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Design for Design for Construction Safety Construction Safety Lee Anne Jillings Lee Anne Jillings U.S. Dept. of Labor-OSHA U.S. Dept. of Labor-OSHA John W. Mroszczyk, John W. Mroszczyk, PhD, PE, CSP PhD, PE, CSP Northeast Consulting Engineers, Inc. Northeast Consulting Engineers, Inc. Marvin Oey, Marvin Oey, PhD, PE PhD, PE ASCE Construction Institute ASCE Construction Institute

OSHA Alliance Program Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

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Design for Construction Safety Lee Anne Jillings U.S. Dept. of Labor-OSHA John W. Mroszczyk, PhD, PE, CSP Northeast Consulting Engineers, Inc. Marvin Oey, PhD, PE ASCE Construction Institute. OSHA Alliance Program Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Design for Design for Construction SafetyConstruction Safety

Lee Anne JillingsLee Anne JillingsU.S. Dept. of Labor-OSHAU.S. Dept. of Labor-OSHA

John W. Mroszczyk, John W. Mroszczyk, PhD, PE, CSPPhD, PE, CSP

Northeast Consulting Engineers, Inc.Northeast Consulting Engineers, Inc.

Marvin Oey, Marvin Oey, PhD, PEPhD, PE

ASCE Construction InstituteASCE Construction Institute

Page 2: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

OSHA Alliance Program OSHA Alliance Program Construction RoundtableConstruction Roundtable

Design for Safety WorkgroupDesign for Safety Workgroup

• Purpose of Alliance RoundtablesPurpose of Alliance Roundtables

• Success of Construction Success of Construction Roundtable: Design for Safety Roundtable: Design for Safety (DfS) Workgroup(DfS) Workgroup

• Next Steps for DfS WorkgroupNext Steps for DfS Workgroup

Page 3: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

OSHA Alliance Program Construction OSHA Alliance Program Construction Roundtable: DfS Workgroup MembersRoundtable: DfS Workgroup Members

American Society of Civil Engineers-American Society of Civil Engineers-Construction InstituteConstruction Institute

American Society of Safety EngineersAmerican Society of Safety Engineers Independent Electrical Contractors Independent Electrical Contractors ADSC: International Association of ADSC: International Association of

Foundation Drilling Foundation Drilling Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North

America America

Page 4: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfS Workgroup Members, continuedDfS Workgroup Members, continued

Mason Contractors Association of Mason Contractors Association of America America

National Fire Protection Association National Fire Protection Association National Institute for Occupational National Institute for Occupational

Safety & Health Safety & Health Sealant, Waterproofing and Sealant, Waterproofing and

Restoration Institute Restoration Institute Washington Group InternationalWashington Group International

Page 5: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfS Workgroup ProductsDfS Workgroup Products

DfS PowerPoint presentationDfS PowerPoint presentation Presentations at National ConferencesPresentations at National Conferences 2 to 4 hour course for design 2 to 4 hour course for design

professionals (under development)professionals (under development) 10 hour OSHA Outreach Training Program 10 hour OSHA Outreach Training Program

(under development)(under development) www.designforconstructionsafety.orgwww.designforconstructionsafety.org

Page 6: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Designing for Construction Safety Designing for Construction Safety (DfCS) – What is it?(DfCS) – What is it?

An extension of DfS to coverAn extension of DfS to cover construction projectsconstruction projects

Recognizes construction site safety Recognizes construction site safety as a design criterionas a design criterion

The process of addressing The process of addressing construction site safety and health in construction site safety and health in the design of a projectthe design of a project

Page 7: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

U.S. Construction Accident StatisticsU.S. Construction Accident Statistics11

Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,200 Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,200 deaths each yeardeaths each year

7% of workforce but 21% of fatalities7% of workforce but 21% of fatalities

Construction has one of the highest fatality Construction has one of the highest fatality rates of any industry sectorrates of any industry sector

