ORTHODONTI(‘S : VI$‘TY PEARS IN RETROSPECT”

HAROLl) (:HAl’MAS, F.I).S., ~).()R’l’II., Il.(‘.s. ES(:., ~,OXDOS. I<NGLAND

I THANK you for the honor you have done me by inviting mc to dclive! this, the eighth lecture in memory of our founder, George Xorthcroft. 1

am not unmindful of the fact that the preceding lectures hnvc been scientific and that my presentation must 1x1 in the more homely nnturr of a brief revie\\ of’ orthodontics, embracing the first h;llf of the century-trot. all-cmbrncina. but as T have seen it. This periotl corresponds approximately with the Ii ortho- dontic lift” of George Northcroft, whom I knew so well for alltrost forty years.

There may be a number of members who did not know Nort heroft. ulthough it is only slightly more than clevcn years since he attendcat our Illclctings regu- larly. I would have hesitate<1 to say how few knew him Ililt Ilot the (*hairman of the Rcprc~sentatire 1Soard of the British 1 dental Assoc*i;itioll rrlcantionetl last, autumn, when announcing the passing of Mr. .J. If. l’,atlcc~k. our first presi- dent and a staunch friend of Nort,hcroft, that he woultl IW known to few in the room. This announcement surprised me, but 1 was t~(\t~i~lly surprised to find it confirmed; therefore. I will open with a biographical sketch of North- croft, as I do not think this has been given in open nrcartiflg. an<1 make it, complementary to the one by l)r. Tdilian Ilindsay in the 19X3 ‘I’rtr~~srrcfio~~s.

George Sorthcroft, born in 1869, \Vils educated at Ji;rllcing College, Sus- scs, and the Leys School, (lambridge. He wished to beconle 21 sculptor but his father would not allow it, so he took np dentistry as another way of using his gifts; his interest in sculpture is evidenced by the fact that he was responsi- blc for the acquisition of the statue of the Cumzan Sibyl by Gilbert Bayes, which adorns the entrance to the British Dental Assocainticjn J,ibrary. His gift for carving in ivory is seen in the gavel he made ant1 prcsent4 to the U.D.A. in 1920 for use by the chairman of the Represent-ative Boill*(l.

His career as a dental student was unusual for an E~lglishman in that h(k began it in the United States at the University of Xichigan. whenc*e hc OIJ-

taincd his D.D.S. degree in 1890, at the age of 21. IIe rrturiic~tl to Englantl, entered the Royal Dental Hospital where he gained the covete(l Saunders Scholarship for operative work, and qualified L.D.S. in 1892. ‘I%(~ rtavcrsal of

thtr usual order* of dental educiltioll for an J3nglishmnn. taking illi L\tll(bri(aall The Eight11 Northcroft Memorial Lecture, given bcfow the Ikitish Hucic$y for tlw Stu~ly

of Orthodontics, November, 1954. *Reprinted, with additions, from the Dw~tol J’mctitroncv. Mat’cb, 1 !!.55, .lutln \\vrigllt &

Sons, Ltd., by permission. 421

tlegrrc as a11 cstra qualification, probably cnablcd him to obt,ain both iTI for11* years. the nlillinlurn time required i’or the L.D.S. only: he may have donc~ this on the adricr~ of iIll L4n~cric~nn practitioner in I~m~lon, MT. 11. Croll, with wholtl lie was associated in practirc> a1 Windsor bcforc c5tiil)liShing Irind I’ in 1~0lrc1011.

Northcroft WAX the first clent,al s~~l~grc)n T nlcxt when 1 c;llrlr to I~O~I~~OII ilt I906 ; he IircLtl anti prac+cotl at llC5 liarlc~y St., a house on iI Ilotthwest, PO~~IC’I’. ()ur first mect,ing Id to 111~ association with him l~fort~ going int,o prnc:tic+ta OII my own in 1908, :~n assoG:ltioll which 1 hnvcx always treasarctl bc~c:ausc~ ot’ its influence on my o~vn career ant1 the lifelong frirn(lship to whicah it 1~1. .\tr clwrl,v rc~fcrc~iicc~ to hilt1 in the IitcJraturct is 10 l)(> I’orrntl in I)i.sWsts trlrtl 111 jlo.il:( of the Tfffh 1~. Small and (‘oyler,= tilt’ StiIlltl?ll.(l IC’St tWOk Of I!)!- StLl(l~‘lll ClilJ-S.

where there is illustr:~tcd a simplr pair oi J)liclrs (Fig. 122) clcxsignetl by Sod h- cdroft, to CFlAlitilte heucliiig l)ianofortr wiw. Tllr~ first wfew~~c~r~ to hirrr iI1 thv T7117f,c of Pci-ioflicnl Dentnl Litfmturf is in lS91, and in t,hc five yrars from l!Ml ttr 1905 there ill’e sevelltt>rll references to him. I Jjs first cont.ribntion that, t 1~al1 was to the annual meeting of the British Urntal XssocGation at TJiucrpool in 1910. It took the for~n or ;I collecticnr of modrls illustrative of the i2nplta classification. Angle had not; referred to the tlrciduous dentition in his classi- fication (intlcecl~ I am not sure that he referret to it at ilny time). but in this collection 9orthcroft includctl models of thcl tlccitluoas, or mixctl. tlcntition ; these he tlescribcd as i‘foresh;dowing” t,hta v:lriolts I~PCS of CRISPS which nlil(lc up th(l Angle classificat~ioll of irregularities ot’ th(b prrmanc~nt teeth. At that. t,irne Northcroft. had not the cases to caonlJ)lete thcb exhibit, so hc left naps to be filled in, as newly found elements arr inclntlrtl in thr pcriotlic t ;11)1(’ OE chemical elements. This exhibit,, somewhat damaged by bombing, is now housed in the I~~nclon Rospital Museum ;1n(1 is J”.obablp the earliest (~C~II~OII-

&ration tlealing with nbuor~nalities 01’ ocacalusiorr 01’ I he tleciduous clrntitiotl : until thcll it hnd beon :tccc~J)tc~tl that, ihc>~ tli(I Ilot c,sist ; Northcroft \viIs proI)- ;Ihly the fil*st to correct this belief.

Badcock (l!lOl;), in the first presidential address to the British Societ>, for the Stut1.v of Orthodontic~s said, in reference to the Society’s inception : ” ,\t this timcl the dent;11 world \viIs supersutnratd with orthodontic interest.” In his \~aletlictory atltlress he saitl : “1 shall be succeeded by Mr. Sorth(*rol‘t, than \vhorn thcrc is amongst us no nl:~n IIIOW w.111~ or more zealous.” Sorth- c+I*oftP’s presidential atltlrrss in January, 1909, WilS nitit,letl “Aims and rdds” ---the \-cry titlcl givcls a pictnrc of thtl man. In it. he appealed to members to prrserre the motlels of young developing months. normal and abnormal ; his demonstration in 1910 is Jn~of that he J,r’a<aticetl whilt he prea.ched. IIc matlc valuable series of moclels ant1 Pilcc masks of his ON-~ children from 25 days to 21 years 0t1 ;lg~; thc:scx ;LIOI~C~ Illark Nodhc~rofi ;IS il ltlan of unusual opcrativc ant1 te~htli(*d skill. Ilis al)iliiirs. inc*lutling initiativr ant1 organization. were t2~cqyGxtd b(~yoritl the> tlc~irial I)rofessiofi \vll(~i~ t 11(, i 'Oll?ldilii~~ll Of il (IC'lltill

s(aho<Jl :~i th(l I~llt10ll Jl~spit;ll W;IX c~~lfetrlJ)l;lt.~‘tl. This n(‘w (I(illtal school \VCIS the itlra 01’ th(x Iatci \\‘illiatll \\‘righi., \\.IIo

\rit.s l)tl>11t 01’ the M(~tlical S~:~OO~ :111(1 I’I*o~‘~~ssoI. of I\tlatomy. ire ~~tdd il

ORTHODOSTICS : FIFTY YEARS IN RETROSMWT 123

tlo~rtal collaborator ant1 XVRS fortunate cnnugh to know SorthcroFt : thvsc> tlvo I)l.onght \l’right ‘s tlrenlll to fruition in Septernlwr. 191 1, when the fourth tlrn- tal school in T~mclon was opened twenty-three years after (:up’s. which \\Tils the third. Northvroft was one of the sis additiollal tlental surgeons wppoillttd to c()ml)l(~tt~ the st,afi?lg of thv IIC\V school; he Ivet~rc~l OII operative tI(xlltilI surger>-, I’or which he was enlinently fittetl. He resigned in 1920. I)urilrg ihis periotl the orthotlont-iv charts were given the title “ odonto-pl.osol~i(,-ol~tho- ])ilWtli(*, ” T\‘orthvroft. introducetl the term because he felt, that it tlescril)etl the sul)jeet I~ZO~C co~lrJ)lett~l~ thiltl “orthotl~llti(!s.” rt was IlC'VCI' acwptc~tl I))-

the proi’ession, however. l~rhaps because it was cumbersome, whereas thv cha,ngc from “orthodolltia.” to “orthodolltics” made in the Socirtp’s title in 1909 on t,he advice of Sir ,James JTurray, philologist of Oxford (1909 allcl 1932), has been :~c(~omplished c~oml)letel~+, i lS witness its adoption in Sort 11 i!lllcIricil.

In 1983 Sorthcroft was assoeiatcd with Professor 1Yright in the investiga- lion of and report on t,he jaws ant1 t,eeth of the princes in the Tower, xvhoscb toml) in Westminster Abbey was openrd to verify the belief that it, was actu- ally the bodies of the princes which occupied it. The examination, which ill- clndrd ra(liograT)hy, cvnfirmed this and the apes at which they died, important cvidcnce being supplied by the tlcntal development ; any doubt as to the idcll- tity of the indiridnals was dispelled as a result 01’ this research. The invest-i- giltion (Archneolo~/ia, 81, 1935) was referred to in the 15’zozday Times of Aug. 23, 1954, bv Mr. R. I>. Howgrarc 0raham, who spoke of it as “a close analysis of f&s which have not bcv~ discredited to mp knowledge.”

