Protecting Health and the Environment is Everyone’s Job,

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

INTRODUCTION

MANAGEMENT THEORIES

APPROACHES TO SAFETY

PRINCIPLES OF RISK MANAGEMENT

INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AGENCIES

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

CHEMICAL SAFETY

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

In the United States, two safety management

systems programs are getting attention and

gaining interest: OHSA Specification and a

Standard-in-the-making i.e. ANSI Z-10.

 

This session provides the participants with

insight to the background, drivers, requirements

and where occupational health and safety

management systems are heading in the future.

WHAT IS OHSA?

Internationally recognized model for Occupational Health and Safety Assessment/Administration/Agency (OHSA) for management systems

Enable organizations to control their OH&S risks and improve their performance

Specification is intended to address occupational health and safety rather than product and services safety

WHY WAS OHSA DEVELOPED?

In response to urgent customer demand for a recognizable occupational health and safety management system standard

Need for health and safety management system that could be audited and certified

WHERE DID OHSA COME FROM?

Thirteen co-operating organizations from around the world assisted in development of this series

Spain, Malaysia, United Kingdom and several other European standards organizations

Objective of OSHA To reduce hazards of the workplace and enforcing

mandatory job safety standards and to implement and improve health program

A hazard is a dangerous condition that can interrupt or interfere with the expected, orderly progress of an activity. Four classes of internationally recognized hazards Negligible—will not result in injury to people or serious

damage to equipment Marginal—can be controlled to prevent injury or damage Critical—will cause injury or serious damage (or both) Catastrophic—will cause death to workers.

DILEMMA Businesses have charged that the regulations are

difficult to understand and often unreasonably rigid; that penalties are unfair, paperwork is excessive, and the cost of compliance is burdensome to small companies.

Labor, on the other hand, calls it weak and complained that the agency has failed to reduce occupational hazards. The procedures concentrate on dangerous industries and eliminate out-of-date regulations.

Meanwhile, rules are being challenged by some businesses in the courts as well.

Theory “X” Workers not innately motivated to work

productively and

System of rewards and punishments

Carrot and whip attitude

Performance linked pays increase/decrease

Job advancement or termination

MANAGEMENT THEORIES

MANAGEMENT THEORIES

Theory Y” work is a natural and rewarding human activity

workers are interested in and motivated by their

work.

management responsibility as stimulating

channeling the workers toward the achievement of

management goals

resolving conflicts between individual goals and

management goals

Hygiene Approach salary, status, challenging work, work hours and benefits

Above provide a good environment but not necessarily a

satisfying one

May not be satisfying

Job Enrichment Approach Responsibility, opportunity for recognition, good working

companions

Too much enrichment reduces job satisfaction

Too much may over-complicate the situation and

MANAGEMENT THEORIES

TQM Employs Statistical Quality to improve production,

quality and unit performance Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Moslow

MANAGEMENT THEORIES

Organization Planning and Communication Traditional approach

Accident is a completed sequence of events Unsafe acts of personal Disabling person misses many previous chances Four basic motives for occurrence

Attitude Knowledge Physical unsuitability Environment

Available methods are Engineering system design Persuasion and safety training Safety supervision Hazard exposure elimination

Traditional approach contd..

Largely preventable

Controls on the line of the Quality and cost

All levels of management are responsible

Supervisor is the key Identify the problem

Find and verify the reason

Select appropriate remedy

Apply the remedy

Check response

Current Principles of Safety Management Unsafe behavior, unsafe conditions, and accidents indicate flaws

Circumstances produce severe injuries. Can be identified and

controlled, especially in:

Unusual and non-routine activities.

Non – productive activities.

Energy-intensive jobs.

High-risk activity (such as confined space entry, elevated work,

and excavating). Safety - managed like any other business functional activity.

Key - define management accountability.

Safe design

The key person (s) - executive/manager (top individual (s) in entity)!

The function of safety - locate and define the operational errors

Principles of Risk Management

Risk management is the professional assessment of all

loss potentials in structure and operations, leading to

establishment and administration of loss-control

program.