11 Bureau of Labor Statistics-2005Bureau of Labor Statistics-2005

Page 8: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Typical Construction Project Typical Construction Project ArrangementArrangement

Project owner separately contracts with a Project owner separately contracts with a Architect/Engineer and with a general Architect/Engineer and with a general contractor, prime contractor, construction contractor, prime contractor, construction manager, program manager or owner’s agentmanager, program manager or owner’s agent

Above entities may subcontract out some or Above entities may subcontract out some or all of the work to specialty trade contractorsall of the work to specialty trade contractors

Project owners occasionally contract with a Project owners occasionally contract with a design-build firm to perform both design and design-build firm to perform both design and constructionconstruction

Page 9: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Root Causes for Construction Root Causes for Construction AccidentsAccidents11

Inadequate construction planningInadequate construction planning Lack of proper trainingLack of proper training Deficient enforcement of trainingDeficient enforcement of training Unsafe equipmentUnsafe equipment Unsafe methods or sequencingUnsafe methods or sequencing Unsafe site conditionsUnsafe site conditions Not using safety equipment that was providedNot using safety equipment that was provided

11 Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002 Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002

Page 10: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Accidents Linked to DesignAccidents Linked to Design1,21,2

22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in 22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA and CAOregon, WA and CA

42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-200342% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003

In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents resulted from decisions made before site accidents resulted from decisions made before site work beganwork began

11 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005

2 2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working ConditionsEuropean Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

Page 11: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Where Do Design Professionals Where Do Design Professionals Fit In?Fit In?

Considering safety issues during the Considering safety issues during the design stagedesign stage

Designing out anticipated hazardsDesigning out anticipated hazards

Page 12: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Considering Safety During Design Considering Safety During Design Offers the Most PayoffOffers the Most Payoff11

Conceptual Design

Detailed Engineering

Procurement

Construction

Start-up

High

Low

Ability to Influence

Safety

Project Schedule

1 Szymberski 1987

Page 13: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

What Types of Design Decisions?What Types of Design Decisions?

IBC paragraph 704.11.1 requires that a IBC paragraph 704.11.1 requires that a parapet wall be at least 30 inches highparapet wall be at least 30 inches high

OSHA 1926 Subpart M requires aOSHA 1926 Subpart M requires a

42 inch guardrail or other fall protection42 inch guardrail or other fall protection

If the design professional specifies a If the design professional specifies a

42 inch high parapet wall, fall protection 42 inch high parapet wall, fall protection would not be required would not be required

Page 14: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfCS ProcessDfCS Process11

Design Kickoff Design

Internal Review

Issue for Construction

External Review

Trade contractor involvement

• Establish design for safety expectations

• Include construction and operation perspective

• Identify design for safety process and tools

• QA/QC

• Cross-discipline review

• Focused safety review

• Owner review

1 Gambatese

Page 15: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Barrier: Designers' Fear of Liability

Barrier: Fear of undeserved liability for worker safety.

Solution: Clearly communicate the DfCS initiative does NOT suggest designers should be held responsible for construction accidents.

Solution: Develop revised model contract language and legislation that encourage DfCS.

Solution: Propose legislation is facilitate designing for construction safety without inappropriately shifting safety duties and liability onto designers.

Page 16: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Barrier: Increased Designer Barrier: Increased Designer Costs Associated with DfCSCosts Associated with DfCS

While DfCS results in decreased total While DfCS results in decreased total project life cycle costs for the owner, DfCS project life cycle costs for the owner, DfCS processes will increase both direct and processes will increase both direct and overhead costs for designers. overhead costs for designers.

Increased direct costs will result from Increased direct costs will result from more time spent on many design tasks. more time spent on many design tasks.

Increased overhead costs will result from Increased overhead costs will result from providing safety training and perhaps providing safety training and perhaps increased insurance premiums.increased insurance premiums.