Nort,hcroft was a corlsultallt to military hospitals in London in TorId

\Var T, doing much in co~mcction with jaw injuries. for which he received the honor of the O.G.E. ISis Iwture in the series instituted by the Dental T30a1d of the United Kingdom, “Teeth in Relationship to the Normal and Abnormal (irowth of the Jaws,““” colltains mnch valuable information for orthoclontists. Hc assisted Sir Frank Colyer ill rearranging the collection of models rcllatillg to orthodontics in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of l3llgla~~tI ; ill1 account. of’ this appears in our 193.5 transac%otls. HP was T)resitlcnt of the I~~nropran Orthodontic Society in I927 and out president for the srconcl tinrc ill 1929, the twenty-first anui~(lrs:lr~ of the Society’s fonndation. Sorthrroi’t l)lil~f?Cl an important parL’t iii organizing and hringirig to il sllct~essfl~l issue th(a Second International Ot~thotlontic Congress. held in I~mtlon in 19.31, of which he was Vice-President CIe?leral ;111(1 C’hairma?l of the Reception ilIlt I:a~l(ll~et (lommittcc. His partner, J[r. A. Ga rrow. writes : “11~ (lit1 rllneh at thilt tittl(L to seal the friendship of orthotlontists the worltl over.” cv)llc*lntling. “Drutistry lvils his first ant1 last 10~~1.”

1 ht’ Iilst \~al’, :lt the >r.ge oI’ 50, fire >T<litr*s J;ltcr* thart tntttlv wnt,icipate t*claXtt- lion. htl took on t hr trcasuwtship ol’ the Ht~t~t~~oltwt Fnntl al1t1 of the I’t*isottvtas oI: \I’it~* Frttttl. I)oth irt connection wi-ith the Iiritish I>cltttttl Association. To this lotrg, l)r~t, irtc*otttpletc~, list ntttst 1)~s atltlt~l th(l c~lt;tit~ttt;tttshil~ of the liept~t’s<~tttit- t,ivc I30;1t*tl. it I)ositiott he hrltl i’rottt 19:::; utrlil thr time of his tlrttth ten \-rttt’s Iitltlt’ itt tlrt> ;I~P of 73. :I strikittg tt,il)rtt(> to his III(~III:I~ :III~I physit’itl \.igot.. \\~Ilt’ll 1lC N’HS t~otrsitlrtxhl~ yotttiget’ I ltt~at~(I hittt Sir)’ that hc enjoyed “ IYltlt~ Irc~itlth,” whit.11 is l,ot~nc out 1)~ tht: wvotd OF his ;tc$ivitics. His c~SCt~ptiOlli l1

skill. its at\ opct*tttor~ itrrtl ct’aftstttttn tttust I)(, tycaotylctl ; orr(‘t’ \~he~t he \v;rs ~~ltler- itrg Rrrtl things werca rtot goittg its h(s wishtltl. I W~IIVIII~W~~ that 11~~ casc31aitttcd with some impatiertce. “11~ hand has lost its tuntirtg.” 0. PC. (‘atchpolr tells rttt? t,hnt in cortvrrsatitm with hint he sl)oktL of tlc~ntistrp its *‘tooth t’t1,1’1)(‘111 I’!.”

and hoped that- he was ;L god carpprttet*. lie clesignetl itncl made il nuitttwi* 01 articles, in~lading the popular plaster platit: and also sltootirtg hOiltY1, wrilwt., artd tCpoc1 to Itr used with it, for rttoclc~l tt%trming, IIOM tlisplacetl 1)~ trttat’httrti- Cd triittritcw.

I: h;lVP hecn ~cniiiided hjF l~‘i*icl thil,t llcl LViIS also it ~00~1 c+t,ilicA : il’ Not?hcroft h;ld IIO atl~~t~rs<~ criticism afttat, hc (E’ricll) hilt1 given it. c.orrrtttmricatiort, lttl \\-a~ well satisfied.

NoAhcroft had outside interests too ; 011~ \\‘its :tr*t*heology. Evidence 01: 1 his is in the lantern lecture ho gave at tlr(l opt’rtirr g of the t,hert new British I)etttal Association hedqn;trtet*s at, ITill Sttyd in 1936, ant1 in the Smith ‘Ihrt~t~r IIisto~it~al Mnseuttt thvty:, which 11~1 ot.p:trtistyl ; h(h gave nrutah titncl to

*. . il t ~~ltl#lll~ the specimens, the history of \vhich ltr inelutletl in the catalognc 1lC pt’r])ilt’(‘d. This work nlottr-it t~slcrrtlt~t~ o\‘c’t’ ~t~itt~S--wonld bc a11 01t1-

stnrttlittg rtrc~rttorial lo him. ( )thcr irrtt~r*t~sts \VPIY~ kv0t.k 1’0~ the chur~cht~s whrrcb hn \vot~shipctl ; 11~ attrnrlecl All SOURS. l~ittt~ttttttt I’lit(*(~, I\‘. I. for twc>rrt\--thtxhcs ~c’~I*s. ~~Irtxtae he hilt1 l)ectt (~htrt~~h~vi~,t~tlt~rt. IIt) \VilS it mrtnl~e~ Of tilt! ~Till);ltl SO-

t+it+], a11t1 c~ol1t~t~ltvl ivot?w ~‘IY~IIL that tv)utltt.\-. ( :()I f \vits ort(l OF his ~t~t~~(~;rtit)rts. t111t1 ;tt http’ titttta 11~ \vits >I ktlett stittttlt ~oll~~~tot~.

(ith~t*g~ Sot*1 hcroft \vils ~(~IICYOUS ittttl itl\v;tys 1~;1t1y to help, advise, and t,onlI’c,t?. 1)~. Tlitttlsay tells me that on ottc owasion whet] a yonnp tltntisl sho~~~cd hint a. puzzling NW. Korthct.ol’t took the model, cxl~lainrcl lvhat shod1 Ite (lone, artcl tlcst~rilxd the itl)l>liwrt<*r, cnrlirtg with, “ It is r;tthet* contl~lic;ttec\ : I will trtake it tttt(L st11ltl it to yo11.” I U’I~IPIIIIW~ with gr:ttitntlr wh>tt h<h (licl I’OY IIlt’ ~~Ct~SOllilll~ iit lllt3lly M ’HYS, t~tltl OII ;111 counts I haye it \.txt*v gt.(litI tlt‘al to thattk him I’or. Rctrrcrttl,t~;trrt:t~ of hint is a stimulus to live> 111) IO thr c~sitttt~)lc \vlrich he set. To me his passing has IWWI it \‘~ry great, pet~rtal loss.

STI~DKST I).\YS IS KKt;I,.\sl)

Now I pass to atiuthcr aspet~t oi’ in?- atl~lt~s arid return to the end of the last t*eritnty’. W IIW it wits tlcc~itlctl that T sltoriltl lwwlrlt~ ;I tltwlisl. There were fi\e dental sc~liools iii Etl~liltltl (t Iiwt? iti l~ol~tlotr ;ttl(l l\vo itt ille ~~twviwrs oi’ I,ivcv- Iwo1 ;ttttl ~~ill1~llWi,~~l~) ttrltl oIlI>. ollt’ liwtisittg I)otl>.. tlltb Izoya1 ctlllc~!e of sttr- gems of I+tglarttl. ‘l’hew wt’t~l 1 u’o st:l~ools itt Svot l;ttt(l (OIIC a.t Etlitrltltt~gh anal

OIIC’ ;lt (: l i lSgOW) illltl 01l(’ iii Il~(‘l;lll~l. ilt Ihll)lill: Ill(~l'e \\'ilS il liwllsitrg I)OtlJ’ iIt (‘1lC.h whic*h gil\'(' tl lC> li.l).S. ‘l’I~(~~y~ \v;ls 110 tybst ric+ioll or ])t*il.Vtic~c*, il clrlali- ficd:rtic)ii I)ciilig lIIIII~'('~'SSiII'~. .\I~~c~h;ilric~;il tlt~lrlistry U'ilS tilrlght csdiwivc~ly itr I hc \vol*kshops of privwtc I)l.;rc:titiolltlls lllltil 1 WI. \vl1~11 it M ’:IS ;IISO tilu~l~t in 1 hv (Iellt;ll schools. I~‘oI. ;I tilllo I)oth Illcthotls W P W irllo\V(~d; I;ltor, it I)cc:II~I(>

c~o~r~pnlsor~ f01* the rlltirc COIITS~ to 1)~ t;rkell it1 il (ltalltal school. The dwision I hat. I: should work for the I,.I).S. ICn g. h:lGllg ~WII 111;ld~ in 1898. th(‘rc wx 110

question lmt that I should lw appr’cllticcd under an intlent~uw to a private practitionc~r in my hornet towi. It will 1)~ al>l)ill*cllt that what all appwntic~c~ l~:~rnetl dcl~ntletl OIL the l)r:~Ctitiollt’r. illld it h:lpl)ellcd thilt 1 WRS in ;I \vol’k-

shop whew no ort,hodolltica ill)pliClll(*PS \Y(‘I’(’ IlliltlC. Orthodontics. kllo\vn ils “ wgulation cases: ” L , U’:lS l’f?~ilrtl6?tl t0 SOllIt’ f?Xtellt ilS il ]?>ll’t Of tlPlltFl1 Ill?‘-

c~h;lni(~s, SO T ha-\re 110 tloubt thilt SOTII~ 01’ III?- colrtt~lr~pol’ilrics hRt1 cqw%ww in tll:lking regulation pla.tcs. l)ut 1 hilt1 IIOIIC until 1 went to the Lircrpool I)en- till I IYospital in Xeptclnlwr or Ortr)ber. 1900. It \vas at ill~(~Ut this time thilt the \vorkshop there [II~~PssitI*y f01* Ill;lkill g the colnpuls~~~~ clinic:11 prosthctich ill)- plianccs) was enlilrgctl to taltc ” pul)ils” 1’01’ the l:lbo~;ltor~ (‘OIII’SO in dtbltt:il nlwhanics, thus entling the nrwssit,y to do this in :I prirate workshol). Vhf,11 this part of th(l cnrtiwlum (tlrllt;ll mwhanics) lvils eomplctrtl, ilppt*(~llfi(*t~s illltl pupils became “Stll(lClltS” for the final two yars’ clinical N~IIW.