Risk Manager

Risk control is another function of risk management

Security more important than ever - theft, violence in

the work-place, sabotage, spying, strikes, civil unrest,

arson, and terrorism occur frequently

Administrative controls, a crisis management team, workplace violence prevention programs, policy statements, security clearances, I.D. cards, sign-in sheets, threat assessments, training to forestall potential violence, program evaluation, incident response, and record keeping, etc.

Engineering controls, such as perimeter barriers (fencing, walls and gates), entrance check –points, card,-key control, CTV video monitoring and surveillance, security and police forces, intrusion alarms, panic buttons, adequate lighting and visibility (no obstructions), bullet-resistant enclosures, safes, metal-detection systems, radio communication, etc

Principles of Risk Management

an aspect of risk management deals with the financing of losses primarily through a self-insurance fund, Identify hazards, exposures. Analyze risk. Control, or eliminate or transfer, the risk.

Insurance is a mean to transfer the risk to an insurance company Property – covers fire, explosion windstorm, and a number of extended perils. All Risk – covers all types of property loss, except those excluded. Inland Marine – covers goods in transit, bridges, radio towers, etc. Boiler and Machinery – covers loss to boilers and other pressure vessels by a

steam explosion Casualty – Workers’ Compensation, accident policies Health and Life -- covers off- the job injuries, illness, and death. Liability Insurance – covers damage to others by negligent acts, errors of

omission or commission – products, premises, comprehensive, professional liability.

Catastrophic/Reinsurance – multimillion dollar layers over he basic or primary policy to cover large unexpected losses.

Self-Insurance – Losses paid from a self-insurance fund. Umbrella policy—very broad, usually reinsurance policy above all others which

fills in any gaps in coverage.

Risk Financing

Existing & potential conditions that cause or might contribute to

cause of accident

How to convince the Boss “Saith Sahib”

Show savings in terms of cash etc. As important as productivity and delivery of services Identify resources (financial/human capital) Prepare safety directive Prepare and monitor the safety program Review the regulatory agencies requirements Review design and operations system Review histories of hazards, failures and mishaps Think about warning, protective and emergencies Review field reports and complaints

Safety Program

Elements of a successful safety program Management Responsibility

Assignment Of Safety Management Responsibilities

Formal Statement Of Policy

Maintenance Of Working Conditions

Establishment Of Control & Loss Prevention

Program

Hazards and Accidents Causes are:-

Human Management Operational Environment Design Deficiency

Three important points Potential conditions and existing conditions Conditions which act in combination Root causes

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):, primary responsibility for setting standards, enforcing compliance, and approving state programs.

Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission: independent of OSHA and the Department of Labor, adjudicates disputes arising from OSHA enforcement activities.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): conducts research and establishes recommended occupational safety and health standards. provides direct assistance to other agencies/private sector and finances for education and training.

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): The BLS has responsibility for compiling statistic and establishing methods for gathering data on occupational safety and health.

National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH): This group advises, consults, and makes recommendations to governament and Human Services on the administration of the OSHAct.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Regulates foods, drugs and cosmetics, medical devices, lasers, etc; approves licenses for the manufacture and distribution of these items.

US Agencies with Safety & Health Responsibilities

Department of Transportation (DOT): safety and hazardous materials in aviation

(Federal Highway Administration), and mass transit systems (Urban Mass

Transportation Administration). also looks at safe construction and operation of

gas pipelines and storage.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): vehicles, equipment,

procedures, etc, assures compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards

(FMVS) of, primarily, new cars and trucks. conducts Fatality Analysis Reporting

System (FARS) for data on all fatal traffic accidents in all fifty states.

Federal Highway Administration: Establishes/enforces federal motor carrier

safety regulations applicable to interstate commercial vehicle operations.

Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC): Acts in response (not

preventative deterrence) to hazards to consumers; protects the public against

unreasonable risk of injury with consumer products. Runs an information product

injury clearinghouse called the “National Electronic Injury Surveillance System”

(NEISS).

US Agencies with Safety & Health Responsibilities

US Agencies with Safety & Health Responsibilities

Nuclear Regulatory Agency (NRA): Licenses and regulates the uses of nuclear

energy to protect public health and safety and the environment; inspects for

violations.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): was established in 1970 by president

Nixon’s executive order to Congress; responsible for all matters related to protection

of the air and water; solid/hazardous waste, toxic substances, contamination clean-

up , emergency planning and community right-to-maintain a national fire data center.