Solution: Educate owners that they must Solution: Educate owners that they must be willing to pay slightly higher design be willing to pay slightly higher design fees to save themselves money in the long fees to save themselves money in the long run.run.

Page 17: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Barrier: Designers' Lack of Barrier: Designers' Lack of Safety ExpertiseSafety Expertise

Barrier: Few design professionals Barrier: Few design professionals possess sufficient expertise in possess sufficient expertise in construction safety.construction safety.

Solution: Promote including Solution: Promote including construction safety in construction, construction safety in construction, engineering and architectural engineering and architectural curricula.curricula.

Solution: Develop and promote 10-Solution: Develop and promote 10-hour and 30-hour OSHA courses for hour and 30-hour OSHA courses for design professionals.design professionals.

Page 18: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Prefabrication

Steel stairs

Concrete Wall Panels

Concrete Segmented Bridge

Page 19: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Anchorage Points

Page 20: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfCS Examples:DfCS Examples:RoofsRoofs

Skylights Upper story windows and roof parapets

Page 21: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Steel l Design Avoid hanging connections; Avoid hanging connections;

design to bear on columns design to bear on columns instead using safety seatsinstead using safety seats

Require holes in columns for Require holes in columns for tie lines 21” and 42” above tie lines 21” and 42” above each floor slabeach floor slab

Specify shop welded Specify shop welded connections instead of bolts connections instead of bolts or field welds to avoid or field welds to avoid dangerous positions during dangerous positions during erectionerection

Consider approximate Consider approximate dimensions of connection dimensions of connection tools to prevent pinches or tools to prevent pinches or awkward assembliesawkward assembliesNational Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel National Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel

Erectors Association of America. Erectors Association of America. Detailing Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety. Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety. 20012001

Page 22: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Example of the Need for DfCSExample of the Need for DfCS Worker electrocuted when his

drill rig got too close to overhead power lines.

Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines.

Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines and/or better informed the employer of hazard posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.

Page 23: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Other DfCS Design ExamplesOther DfCS Design Examples Design underground utilities to be placed Design underground utilities to be placed

using trenchless technologyusing trenchless technology11

Specify primers, sealers and other Specify primers, sealers and other coatings that do not emit noxious fumes or coatings that do not emit noxious fumes or contain carcinogenic productscontain carcinogenic products22

Design cable type lifeline system for Design cable type lifeline system for storage towersstorage towers33

11 Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 2005Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 200522 Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 2005 Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 200533 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety

Concept”, 2005Concept”, 2005

Page 24: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfCS Practices Around the GlobeDfCS Practices Around the Globe Designers first required to design for Designers first required to design for

construction safety in the United construction safety in the United Kingdom in 1995Kingdom in 1995

Other European nations have similar Other European nations have similar requirementsrequirements

Australia also leading in DfCSAustralia also leading in DfCShttp://www.ascc.gov.au/ascc/http://www.ascc.gov.au/ascc/HealthSafety/SafeDesign/HealthSafety/SafeDesign/Understanding/Understanding/

Page 25: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

DfCS ToolsDfCS Tools Construction Industry Institute databaseConstruction Industry Institute database

• www.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/morewww.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/more/rr101_11_more.cfm/rr101_11_more.cfm

United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive designer guidesdesigner guides• www.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htmwww.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htm

CHAIRCHAIR• www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/

SafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htmSafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htm OSHA WebsiteOSHA Website

• www.osha.govwww.osha.gov

Page 26: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

SummarySummary Designing for safety can improve safety Designing for safety can improve safety

and health on construction sitesand health on construction sites Many countries require or promote Many countries require or promote

designing for safetydesigning for safety A number of national organizations are A number of national organizations are

working to create tools, eliminate barriers working to create tools, eliminate barriers and facilitate adoption of this important and facilitate adoption of this important process in the United Statesprocess in the United States

Page 27: OSHA Alliance Program  Construction Roundtable Design for Safety Workgroup

Questions?Questions?

Comments?Comments?