I recall making a (lofin cspansion plate as a st,udcnt. It was activated hy a “W ” spring of steel (piano) wire, about, I mm. in dinmcter ; hence, the 1-orthcroft pliers. T:vi’orc flasking, the portion OC the spring inscrttd in th(x vnlcanit~e had to be “tinned,” otherwise the sulfur in the rubber comhinctl with the iron of the \viw inst,clad oi’ with the rnhhr, pwrcnting vulcnnization in thilt, area; :IS a result. thrrc woultl 1~ IIO rigid ilttil(*hmcllt for the spring. which woultl work loosc~. The spriiig is 11;1111c~tl ilf’tc’r its clcsigic~r., (‘. It. Coffin, iIll LInleric~an practicing ill l~~tltlon, but. there is no rcctrrd tl1a.t he wrote about it,. Coffin had been a. pupil of’ Sor~nan Kingsley of Schv Ivork, who wrote “ Treatise on Oral I)efornlities ils ;L I:l*allch of Jl~(~hi~llic;ll Surgery. “‘Iz IIc, Kingsley. has been callctl “The l~‘ilthc~ of Ort,h~d~nti~” (1908).

Stainless steel, which tloes not affect vulcanization. came into use later (;rpproximatcly 192i) ; Vlll?illlit? Was, in its t~urn, I’P~)l~l(:Vtl hy il.CF/liCS tlIlf’- ing the li\st. war.

Another appliance used was the hickory pe,, 0 which is occwsionalI~- swn to- (la>- in spite of its low efficiencp.

1r~* only other rceollcctio~l OT orthodontics in my stutlcnt dilys was atI

;lH icle in the 7lmtaZ (~O.S~WS in 1902 or 1903 (since 193’7 merged with the .Joumab of the Llw~ericnn Ilentctl Associntinn), for many years the leading Amcri- (*;1t1 tlental j(>urniil, published by the S. S. \\‘hit,e ;\liLrlnfacturing C’orrrpany 01 I’hilatlelphia, in whic.11 the wortl ” .1nglc” appcaiwl, but, 1 (lit1 not npprwiatc‘ its npplic:ition.

d hospita.1 appointment ant1 nine months in lwi\-a,tc> practice followc~l qnalificatjon, but I do not, recall seeing any children in the latter anal certainly tlicl not, treat a regulation case. S:cAhool dentistry was being tnlkctl oI’ at this

STI-DlCN’L’ I)‘\YS IN ‘1’1IK l’?;ITED S’I’.ZTES

A visit to the ITnited States f~-om 1904 lo 1!)06 ~)rovcd to have been made ilt i1. EOI?Illl:ltP tiinc. rt Cillll(’ about as ;I result. of friendship with H. C. Highton, a contemporary student also appreilticed in Southport, who in 191% became the second treasurer of our Sociclty arid its president in 192’7. At the time of our conclutlin g the tlental co~Itw at Liverpool, JTatthew H. Cryer,” Professor of Oral Surg(ary ilt llic I*iiivc~rsil~~ 01’ I’c~niisylvania arid author 0t ‘I% Znterncrl, A~~tonz~ 0) the Fncr!, visited Southport, where he had relatives who brought. him into corrtact. with Hightorr. The r(lsult was t,hat we decidetl to take the final gear dental course at the ITr1ircrsit.v of Pennsylvania. Fryer’s book, a small, wc>ll-illustrated volume, shows, among other things, the great. diversity in size and shape of nom~al ,j:l\vs. a sub,jrct worthy of the attention of all orthodontists. Tt is interesting to reca.11 that the voyage across t,he At- lantic on a, crack Cuna~der took seven clays. a .journey made as easily as 21. trip within Grclat Brita.in today-no passports, no currency restrictions, no visas-and the cost was &8.10.0.! Grants were unknown in those days.

This period. the first tlccatlc of the prcsclnt. cCntur*y, was an important one in the history of orthoclontia, as it was then called. 1)r. Edward H. Angle had been appointed t,o t,hc Chair* of Orthodont,ia at. the IVnivcrsit,y of Minnesota in 1887, at. the age of 32. In 1891 he rexl his first paper to the iYinth Tnterna- tional Medical Pongress in Washington, 11. (‘. This paper became the first, edition of his book, Mnloc~lrc.sio7l of the ‘l’cpfh, ;tlltl in I he following year htb practic(btl as a specialist. In 1900 hc publishctl his classification, Pounded the LIrnerican Society of Orthodontists, and opened the 14ngle School of Ortho- tlontia in St. Louis, Missouri. Dr. Iiindsay trlls me that he demonstraM at the annual nrcet,ing of tlic British T)clntal l\sso&tion in l)nl)lin [18!)7) xvli(~r(~ 11th t~~~~d~~ many converts, heI* husband, ltobc~t T,intlsay, lacing enc.

&I. (:. TAockett,, arr ISnglishman fn)~n .Jarrraic;r. who was to become this Society’s first hwlorayv scY~lx~t:lry (1908 to l!)lli \vilS il t’c~llO\V SlI~dCIlt at I’cnnsylvania and told me of the special six-wclllk course which Angle gave nn- ~ll~i~ll\+. Our study at. T’c~nnsyl\~ania firtishctl. xvv w(bnt out to the Middle West to take the Arrgle COUIXP t,owilrtl th(A e11tl pi’ 1905. Twenty students ~wrli- prisetl the class : t\\ro others (‘ame 1I~orl1 b~~I~ol)c ( Miss C’ilGll .Johansrn Eroul I~‘inland, a member of our Societ,y for many years until her death in 1953. and ,Josct’ Gr?irlhety 01’ Berlin, who inventc~cl thr ~~~iiulwt~g blowpipe, an imI)ortarrt piece of equipment in pre-stainless steel days, and the symmetroscope, which

.\l’l’I,I.\Y;(‘P“; * ,,I

Gur~a~ Silver.-The appliances used are all but unknown today. As first designed by Angle, they were of German silver and consisted of screw clam]) anchor banils and labial arches. The bancls were c.otttoured with pliers ant1 burnished to fit the tooth, and th(A SUYW wns turnctl to swuw them ; this \?rns found to be unhygieltic, so later they wctx’ c*cntented. The gap between thtb two ~~(1s of the baud left cq~osc~l a portion of tooth, against which th(l s(*t’c\\ restctl ; this was oT’ercome in at least one br;tltd by learing an estension nt one rntl of thr band to cover the g;tp SO that no ltart 01’ tli(b tooth was esposctl (this was not includ~~d in I\ngl~~‘s d(Ggtt. ii’ T rent(lt:1b(~t* corrrc*t I;-). Thcb ;rrc~lt was a plain rountl wire, gauge 18, with thrcadctl ends, clach carqdng a nllt which permitted adjustment of the arch length. The nuts were always at the medial c~tcl of the buccal tubes? but some practit,ioners would, with great cliff- PultJ-, l,litce them at the distal ends; to lessen the diffculty, some insertetl th(i appliance in one piece, but, it was never intended to hc uscci in that way. ‘t’h~ arch nuts were likely to rotate in use; to prevent this, Angle lengt,henr>tl thcl tlistal cnti of the nut with a cir~ul;tt~ section which fitted into a correspondittp sleeve or slot in the buccal tube; I believe that t,his was a patented detail itt his ;tpltli;tn~(~. There wcrc ilttitntiotts of ~Inglc’s ;tl)pli;ttlr(bs in whic*h other tlrvicrs were atloptetl to prevent rotittiott of tltta nuts. One of these ittvctlvetl the ltS(: Of two IllltS, One netiiig il.S it Io~k llltt ; tlnothrt~ tttet~h0d was t,0 split thcl

ttnt for part 01’ its length, which allo\\rtl Ihis Itart of the nut to 1~ c*ompt*cssetl ;ttt(i so to grip the arch aml cat+c;ttr greater I’ridion.

The resiliency 01’ 111~ arches was vet3.v poor atttl was easily tlrstropccl by heat, SO that attachmc~nts to thcnt hat1 to bc nt:tdc with soft soltlcr at the l()~v-

‘1’11~ r*(~r~l<)~al)lc lingual ar(~h IVRS introtlucc~tl al)out 1920 anal, bvith its ;ttlXiliit t’y sltritrgs. \VilS iL i~~~~olrltiott;tt~~ il(lVi\ll(‘(‘. ‘l’lr(~ awh itself, cspccially il ii i t lcYtl~~~OKtt~~S ;I 1001 0l’ fitlt~l’ g:itlgO (~Vllc~tTl)~ IllC ittl~llOt~ t(‘C’ilt ill’<’ Il(‘ltl IC’SS

t~igicll~~), ;iS WC?11 ilS thcl sljritrgs, is ustY1 I‘ot* loo~h inorcwrrllt. ‘I’h(‘lY (‘;I11 bc felt- h(Lt’(’ M.110 llilV(’ ktlO\Vtr il titrl(l \\.11(‘11 tllV lingual ilt’(‘lr \VilS IlOt a\-ililill)l(‘. SO it is diffic~ult to visualize lift wit,hout it. It retluved the f’rrquetrq- of Gsits to six to tight weeks. The late John 1’. Jlrrshon hat1 much t,o do with its r\rolution : ?tlrrshon addwssetl this society at, a slwinll,v :awangetl tnwting in 19”r,.

Stainless Stee7.-In 1927 Lucien de Costw’“. I!’ of Rrussels also made what has turned out to bc a revolutionary ctrangc by using stainless steel for the const~ruction of appliances. In the foreword ot’ his hool~, L’Odmdon tic (1 h1.F rl’flcirr* (The Use of h’tninless Rtcel itz Orthoclfwltirs), he gives it high praise: ” Sot, orlly is a rrcw mat,cr*ial used, a 11ob1c rrrc’tal. noble rrot, by its vhcrnicnl composition but by the extraordinary qualities r*e\Tealed by its use. From ihe social point of virw my wish is to put orthodontics within the r*(lir(*h of the tIIR.SSl?S. ” De Costey gave a drmonstration anal reacl a l)alwr on L“l’he ITse or Rustless Steel in Dento-Facial Orthopnedics” at the scw~nd international ortho- tlontic congress in 1931 .I8 As a wsult. 14’ricl went by air to Brussels in thr autumn of that year to investigate the use of this material and from that time tlrrrloped its use, ultimately ~ll~iltldOllillg prwious nletal. This change was p~~)hably hastcncd by the irrc~easetl priw of poltl and other economic factotx. Ii’rom this beginning, stainless steel has almost entirely replaced gold in this cwunt,ry, although in the I-nited Statw it has not been taken up so universally. The fabrication of steel appliances is entirely different from t,lrat of goltl ant1 both are in marked corrt r*ast t,o German silver. The resiliency- arrd strwgth of steel, the very small gauges in which it can be usecl. and the slight continu- ous force that can bc csertrd For actual tooth rnovcmonts mak(l it, a most, suit- able material. Two months or more between appoint,ments is not nnclnly long; caotrtrast this with the time when two visits a wwk W(~I’C rrcc(~ssar*>~.