Exists in Pakistan also.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): centralization of several

emergency preparedness functions, such as civil defense, federal disaster

assistance and federal insurance, and general preparedness. Exists in Pakistan

also.

National Bureau of Standards (NBS): Engages in fire research principally in

building technology and fire testing of materials.

Federal Railroad Administration (FRA): rail safety regulations, administers

railroad assistance programs, conducts research and development in support of

improved railroad safety and national rail transportation policy.

Consumer Product Safety Act Fails to comply with an applicable consumer product

safety rule; not accompanied by a certificate required by law, or is

not labeled in accordance with regulations Is/or has been determined to be an imminently

hazardous consumer product has a product defect which constitutes a substantial

product hazard a product which was manufactured by a person who

the commission has informed the secretary of the treasury is in violation of subsection

Wow! do we have any such thing here in our country. Or anything else?Wow! do we have any such thing here in our country. Or anything else?

Assigned Powers

Recalls: Correction or removal of the hazardous product from the general public or market.

Seizure: Withdrawal of hazardous products by court order.

Prosecution: Criminal proceedings against an individual or firm.

Injunction: A court order that restrains an individual or firm from continuing a violation.

Citation/Notice of Violation: A notice to a firm or individual that a possible violation exists; this often includes a proposed fine or penalty.

WELL! Lets not compare with the power of our food inspector with these

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

NFPA 471, Responding to Hazardous Materials incidents,

NFPA 472, professional Competence of Responders to

Hazardous Materials Incidents,

NFPA 473, Competence for EMS personnel Responding to

Hazardous Materials Incidents,

Health

Flammability

Instability

Special hazard

Health - Type of InjuryFlammability - Susceptibility to burningInstability – Susceptibility to energy release

NFPA 704

A voluntary system for use by industry;many states and governments have adopted the system used to identify all hazardous materials storedEach hazard is rated with a numerical value from 0 to 4, with 0 being no significant hazard to 4 as the most severe hazard.

44

Deadly: even the slightest exposure to this substance would be life threatening. Only specialized protective clothing, for these materials, should be worn.

33

Extreme Danger: serious injury would result from exposure to this substance. Do not expose any body surface to these materials. Full protective measures should be taken.

22Dangerous: exposure to this substance would be hazardous to health. Protective measures are indicated.

11Slight Hazard: irritation or minor injury would result from exposure to this substance. Protective measures are indicated.

00 No Hazard: exposure to this substance offers no significant risk to health.

HEALTH

44

Flash Point Below 73ºF and Boiling Point Below 100ºF: this substance is very flammable, volatile or explosive depending on its state. Extreme caution should be used in handling or storing of these materials.

33

Flash Point Below 100ºF: flammable, volatile or explosive under almost all normal temperature conditions. Exercise great caution in storage or handling of these materials.

22

Flash Point Below 200ºF: moderately heated conditions may ignite this substance. Caution procedures should be employed in handling.

11Flash Point Above 200ºF: this substance must be preheated to ignite. Most combustible solids would be in this category.

00 Will Not Burn: substances that will not burn

FLAMMABILITY

4May Detonate: substances that are readily capable of detonation or explosion at normal temperatures and pressures. Evacuate area if exposed to heat or fire.

3

Explosive: substances that are readily capable of detonation or explosion by a strong initiating source, such as heat, shock or water. Monitor from behind explosion-resistant barriers.

2

Unstable: violent chemical changes are possible at normal or elevated temperatures and pressures. Potentially violent or explosive reaction may occur when mixed with water. Monitor from a safe distance.

1Normally stable: substances that may become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures or when mixed with water. Approach with caution.

