ,
, ,
. -
, : , -
, - , -
() .
, 10 000 100 000 .
, .
: -
, , - ,
, - - - ,
, . , , -
. , ,
. , , ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
, , , ...
, , ,
, . ,
.
, ,
, , , . , ,
: ,
. - ,
, , :
, .
, - . ,
, .
. , - ,
*, 4-21].
-
72
-
(, , - -,
. , . (. .
1867 ., . VIII-IX 13, 14, 15. , . 147-149)) - ,
,
; .
( - ) () . ,
, ,
. ( ) .
, ( - . , ,
(, . 145)) ,
, , ,
*, 4].
VIII . ,
. I-I . .
,
, , .
. ,
[, 2012, 2].
: .
, .
,
(), ,
. .
, ,
, ,
. ,
, . ,
: , , ! - ,
. , ,
. ,
, (),
, . -
, - , .
, , .
. , ,
, .
. , ,
, , , , ,
. , - ,
-
73
, - -
*, 1].
, ,
,
(-).
. , VIII .
.
, ;
( )
, .
, XI-XII .
, [, 2012, 105].
985 . , -
, ,
, , ,
, , , , , .
, .
- ( ), ,
.
,
.
. .
.
24 : , , , , , , ,
, , -, - . .
,
. .
.
.
,
[ 2012, 1].
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
; o ,
-
74
. ,
,
.
( , ,
, ) (724-743)
.
, , ,
, , , ,
.
, -, ,
,
, .
, ,
- .
;
, , , ,
,
.
X . -;
,
, .
, ,
;
, ,
[ 2009, 53-60].
, , ,
,
, : , ,
.
,
( ).
, ,
, , .
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
-
, , IX-X.,
-
75
. IX X . -
, X .
, ,
, ,
, .