Since the beginnirrg of this century orthotlont,ics has prrsrntcd, and con- tinucs to present, difficulties t,o those arr*arlgirrg curriculums in the schwls. Tn the United Stat,es private whools other than Angle’s appeawcl, but 1 dorrlrt if any exist toclay, their place having been taken by the con~prrhensivc post- graduate courses, some extendin, 11 over one or two academic* Yeill’S. pireri by a number of the dental schools.

In 1923 A. lieRoy Johnson’” gave ten lectures to or?hodontic teachers at the University of Pennsylvania on “The Basic l’rincipl(~s of Orthodont,ics. ” These lectures merit attent.ion; they deal largely with the theoretical aspe‘c’t iirrd have helpful comtnents on extractiorr. In the cou~w of them, he saitl: “There is no doubt the form of bone can be mo(lifiet1 by physical f’orce within certain physiological limits ., . but t,he l)arae ])hra.se that ‘bone ~~W\VS ;H t hv result of mechanical stimuli’ does not suggest these very definite limitations

aJJc1 the failurcl to recognize t,his has bc~n ~mponsibl~~ for much of our troul)l(l ill tlYWtll~(bJl t.” .\ t:Ol~t%l~ll(‘, WhO h IWti t htW’ 1 tV’i II IT’S lYWJlt~~V, a?l Vt’ 111t’ II iS

opi1tiou 01 f,h~111 : “‘l‘llt~~~ t~t,~rtilill iht1 I’ulrtl;rlllt~lrt;lIs or I,l~1htMlt~Jrti~s plYWWicY1 in gOOt1 pcrsprt4 i\.tB it lltl il I’t’ ;1S \~illllill~lt~ IOtlil~ i lS tllil’i~ YC’ill’S irx’o M.lIt’11 ttlt’l’t’ \VilS I(bSS slvA;iliscvl rt+x’il u~h. ”

It is a remarkable coiJJcideJlcc that Ascl I~uJJtlst riiul ‘s:!!’ nJo~Jograpl~, ” ‘1’11~

I’roblcm OE thtl Apical I%c,” was publishetl in the same year (1%8) ; l~untl- striirn camc to 1 he conclusion that the dental arch could not be expanded be- >~OJld 111~~ apical IJasCn. ‘I’hlls. they ct)nfi~~~~etl t)tJ(’ iIJtt)thcr.

Orthodontic~s is recognizetl as a specialt;- by the legislatures of six states of thtb 1:nited States. In thexc, specialists are licc~lsctl as such; penoral pr;Jc- titioJJers are not. preclutletl from orthodontic practice, hut are rest,rictetl f’ron~ repr*escJitiJJp thc~mselvc~s as specialists.“” ‘l’htl first, law rrgulnt,ing t,he practitac of orthotlontics was passetl in ArizoJJa in 1929 as the result of the efforts of two of Augle’s forlllcr StutlcJlts. In the same yeat* the Atnerican AssoviatioJl of Orthodontists ere:itcvl the A~J~~f?J’iCaJl I:OiI18tI of OrthotloJJtics ~~dcr a t??sOllJ- titm of Dewey. This may bc tlcscribed as it sulJsitliary of tht d.A.O. It acts ;is aJt esamining body and issues a diplonia to su~~~~msful candidates. There itlee cert,ain reqnircrnents, out being a t.hesis based on original work; no course of study is prescribed. The Board has 110 legal authority. There are six other specialty boards of dentistry, the Americaan Boartl ot’ Orthodontics being the first one established: only two of t,he nuJ1~t~t1~1s hoa~~ls of medical specialt,ies prcretled it.

In 1951 the legally constituted Dental I4tJilJ’tl of the United Kingdom iti- stitutetl short postgraduat,e courses on various dental subjects for gmcral practitioners. one of which \vits orthodontics; the latter was given at the Lou- don Hospital Dental School. This was perhaps the first postgraduate ortho- dontic teaching in England, although sonic pmctitioners had given instruc- tion privately. The course was continued by thv school until 1938; the course arranged for 19:39 was abandonetl because of the out~break of war.

The UJJivrrsity of Cnlifomia’~” has sought to ovt~rcome the probletn of un- dergraduate orthodontic teachiug by ;IJTi~JlpiJlg two cJurriculums for qualifica- tion, either of which the regulay dental stutleut llliL>T elect t,o take. One is the ordinary curriculum. I’rom which oJ~thoclontic~s AS a pJGJeipa1 subject is cseluded ; in the other ort,hodontics prrtlomin:Jtcs, bcin g taught, for three years to the exclusion of prosthetics, which is 1iJltitetl to some basic instruction in the first gear. h lnrpc m;Jjt)J’ity of those cltvtiug to take the “ort,hotlontie 111il,j0l’,” as it is calledt hare lwcon~c oJ~thotloJJtic~ specialists. This arranprn~etrt seems lvorthy ot’ c:otlsid(~l~ntio~~ by oth(tr tc~;~~hing bc~tlic~s bcvausc of the grcnt value of the long. cou~inuous cliuical trainiug; even in a graduate course. this is not so favorable. It is significant that iiJ the school year I950-51 thirty-t\zo denta. schools out of forty in the Cnitetl Statw gar(l training in orthotlontic~s additional to that. for qualification. RiJnilar tlcvelopinents 0~1 a sniallcr scalt~ are taking place here, and ill one instance the course has been faketl IO thcl practiti.oners.

ORTHODOSTICS : FIFTY YEARS IN RF,TROSI’iX:‘l 131

The institution of aptitude tests, which have been adopted more widely itr the United States than here, shoultl prove il \~illl~;ll~le additional aid in scleeting dental students.

11, SWMS that ovcbry tlental school in the Unitctl Xtatcbs has a professor of oyt,hotlontics ; in addition, some have orrc or rnor’e associate professors and a considerable orthodontic st,aiY. The only professor in the British Isles is Pro- lessor* l~‘ricl of Trinity (‘allege, l)ublirr, who was elec:tetl in 1941, but the IJni- v(‘rsity of London made a step in this direction in 1951 when it appointed the Iate Miss K. C. Smyth a reader in orthodontics; this readership is tenable at the Royal Dental Hospital of Ilondon. The Dental (‘onneil of The London Hospital Meclical College, in response to a letter of 0c.t. 29. 1923, accepted the proposal that a dental surgeon be appointed to practice and teach orthodonticas only; it, did not follow that the ot,her dental surg~rons could not be in rhargc of orthodontic cases. In 1948 the Faculty ot’ Physicians and +Surgcons of Glas- gow instituted an orthodontic diploma (D.D.O.) : the first examination was hold the following year, and this year (3954) the IZoyal College 01 Surgeons of l+rglnntl has done the same and institutctl the D.Orth. R.C.S. TGrg. Other clualificabions, not. entirclly orthodontic but, in which orthotlonties may bc the I)rirrcipa.l subject,. are the 3I.D.S. of British unirrrsitics ant1 the TT.D.1). Edin- I lU~gh.

Smale and Colyrr,“7 in successive editions, give considerable space to or- thodontics in their textbook and Bennett,’ in his Science and Practice of Den- furl &rgerl-/ (second edition, 1931)) wrote three chapters which are a mine of inforn~atiori on all aspects, other than treatment, of orthodontics. E’. 11’. (‘ratldock’” believed Bennett to be the first t,o refer to the freeway space and, irl a private communication (1951), says of him : “I find him always sound and in many Qrings ahead of his time.” Bennett includes, in both the 1914 and 1931 editions of his book, a table showing the possible combinations of the variables in antrroposterior relationship of the dental arches which may bring about t,hc different. types off post- and prcnormal occlusion, thus antici- pating the “skeletal pattern” of today ; there are four which would come unclr~ the heading Class TI. Division 1 (Angle). Bennett was president of t,his Society in 1914 and Chairman of the Sornenclatur~e Committee in 1926 ; the report is included in his book.

The Medical Research Council publishetl, in 1932, Facial Growth i,n (‘Ail- (7refb (Smyth and Young.‘h) and, in 1937, InLvstigntions into the Xature and Characteristic F’eatures of Post-Normal Occlusim,“” which had been carried out by Miss I(. C. Smyth and others. Sir Sorman Rennett rt1a.y have suggest&l t,his subject for research in the first instance and, to facilitate it? motlifietl the Sim Wallace-Nort.lrcroft prosopometer, later improved by E’riel.

Sirn Wallace,“2-“4 president of this Society in 1910, wrote several ~llorlo-

cyraplrs. I was impressed w&h his Prevention of Dcntcd f’aries, published in n 1912. His teaching, unfortunately, is neglected today, perhaps because it is too simple in application. He also published Zrregularit ips of the Z’peth, in 1901 atrd \vorr the Cartwright Prize B.C.S. Errg. \vith his essay, entitled I’ariatiom in. the FOVM of the Jaws, published in 1927.