0 Stable: substances which will remain stable when exposed to heat, pressure or water.

REACTIVITY

UN Classification System CLASS 1 ---Explosives

Division 1.1 - Explosives with mass explosion hazard. Division 1.2 - Explosives with a projection hazard Division 1.3 - Explosives with predominantly a fire hazard Division 1.4 - Explosives with no significant blast hazard Division 1.5 - Very insensitive explosives

CLASS 2 – Gases Division 2.1 - Flammable gases Division 2.2 - Nonflammable gases Division 2.3 - Poison gases

CLASS 3 –Liquids Division 3.1 - Flashpoints below – 18 degrees C Division 3.2 - Flashpoint – 18 degree C and above but les than 23 degrees C Division 3.3 – Flashpoint of 23 degrees C and up to 61 degrees C

Class 4 – Flammable Solids; Spontaneously Combustible Materials; and Materials That Are Dangerous When WET Division 4.1 – Flammable solids Division 4.2 – Spontaneously combustible materials Division 4.3 – Materials that are dangerous when wet

CLASS 5 – Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides Division 5.1 – Oxidizers Division 5.2 – Organic peroxides

CLASS 6 – Poisonous and Etiologic (Infectious) Materials Division 6.1 – Poisonous materials Division 6.2 – Etiologic (infectious) materials

CLASS 7 - Radioactive Materials CLASS 8 - Corrosives CLASS 9 - Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

Chemical Safety Handling and storage of chemicals Program to include

Handling, potential hazards, engineering / administrative controls, safe storage, transfers, spills, decontamination and waste disposal

MSDS-material safety data sheets Flammable liquids to be stored in special solvents

whenever more than 10 gallons Chemicals need to be identifies and isolated Compressed gasses need to be secured separately BC type extinguishers within 50 feet Emergency eyewash and showers Facility should be at negative pressure

Chemicals Storage

Improper storage causes health, safety and environmental issues

Chemicals becoming waste due to container contaminations

Too long storage (longer than shelf life) may also result in hazardous

waste

Inventory

Penalties for internal sub sections

Inventory of VIRGIN and WASTE materials as well

Proper tracking system for containers.

Information required on container Description of material by its common, in-house name or its waste description. Be as

specific as possible.

The hazardous-waste number and hazard code.

DOT proper shipping name, hazard class, and DOT identification number.

Amount (by weight or volume) and the type o container.

Storage location (by building or room and the specific section within each storage

area (determined by chemical compatibility).

Name of individual, division, department, or process producing the waste.

Instructions for proper safety and personal protective equipment.

Reference to spill procedure.

Special Comments. It should be noted here that if a material is sensitive to time or temperature or if it requires

any other special handling or storage precautions due to its quantity or properties, its shelf-

life (expiration) date should be noted.

An in-house serial number should be used to facilitate the tracking of each container,

storage location, etc

MSDS Sample

Suggested Mandatory Requirement Accumulation Start Date. This is especially important for a generator

storing hazardous waste without a permit; each container of waste must

be delivered to a permitted toxic substance disposal facility (TSDF)

within 90 days of the accumulation start date,

Manifest Document Number

Date Shipped. Date shipped to a permitted TSDF. The date it was

shipped off-site must correspond to the date on the manifest.

Exception Report Dates. The date on which the producer must follow

up a shipment and the date on which the exception report must be filed

if the appropriate copy of the manifest is not received from the TSDF.

Manifest Receipt Date. The date on which the appropriate copy of the

manifest is received from the TSDF.

Storage Areas Over pack or lab pack drums (those with smaller individual containers

enclosed) should have a packing list affixed to the lid of the drum in a

weather-resistant pouch.

All marking and labeling must be durably affixed to all containers.

Weather-resistant labels and paint markers should be used on metal

containers – not volatile, base-ink or felt-tip makers which will

deteriorate and weather.

Storage areas should be kept orderly and monitored regularly. Weekly

inspections for areas where hazardous wastes are stored in containers

and daily inspections for tanks storing wastes.

Containers should be kept from deterioration and weathering by either

storing them under a roof

World Standards of HAC

4 major world standards NEC (U. S. National Electric Code) CEC (Canadian Electric Code) IEC / CEN ELEC

Class Example

Class I

(Gases and Vapors)

Acetylene

Hydrogen

Ethylene

Propane

Class II

(Dusts)

Metal dust

Coal dust

Class III

(Fibers and Flyings)

Wood

Paper

Cotton Processing

Area Classes