t:oS(;KI':SSlcS .\Nl) sot'lb:'rlI':s

There have been two in~c~rnational or.t hotlontic congresses. The first was in New \‘ork C’ity, in 1926, untler th(x I)rcGtlcllcdy of William C. Fisher of that city. who was probably the Ieatlilrg figure in bringing it, to fruition. F’irc years lat,er, though in declining health, his dynimlism was a factor in t,he promotion of the second ~~~nprc~ss, organized and held in London under t.he presidency of .J. H. Badcock. 1Gshc~r attc>ntlt~l the meeting. lindoubtedl~. it, was in the minds of’ the I)romoters of thrsp two congresses t,hat me should be held cvcry fire prays. I’ollowing th(> Iiues of t,he Inl-crnational Dental (Con- gress, but, while Fisht? was a link I)c~t\vcr~l thcx first t\vo, no one persol (+amc forward. nor was an organizatiol~ c*rc~;rtc~tl (sltc*h as t,he FCtdkrat.ion l)cn- t.airr Internationalc which nrtacats all~lu;tII~ to lnaintain 21 nucleus from whicah each quinqucnnia,l Dent,al (‘on press sprilrgs) to (‘it rry on the tradition. This was disappointing, but perhaps not snrprisin g when it is recalled that in 1926 t,he membership of the Americ~wn Society of Orthc~tlontists was approsimatt~ly 2.X) [probably all specialists) : while ilr the: TZritish Isles in 1931 thcrc may not. have been more than sis. c*ert;lilll?T i hey c*oltltl 1~ c*ountcd WI the fingers of two hand--and perhaps J’cwcr sl il I iii 0ll1cr cwlulllicx B’isheF said in 1926 “there aI*e lleal~l~ 4.X) sljecialists itr the, Iylritrtl States, 54 being in New 1’ork City, and in England 3, Frwncc :I. anal Ccarlrlany 3: the figures may not, bc absolutely corrrc+ but sufficiently so to (da11 ntttsrrtion to t,he discrepanoy in nambew. ’ ’ ‘l’lrcsv figulocs clrlphasizc thcl tIifYiculty III’ fintling a eounl I’>- of her bhan the Unitctl States itI xvhich to holtl a thirtl c*c~ngress; France was prob- ably the 0111~ oth(‘r whic.11 ll;ltl :II~ ortho(lontic soc*icLty aI that tim(l. Seithel the president 11or the \.ic,c,-I,l.rsitl(~lIt yt’rl(‘l’ill Ill’ tilt’ I~O~ltlO~~ (‘Ollgl’t’SS TVPI’I’

specialists. SO this sl)(‘aks \~O~IIIIIC~S I’OV f h(h (~~lthr~si;ls~ll III’ that I)otly of gc~u(~r*al pract,itioncrs antI a ft:w sl)cGalists 011 this sitlc ol’ thcx I\tl;llltic who hatI the courage ml<1 ability t0 lllilk~ il sI’cx(*iirlixc~tl t](‘lltilI c*clngl’<‘SS il sLI(‘(‘(‘ss. ‘I’ll (’ large volume of l’r~~~sncfio~r.s trstifies 10 I IIC quality ot’ thr l)roccpdirqp.

The first orthotlontic soc*icb1 y, bhc A~tl(~ri(~an SocGrbf J. of Orthodontists: was fountletl in 1900 at St. lioilis, 3Iissolli.i. ‘I’hC l’:urc~pran ( Mhodontic Society followetl in 1907 ill l+lirl, thP first sc*ictltific+ lric~c~tiirg I)cliug heIt in +pteln- lw. ant1 the I:ritish Soeirty I’OY t 11~1 ,Stll(Iy III’ Or1 Ilc)tl~,l~tic~s ill l,olld,)tl later t,IlC SalllC yCil1’. with tllc> first s(dirnt,ific ~tlccl illx ilr .Jallllal’\-, l!)()F. There was IlOt :Il~Otll~~V in I+1lllYblN’ iuitil llll~ I’omltl;rtioii 01’ tll(> l’r(~ljpj~ Socipty! liir S(jciptG

I’rancniscb OrthoI~i5tlit~ I)(~rlt(r-l~‘;l(~ii~.Ic ill I!):!1 itt I,J~o~\s. ‘I’h(s O)~fhoc/or~fic* ~)i- rcctorjj of ihc 1l~ot~7fl”” gives a list OF thirl?- soeicbtic3 so, in thirty-ontl years, clightccn 11~~ socic%ics hart origillatcatl irl sc~rc~llt(~(~n tliff(lr(>nt, c()u~ltl~i~~r;. Ai summa.ry of the location oi’ these thirty societ,ies is: IGurope, eight ; Sorth ~\merica, nine (the dmc~ricilll &soCiatioil of’ ()t~thotlotl&ts alld its (>ight com- pOnrltt. societies) ; (“Plltrill Alllel.iCil, two; SoL1t.h .~nler%x~ fire ; .Jap~~ll, tm() : and one each in Australia, Kew Zealand, Cuba, and Israel, I>ctaiIs of soIIIc of these societies are of interest.

ORTHODONTICS : ITIFTY YEARS IS RETROSI’ECT 4:u

I)r. Edward IX. Angle founded the American Society of Orthodontists and was it,s first president. Lt is a national society and the largest. A plan of reorganization was adol)tetl in 193:3 which proridrd for seven component societies. Some were already in existence as indeyendcnt societies; for ex- ample, the 8outhern Society 01’ Orthodontists (MT’. C. Fisher attended t,hc organizat,iun meeting in 1921), ;111(1 the Pacific C’oast 8oeiet.y; the latter has sections, issues a l)ullctilr, now ilr its 30th \-olnmu (19,5-C), and levies dries, which probably all do. In 19.51 the New IFork Society. allother component, was rcplacctl by two socicticas. whiceh makes a total of (light components. They hare a large degree of nutottomy and some, if not all, meet as the nritish Society for the Study of Orthodontics does at intervals during the year. They ha\~c associate menll)c~1,s--)-omr~ orthodontists who arc clcctcd to active mcm-

bctbship as soon as t,hep ill*(i calipible OII the basis of length of practice, etc. I)onbtlcss, Fisher wonltl 1~ ~)lrasc~l \vith this affiliation of societies in his own country.

There are a number of local orthodontic groups (perhaps fift,y) in the ITnit states, which are entirely independent. The Chicago Association of Orthotlontists is an csamplc. Jt was founded in 192.5 with eighteen charter members; now there are al)out 100 members. the majority of whom are mem- 1~1’s of the American ,2ssociation of Orthodontists. Somp of t,hrsc groups ill’t: Study clllbS.’

The American Association of Orthodontists changed its tlamp from Ameri- can Society of Orthodontists in 1!)3S. It meets once a year. (Tn 1954 the annual tneet,ing lasted five days, the I)t*ogl*;lnl listing fifteen papers, a panel discus- sion. thirty-two demonstrations, ant1 an exhibit of twenty case reports.)

The Hnropean Ort,hodontic Society mtbrits ilttt~llti011. There were Icn

charter members, four of whom hilt1 been at thaw Ilnglc School (TV. G. IGIW in 1903, ilJiss .Jwne Bnnker ant1 JI. I’Auger in 1901, and .J. Griinherg in 190q1). Allother charter member, Asc.1 T~undstriim, slwlri tin10 with Angle but was not at, a session of the school. Fire of the tetr \vrre probably Americans prac- ticing in I3crlin. The society, which had stlvc~ral names before adopting its present t,itle (European Orthodontia Society-. 1907-14; Enropean Orthodonto- logical Society. 19X3-34). brings together those interested from many l+~ilropeilrl and North and South American countries, not all of which have an orthodontic society, thus making possible veq- wide interchange and spread of knowledge. The first meeting was held in Berlin in 1908, with W. G. Law as president. His opening address is interesting toda\-; 1 have extracted the following sentences: “We feel sure that in a few years this society will ha\-c grown to he a power for good among the scientific societies of the world.” “We have not limited our membership to any 011~’ nationnlit~-. ” “The nralocclusion of Class II has l)eeii the greatest, difficulty- to solve. ” liar:; followed his address wit,h a paper OII “The Reicntion ol’ (‘l;tss II (‘asrs--l’llr RIiI~)lt~ ;rlrtl Ilook St~clional Retainer.”

‘I’hc I’:nrol)t?an ( )rthodontic Societ,y transactions of that, period, pnblished in Vienna, were l)ritrted in (iernzan and English; in later years the papers have been printed in the Uentnl fCecord and issued annually in a bound volume

which has l~ct1 1)rintetl in Holl~rntl silrcae 1947, whct~ the first rticetiirg after 1989 was heltl, the war intc~r*vcrring. E’ricl showc~l ;I c~oi~~l~lt~tc set or traits-

itctiorrs, which he belicvetl to he the only one, at the 1954 meeting. The foundation of the Knropean Orthodontic Hocicty dates from R time>

when the world and its amenities were frro to iLI1; the dit%culties of cotltluct- ing such a, society ha\rr irlcr*(~asc~tl cnorn~o~~sl~-, clspecidly in the realm of finall(*c, SO the officers. past and prrsctlt. are to 1~ c~ongratulated on its vitality, 011 the success of the mcdings. anal on t,h(l protlnc+ot~ of the transactions withit il. yeill’ of the meeting. Tn this c~onncction, nly r1rpmory of the officers is trot ils good iis 1 woultl wish, but of mor(~ rcc*rnt c)n~s I ~vo~Lltl mention the late (‘OS- mopolitan 0. ITen~v, treasllt’et* ilrrtl rtlitor ft.c)rll 1929 to 1948. the late urh;ltl(~ (:. F’. (‘aleMatthews. swrc+;l~*~- from I!):::1 to I!)%i, the I~UI~O~OIW Ruwcll Xarsh, secretary from 193% to 1949. antI thtb lilt<) Miss K. (‘. Smyth, rtlitcil’ from 1948 to 1933. t~‘ishCr” \isualizctl the> I~;rlr*ol)e;lrl Orthotlontic~ Socidy as the paret’t of t,he various ‘I’:nt~~~l)eilrl tl;ltion;ll soArties. World c*otrtlitic)tls tiow

rna.kc such a proj& I~~OW tlifficnlt~ of t~c~;lliz;ltiorl tllilrl wh(atr 1~~ sI)okc. Ijut ht.

would ho happy to know that, in practice, t hc 1511 t*ope;rn ()r*thodontic Socid > functions as an interriatiorriil society with soin~ 01’ I~‘islrrt~‘s own (~oniitr~~mm on every progra,m, which rdicc~ts th<> thought ilrltl l)r:rcticc of rrlilrl)- countries. ril.st, ijrrd west,. Thilt it surrivc(l t\vo m:t.jot. \$‘ilt’s sprilks ~~11 for its future. WI- though it nearly suwumlwtl as a wsult of thca last otl(‘.

‘I’tlcl follrth socaiety, Lil SoeiBti! l~‘ranq;iiscJ ()t*thop&lic~ I)t,rrto-l~‘aciul~,, WiIS

founded in IJ)-ons ill 1921 with sixty-two mc~lt~lwrs ; in 19q53 thcw w(~rc’ 304 IllernhPt*s, 1 li: heitlg titulairrs (the l<.S.S.( ). ~r~c~mt)~~rslrip in that ye>lt. was 3X’). The meeting is hc’ltl ;11rt1uall>- ;It L1sctlnsio~ltitlc~ t’ot. sr~t:ral (lap ilrltl irrl CSCCI- lent volL~,nt~ 01 t r*iltrs;lctior~s is lnrlrlisht~tl I)t~i’c)rt~ ttlc, l’ollowing meeting. ‘l’htl Icaditig figl1t.r froiil its iirc:q)tiotl WilS 7)~. *lillllf’S Quirltc~ro Of TiyOllS, Who tlicvl in I”Pl)l’Llill’~. 19.51. FlC \V;IS il quiet, LlllilSSlllllill g llliltl ;ltl(l illt eXCf?ll?llt IiiigLlist. 1JroriL time to tinlv, this soc+ty meets ill ori(’ of t11cl il(ljoiliillg cwutitt*iw iii which it has mcmhetx Its meml)ership cdonsists 01’ t,wo classes--J[em hers Stagiirircs ilrlrl Mcmbr~cs Titnlaircs. Thr forrttttr arr those who ha\-c> just t)eptl rlP(ttetl ant1 who hilve not t*eatl 2~ pill)el’ 01’ given a table driiiotistriitic)it : t hcGr status as orthodontists is unknown. To t)c rlcc~tctl Alemhrcs l’itLllilitYbs. they urust ha\-(1 atteiltletl two c&onsrcutire rrrc~ctitlgs and have reatl two cjrigi- II;11 ])il]ICl’S iltl(l given lOLIt* tiLbt(’ tlcrrioristl~iltiorls. Wh’hcn this has bclctl (III~IV, the committee tlrcides if the yua.lity of t,hc Urot*k presented is such t,hat th(x>. should be proposed to the general meeting as hlrmhrc~s Titulaircs. ThrscL (11, not have an orthotlontic: degree. While they nertl not 1~ specialists, th(ly art almost in t,hirt (~li~ss. Only t,hc>scl havcl the right to YOI CL.

The I)utch Society is the youngest 1,111. one iir Hurope. It Tvils fouldpd itI October*, 1946, with 196 IIIP~~~)~~YS. five 01’ ihcitr sl)ec~ialists. It, is lvorthy of i~ot(l that the populaticui of Rolla~tl ill 19.51 was nlrtlet* 101/1 milliotl hut, for* its sizp. Holl~~lltl is iI, cc)LLrttry with ii ltLllr]her ot’ tl(lllt;lt socictiw ;tntl 011~ iit which t[l<h spirit of professional associat.ion is high. The first, meeting was in Iltrec+ht

illl(l was vvl*y LvclI iItt('Tl~lCd by 1)utch dentists; SC!\-(>!*a1 orthotlolrtists flY~lll other countries gave addresses. The lower society now has a rnen~beruhip of 215, fclurt vcI1 of them q)ecialists.

.JC)l:KKdl,S

‘I’lle foremost journal is the kmm~cas .J~TJKNAI, OF &THOIIOSTIC’S, the offic2iwl

pul)lic~atio~r of thv American ;2sso&tion of Orthodontists and its componrlrt societies and of the American Board of Orthodontics although it does not no\\ app:‘ar to contain il cornpl(+ record oi’ the prtrcecvlings of the n.ssociation 01’ of its components. Tt, publishes theses submitted for certification by the ~\meGan Board of Orthodonticas, as well as art,iclt>s not read at t)he society’s Iirectings and some articles by nonii~embers. The program of the American Association of Orthodontists (parent socict,y) is a long one and if the mcvting were fully reported the comnlunications would go far t,owarcl providing suffi- c*iclnt, rnatcrial for the twelve monthly issues of t,hc journn.1. The AnlERlcl~S .JoI-RKAL OF ORTHODONTICS was started in 1915 as the ISTERKATIONAL JOCRXAL, OF ORTFIODOSTIA ASD ORAL SVRWRY, an independent journal owned by The (1. \‘. Mosby Company, a medical publishing firm of St. I,ouis, Missouri. ln I!?:! it added ’ ‘ and Radiography ’ ’ to its title and became the official organ of the American Society of Orthodontists, succeeding in this respect De&al Ztcm of Znterest which had published the proceedings since the American Society of Orthodontists was founded in 1900. Tn 1933 it dropped the words “and Ratli- ography” and adtled “and Dentistq- for (‘hildren.” which was droppetl in 1936, and in 19% it esc~hangc~cl “Trlte~.n;ltioll;ll” for “American.” In 1948 it tliscardctl ” Orill HUl~~C~l~~” and l~camc a purely orthodontic journal. Iterru

01’ Islferest, founded 1879 (in 1916 it prefised “ I)rntal” to its title), was a nl~nthly dental ,journ:r.l o\~ncd 1)~ tho (‘onsolitlntctl I>(~lltal ilI;lllufact,l~ring (lam- panp of Kew York (it ceased publication in l)ecember, 19.53, after seventy-four ycxrs) in which the pupcrs read bcforc the American Association of Ortho- clontists appeared until 3920; these were vollectrtl into a single yolumc origi- nally, about the size oi’ our pr*csclnt -\-olun~c. ,-\ftvr 1921 (the twenty-first an- nnal meeting of the a.A.0.) the volume was published by The C. j7. Mosby Company of St. Iiouis, 1Tissouri. This continued until 1946. L1ftclr* that, the l)aprrs appeared only in the AMF:RGW JOTTRN.\I, OF ORTHODON’I’IM. Par ii 1)~. riod before the b.eginning of World War II in 1939, the AMERIC.\N Jotr~SY~l, ov ORYHODOKTICS or its predecessors published the papers read before our o\f~n society aft,er they had appeared in the Dental Kccord, which was advantagcv)us to bot,h organizations, as the vast of the blocks was shared.

The British Society for the Study of Orthotlontics has always arrangqyl

for the papers read before it to be published in a periodical, as well as in a bound volume issued lo III~~III~WW annually. ht JIOW it is the only on11 of th(b four first established societies t.0 (10 so. This greater l)nl)licity is syllony-lllous ivith a witlvr sp~atl oI’ kTlo\\-lrtlg(l alltl, in 0111’ o\v!l case, t,hc cost of th(l ;~~~n~~;~l \-olumc is reducc~d which, in turn, means a IOWCI~ snbscription than wol~ltl otherwise he the case and may have a favorahlc bearing on t,he number oi members. For record lmrposes, I mention the fact that the De&al Kc(,()r(E pllb-

436 I l.\R01,D c’II.\I’>I .\s

lished our society’s transactions, including discussions, from the first, general meeting in January, 1908, to l)ecember, 1!)11. and later bound them iII hook

form annual1.v for issue to mcmberx In 1908 the Tkntnl Kecord was owned 1)~. the Dental ManIIfacturin~ (~oinpany ; in 1947 it passed to the printing firm of &ward & (‘o.? Honduras Street, J,ondon, E.C.l. I)~rrinp their ownership. dis- cussions were omitted. F’ronr January1 1951. t11(> Dentrrl Z’rvc~tilio~rf,/. i,John Wright K: Son T,td.. Bristol, -I-), established ~II 1950. iook OXI’ the printing oi the papers and discussions.

Cahic~rs Otlo)tfo-*~fomnto/ogiylLrs is a yuarterl~- ,journal, the offi(~ial pul)li- eation of the JI;Irs()illcs Derrtal School arrd IXspensary t1nc1 of its KCs(~a~(~II 1)(x- partmcnt. published nntler thv tlirrction oJ’ Fr~ancis Bcltrami. It is not ;I ImrclS ort,hodoiItic journal but inclutlcs articdlvs dealing with research 01’ inter- est. to orthodontists. ISrltrami’s father, C:~o~ge I:eltrami, \virs one of a srllirll group of F’renchirren, wliivh included C:eorycs Tillair and de Nevreze, whoni I taught in I’hiladelphia in 1906. Villain r(had a [~apcr (unpublislIed) to thv Iiritish Society l’or the St,utly of Orthotlorrtics in lY%Y ; hv was prcsidrnt of thv 73ighfh Tntcrnationul I)rrrtal L’OI~~WSS in 1901 alrtl of Ida Soci6t6 F’r;rrI<ais(b ()rt~hop&lie I)ento-Fac~ialc in 1X-L. Beltrami has been very JJronrincnt in t trv Marseille:: I)erital Srllool ilIlt was JJreserrt ill tllc 1953 c*on,joint meeting of’ t I)(* T1:llr0])eiiil ( )r~thotlont ic Society and TA I;?oc4Rt6 E’ranqa.ise OrthoTvZdir 1 )cnto- T+‘acialr at, Alontc (‘a 1.10. Tt is interesting that at least two of t,he F’I’CIIVII I)I’O- \.illciill tlc~lltnl SCllC~0lS IJlxJ(lll~c~ their 0W11 .jOll~~?lill.

There WC itIS SeVtI’iII .~ou~‘ll;lls in addition to the /AMERICAN ~JoI-RN.\I~ 01’

ORTHODOIWJCS tlcl,oteci excltlsivcly to orthodontics and not all may ~JC know11 IO rile ; on a. visit to the British I>ental Association library a few rnont,hs itgo. J t’ournd that one, Orfodonciu, is published in Kncnos A1irses.

The A~HG~~~CUH Orthodontist, the ,jourtlat 01 tlr(a A~lumni Society of the ilrigtc School. of Orthodontia, started publication irr .JIme. 1907, as a quarterly; it HIJ-

pears to liavc existed only t.hree years. atIt1 it ma7 have been the first from 111~ A4rIgle School. It irlcIIItlvt1 JJitJ,(“‘s r~<ailtl ~)(~I’cII+c’ thcx b:lll’(JJJPilll ~)l’thOtlO~lti(~ SO-

Arty. The ,I,)rq/e Orthot7o,1list, also il <lLiill’l?l’t>. J)utJtishecl tJ)- ttle I’:tlIVilIYl Il.

.irrgtt? Society 01’ ()r~ttiotlorilists, il{J~JeillWl iii l!i:<l. Ii is Ilo~v in its twenl~-= I’ourll~ year am1 III~:* t)e r( . Lgilded as ii s1I(~(~vSsOI’ 10 t ll(, Atuf~/~if~f/?l Orfhodon fisl. TheI*e may hare beerr ot,her publications ~IYJI~I t hv same sours of which 1 ha\-c 110 record. The October, 1953, issue of the Angle Orthodontist cont.ains a COII-

OR’IYIOI)ONTI(‘S : FIFTY PICARS IN RF.TROSI’E(‘T 437

The Fortschrittp dcr. Ot~thotlorttik in !!‘hcorie l’~cl J’ux.x:Z.~, a German publica- tion from Munich, edited by Gusta\- Korkhans. appeared in 1931 as a clW\r- t wly. It, was v~rp ~~11 illustratetl au(l cont;lil>(>tl esct>llcllt summaries of t hc articles in French and 71inglish 11y Quintero. It was the first European ortlro-

clontic journal. The last issnc was in 1933, when it s~cms publication ccasc~l. In 195% Korkhaus hantled me a copy of Pmkhriftc (IPI’ Kiefmrthop~dif (.Jaw Orthopaedics) (Vol. 18, So. 1) of which he was editor; it, contained orthodontic articles. r hare Ilot, seen any other issue.

CH.\K(:ES IK THEORY .\iXL) I’R.\CTlCF:

It will be appreciatetl, from what has been said earlier, that by his per- sonalit,;., idealism, and init,iatire Angle dominated the scene at. t,he begin- ning of this century: his influence can be traced in the American Society 01 Orthodontists, the F;nropran Orthotlolltic Society, and thr Eritish Socicxty for the Study of Orthodontics, prohahlp the first specialist societies of’ dentistry. Angle’s classificat,ion is as nsc>fnl today as wheu hr published it in 1900, if adapted to present,-day knowledge ; Bennett’s classificat,ion (1914) is a valua- ble adjunct. They arc complcmc~ntary to one ir11other. The idealist,ic belief that teeth should not be extracted. so strongly held and adrocatetl by Angle. has proved unsound. although its realization l)y the profession as a body has taken many years ant1 his teachin p may persist, n~any more if each practit,ioller has to learn it for himself~ as I hare heard expressed--a sign of the force of Angle’s teaching. The diffic~ultics of dccidiug whcthcr 01’ not to cstract aw

not so great as oftc~n made to appear. Some c~sl)c~rictic*c~ ant1 stutl\- ant1 ;I

knowledge of dcvelopmcntal changes will go il 1011x \ViIJ- t0 SOlVC thPlll.

;I series of CRSPS showing rctapsc of’ cspansion after trcatmcnt shoultl con-

vince those who are in doubt. There nlnst lw many such cases, but I am not aware that. 011~ muscun1 has i1 single csnnlple. Whcrc rcxlapsc has not occ111*1~tl,

who is to say that the expansion has been tlue to treatment,, if undertaken during the tic\-elopmcntal period, ant1 not to growth! lncwast~ in arch width occ~irs ilatnrally duriii z this pcriotl, l>nt to illcr(>asc it still f’~~rthrr hy lllakit\g Imie grow is not possible.

I: l*ccall a consnltatiolr in which the tlrutist advised ez;pansioll rat,her t,hall c~xtraction ant1 said that th(L boric wodd grow to contain all thct teeth. Thr child’s uncle. a physicaian, told the mother that this was impossible : henc~r. the consult.ation. As extraction was anathema to some, 80 nonestraction was ;ItIat,hem:t to others, the late Sir F’rank (lolyer (died 1954) for OIICL, ant1 in his jovial way he dubbed me “the arch expansionist.” I littlc thought t,hiLt jr1 ;I few years I should agree with him.

L\. COJ’OILII~Y of noncst,raction was the c:I~culatiotr of the? size ilJJ au*11 shoultl

IJC to cwntain all tht, twth. II swItIrvt to lI;rvts IHYII :III c~st~wisc to tiIrtt 01’ itl\.etlt

iI III~~ttIod of tl~~tct~tllitliJl~ 1 Ilk (I. (:. (‘iltll]~iOJl.“’ 0111 ]ltY’Sit]c~tl~ ill ]!)%) iltl(]

]~tYSi(]t~Jtt; OF tIltI Bt4tisli I)~tltill .\SSOc~iiltiotl iii 1!)2:3, iltttl I’ottt”” 01’ 11yolts. c3;l(~tl

~)nl)lisht~tl 1’ot.tttltlits. t htl (*;tl~nlitt iotr boitt g tllilCltL t’tY)lll t]Jcl size 01’ ttltfi tl])])t’t’ ill-

visors. C’. A. IL~wtey,~~ 01’ M’ashittg:‘lott, I). l’.. twitig thtl saI:ie Imsis. ttw\z cLtrJpiJ~ic:tl g’eotllc3tt*i(* fi$WJ’cS which rc,stt]t tat] itl “ tllth il rc*]l ” t’ot* the ~)tlJ’ti~Jt];lt’

rase (it1 the early tlwys 1 al\\ays tlitl this 1. .\ 1 I ;t t.t’llrs \vert’ thr sntnt’ lJtttt(~t’tl ; 110 V;I I’iiltiOJl \\‘ilS tll:ltlt~ i’Ot* iJldivitllJtl]ity. StlCdh iIS ;I t]tl]~~~]lO~~~~~~h;I~~~ 01’ ttJ’il(*h)‘-

(‘~~‘lliltit~ p?l’SOtl. (It’ye’1”S illusttxtions WvtY’ ttiSt’Cgr? tYltVt. ” Ftil\Vt(‘V tti;lgt~;lllts”

011 ct~ltuloitl W(‘t‘( Obt~lillil.TJle 10 a\-oitl ilt(~ Jttlc*c>ssity 0I’ tlt~il~Vitlg ottt’ fat, t3;lt.h

(‘iIS? : 1Jy plW:iltg the ” IJtlttt~t’tl I’ o\-(‘t’ tltt> mo(lrt. tht, tbstrttt (II’ tooth ttto\,etttettt. IlC’C’tlet] (‘OU]t] ltt’ SPt’Jl ilt il ~l~lll(‘t’.

liiir.lJitz,“4 ill (~et’tllaJl)~. tlcsigJIet1 iI lowclt. atxh i’ot. the siltlle ~)lIJ’pOYC’. b’. 11.

~t~1tlt0J1,“” ;l. IOI~OW stutltlttt itt thr A~tgl(~ S(dh(t(tl, itt (~c)lt,jltt~ctitttt with ittt tlltgi- Jleer natncd ITanait ar~tl using engineering JrIetlJods. nradc tnost elahot’atc (‘ill- cwlatiotts to l)t’dtt(~c~ the itltaal :LJ’(?h for t)htL Itit t*ti(dttl;tt* Ctts(‘. J~Ot*t’ t’c’(~cbJlt t)-,

liallat*tl and Wylie” hit\r(’ tte~~isrtl a forw~ula to estimate the size of uttr~ruptrtl ]N’t’tllilll~‘llt tct~th.

]c\-?Jl since I have hcen :I\vitt*e OC the necessity of estraction in those CilsCs wher(l basal ~JOIW is, or will by, insuficicnt to corlt~ain all the twth in lintx, I belirve that I have estmctctl itt too few cases to give thcb best results. (‘et.- tainlg’. I woultl clstract mow upper teeth had 1 to treat the satnc casts agaitt. an(l 1 it111 ntuch irttpressed lty the frequency with which OJIC’ me&s thr stat CL- merit, in prcsetit-da- literature that the OJl]y hrlc Chilll~t?S that call he lllade

are in the alrcolar procrss. rtt this conncc~tion. 111s own belief from c~linical (Jsperiettce is that the relation of the lower jaw to the upper jaw call br yhatlgetl it1 either nntcrolmstc~rior tlirwtiott IJ~ tttt’ittts OF intwtnasillar~ t,t*;t+ titm, the tlrgrw 01 force nerrr to exceetl two ounws.

It, is stratl~~~ to rcflrc% that thrcbc lwlit~f’s IIS to the ttttt’ttt:ll ha~(: h’Jl r’oJttlt]

fatla&us. Onto was that irtw&iritiw tlitl tlol owui’ itr tltc tlwiclitous tlt’Jlt i- tiott, ilJIOthf’J’ \V:I.S that, thv t]roidnous itlcisors cbt*u])tcv] irl cmltact ant1 tt1:t.f

spa~itlg tlrvelopecl later. a11t1 the thircl tvits thitt iI’ the I)rt*tttattettt itt&ot~s rtxlIt,rtl in iIIIpeJ.i’ect. aligJiJIIeIIt thy J’cJIIaitIt~(l so. ‘I’ht~rel’orc, out VMI hartll~ ittlagillr il ttlot’e itlJ]ltlt~t,;lrlt tliwovery thittt that ttt)t.tttttl cwlnsion tlnt.ittk tttc t]~~~~~]O~lttl~~J1~~l]. poriotl hat1 infinite ~;tt*iitticttt ittttl 1101 ,just tI stiitic2. ittVati;tblc tI,~>l)t’;IT’iltJcC’. ;lJ’I’~lt1~~Jl1ell~, illIt] iIt’?h J’~]il~iOtl. The ]wt’tIIaJInIt iIIc&J*s, oJI ~‘I’UJJ- tioii. (‘ill1 IJC? ill il~lTgUlil~ positioiis l.Jllt, liltt,l’ :lSSlltI1t’ ~ootl illigllJnsllt, t11c il IT11 \1-iclth increxws, >lJJtl the arch wl;ttioJIship JII:L~ change. ‘t’hr~ twek of this krIo\vl- clt]g(t tll;lv ha\c htxll)(‘(t 1-O l,t’t’]>(‘tlt:ltt~ t]?t, lwtirf iJl ?I t’?h (‘SI)RJISiOJl ;IIICI ItIiIy t~splaitt some apparently successful results of that tt.caai tIIrtIt.

ItI 1922 C!. .\. ~~;IwIc~ toIt IIIC I,hiIt (‘lass I (‘:Is(‘s \vet’(’ the ttIost, difficult to t re;It, which r h:I~e sirlw itIterpretct1 iIs ;ttIc)th(lt* \V;Iy of saying th>It the PS- parision tliio to appliances Iaelapses af’tcxJ* :I period of J~cteJItioJi; he said that Class IL1 cases were the easiest. 1 agree with him IIUW, although at that, t,irne

ORTHODONTICS: FIFTY YEARS IN RETROSPECT 439

1 have mentioned Profcsso~~ F’ric~l. who is well known to you, but not ~11 may know that he was t,he first in the British Isles to specialize. J halt1 in- icndcd to give an account of his activities as they extend over some of 111y Hfty years and would in themselves be a record of the period, but t,he more I IV:Z~ the more I found to say, so I ha\;cA to be content with a selection. F’ric~l qualified in 1909, M.Dent.,Sc.. Trinity College, Dublin, ancl has aclclecl a nuns- her of other clegrccs since. He went to fhr Angle School in 1909 and startctl specialized practice in Dublin in February. 1910. Probably no one person has taught so many who ha\-c become sl)ecialist orthodontists. His cont,ribu- t,ions to the literature are numerous; t,he t,wo he regards as the more impor- tant are the Northcroft ?cIemorial Lecture. l$ritish Society For the Stutly 01 Ort,hotltrntics. 195P and “The hligrations of Teeth” (1945). With these 1 inclurlo “Occ1usion: Observations on it,s Development From Infancy to Oltl Ag::o”‘;’ read at the First International Orthodontic Congress; this should be st,utlictl by all. Soon after World 1j7ar I, he went, to Austria to st.udp “1’1~~ IMeet of t,he War Diet on the Teeth and *Jaws of the Children of Vienna’“‘: in which is shown his interest in physical development. He invent,ed dyna- mometer’s for testing the strength of muscles and instruments to increase it. He has made the most completcl collection of j()L~rl~iIls relating to orthodontics; [ believe that they are housetl at Trinity C’ollege.

I am glad to have this opportunity t,o thank him for much assistance in numerous ways. XTe went to LeRoy Johnson’s lectures together; we went to the Eighth International Dental Congress in Paris together in 1931, where he helped me with a display of models illustratin, cr local causes of malocclusion, IIOW in The London Hospital Museum ; and he contributed much to my first presidential address t,o the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics in 1925 by starching the environs of London for children and then assisting with their impressions, measurements, and dynamometer readings t,o include in it : his own paper cntitlccl ” I\lusclc Testing anal ?Ilusclt ‘~raining”2d d~nls fully

ivith the latter. COhIl'ARISONS

Research work today is a noteworthy feature compared w&h 1900. The problem of Class II Division 1 cases recurs col~st>nltly hut seems little nrart’r solut,ion than when Law posed it in 1907.

Angle (1895) illustrated heat1 and vhin caps, little used thpn, although I hc principle is much in vogue today. Pollock, in an cdilorial in thcl ,\MERI(~.AX

r .Io~TRs.~I, OF ORTH~I)OSTICS (40: A 2. 1954)) mentions that (!arl K. (“asc read ;I

papet* at the American Society of Orthodontists meeting in 19 Ii! on “( )ccipital and (,%trvicnl Anchorage ’ ’ and that the same subject was presc~ltctl at 111~

,?. Hsker, C. R.: Personal colnnlrlnicatiolls, 195l. li. Jinllard, AI. I,.. a1111 \Vvlie. \V. I~.: Mixetl 1)entition (lase Analvuis-EstinratiIle Size

of IJnerupted Pvrn;anent Teeth, AM. J. OKTIIOI~K;‘PICS 33: 751; 1947. 7. Hennett, Norman G.: The Science ant1 Practice of Dental Xureer\-, ed. 1. T,on-

don, l!)lll Oxfortl l-nivrrsity Press; ~1. t’. (2 vols.), Idondon, iO3’1; OxfoAl l-ni- rersitp Press.

S. J{ennett, &. G.: A ContrilJution to the Stufly of the Morenlents of the Mandible, Proc. Rev. ser. Med. 1: i!). 190s.

!). Hjiirk, 9.: ‘I’he Face In Profil;: An Anthropological S-rav Investigation on Swedish Chil~lrcn antI Conscripts, T,un(l. 1947. Rerlingska Boktrvcheri.

Il. (:hapm:tn, IT.: Investigations luto the Etiology of I\[alocaclusiou, J<rit. I). 3. 46: 1013, 1925.

12. (‘hapman, H.: l<:tiology in Ortholloutic (&es, .I. Am. Dent. A. 14: %WJ, 1927. 13. Chapman, H.: The Sormal Ikntal Arc11 ant1 Its (‘hanges From Birth to Atlult, (l'wsi-

(lent's Allctress). Brit. I). .T. 58: 201. 1935.

19. I)e Caster, L.: L’Ortho~lont~e a base cl’acirr. Paris:, 19X.5, Ma*son & (‘ie. Z(t. l)ewe,y, ;\I.: Practical Orthotlontia, J,ol~qlot~, 1$)15, Henry I<imptorl. 21. lhlJmngS, .J. A. c.: (

I)is:selkseu. )rtho(loutic Apl)li:lnct?s, A<lnstertlan~, 1954, 1)ental 1)epot A. Al.

22. Fisher, IV. (!.: P,rsi(lcsnt’s .41l,lress, IST. .J. OI~I~IIOI)OS~I~I~~ 13: 154-45.5, 1927. 23. E’riel, S.: The EXecl of the War 1)iet 011 the Teeth and .Taws of the (!hiltlren of

\Yenna, Austria, Am. Sec. Ortho(lont. 'I'IYLIIS. 1'~. !I%12S, 1921 ; INT. J. ORTHOT)ONTIA 8' ~j:j():j(j() lC)zz . ..I... .

24. F’riel, H.: Muscle Testing an11 1ruscle ‘J’raining, Tr. H.H.R.O., pp. :3-2X, 1934. 2.5. Friel, 8.: Occlusion: Observations on Its I)rvelopment From Infancy to 0111 Age,

TMIM. E’irst Inter. Ortho(tontic (Congress, pp. 138-157, 1926. 26. Friel. 8.: The Development of Itlea Occlusion ot’ the Gum Puls ant1 the Teeth, AM.

.T. OK~I'IIODON'IY~S 40: l!)(i-Z7. lS54. 27. Hawley, (‘. A.: 1)rtermination of the Xormal :\rc*h, 1)ental C’osmos 47: 511, 1905. 2s. Hell611, M.: Anthropological Investigations of the J)ist:trrcep From the Alveoli of the

Rlolars to l’orus Acusticus Externuw Respectively to the Conllyloid Process, et I*., Helsingfors TiniT-ersity. ljepartment of Anatomy, 1918.

?!I. Hotz, K.: Orthollolltis~hr F’ortl)illlung~ ell. L’. Kern. 1Wi. Hans Huber. 30. lzarcl, U.: Ortho(lontir. P:uis, 1030. hlasron & (‘ie; WI. Z> 31. .rohnson, A. T.eRoy: liasic Principles of Orthorlolltin,

Paris, 19.50, Alasson & Cie.

719, 845, 957, 1923. Ikntal Cosmos 65: 379, 503, .5M,

3% T<itrgsley, S.: Treatise 011 Oral I )ePormities (ion. 1138S. TI. Ji. I,ewis & (‘o.

as a Jir:l~~ch of 3IPchxnical Surgery. LOW

tit:. Kingsley, K.: T,t,ttrr to ;\lun~ni Society ol’ the Anglr School. Am. Orthoclontist 1: 12.5. 190s.

:M. Kiirbitz. A.: The (~eonretrical I)etermination of the Ortho~lontic (Expansion) dr(Bh, Hrit. I). .J. 32: ll%, 1911; 1). Rec,ord 31: 529, 191 1.

3.5. Korkhans, G.: Motlele Ortho(lontische Therapie, ctl. 2. Hrrlin, I<).??, Herman Mrusscr. 36. JAW. W. 0.: EuroDean Ortho(lontia Societl-. Am. Ortlro(lontist, 1: 130. IWS. ::;. 1,awj \V. B.: l’he detention oi’ ('lass IT Cas;~s: The Staple an11 Hook Sectional Retaiucr?

An). Orthotlontist 1: 18?> 19(lR. :lS. Lewis, S. .T.: 1)rntal Orthopne(lic Groxvth Stullv, ‘l’rana. E’irrt Inter. Ortho,lontic Coil-

4.5. Sorthcroft, G.: Aims and Ideals, Tr. H.H.R.O., pp. l-4, lHO9. 46. Northcroft, (3.: Teeth in Relationship to the Notma anI1 Al~norrnal Growtl~ of lhtL

.Jaws (one of five lectures on “The C:rowth ol’ the ,Jaws, Normal an11 Abnormal iu Health ant1 Ijisease”), T,ontlon, 1924, The J)entaI Board of the United Kingdom.

47. Sorthcroft, (4.: A Proposed Framework for Arrangement. of a Collection of Examples of Abnormalities in Positions of the Teeth, 1). Record 55: 353-370, 1935.

4h. Orthotlontic Directory of the World. rtl. 16, Sashvillrb, Tennessee, 10X?? 0. A. anrl I\-. H. Oliver.

49. l’rdersen, 1’. 0. : The East (+reenland Eskimo Ihstrtition, Numerical \‘wriat.ions :III(I Snat,omy, Kobenhavn, 1!149, Ilianco Lrmou liogtrykkeri.

50. Pant, A., ant1 Qointero, .T. T.: L’Ortho(lorrtie tlnns la E’raticlue (‘ourante, Paris;, L!)L’S, Gast,on Doin & Cie.

51. I’osselt, LT.: Studies in the Mobility of the Human Man(lible, hvta ollont. SG~II~~II:IV. 10: 19-160 (Supp. IO), 1!)52.

.5:‘. Schwarz, M.: Possibilities anll I,imitatior~s of Expansion Treatment in Ortho(lotlticds;, Int. I). .J. 4: G-671, 1954.

63. Selmer-Olsen, R.: An C)dotltcrruetrical Stul1.v on thr Norwegian I,apps, Oslo. l!U!). I Kommisjon Hos .Jaeob I)ybwa(I.

-54. Sieuel. C. M.: \‘ariation of Tooth Position, Luu11, l!)lfi. Hakan Ohlssons lioktryckc~ri. Z.-i. Hiebel; C. RT.: Trajectories of the .Taws, Rt~ckholm, 19i8, P. A. NorHteclt & Siillcxr. 56. ,Simon, P. \V.: E’untlamental Principles of a Systematic Diagnosis of Dental Anomalieh

(Translate11 by n. E. T,isc>her), Boston, 1926, The Stratford Company. 57. Smale, M., anIl (‘olyer: .r. F.: 1)isease an<1 Trljuries of the Teeth, erl. 2, I,trr~~lon. l!)Ol.

Lo~1gma115. Grern it (h. .?S. Smyth, K. C., anti Young, M.: E’acial Growill in (Ihil~lrclr, I,on~lon~ lO:iZ; Jlcllivirl l<tb-

search (:ouncil (His Majest) ‘.s Stationer\- Oficcx). 59. Rrrlyth, Ii. c., Young, iv., .Johnso~~, E.. anll ‘Still. ,\I.: Ilrrestigations IlIt the Saturc

and Characteristic Features of Post-Nornlal Occlusion: I,ontion, 1037. Medical Xv search (‘ounril (His Majesty’s Stationery Ot?ic~c~).

GO. Stanton, F. J>., and Hitnau. X. Id.: Au Instrunlrnt for 1\1apping und Hurve?-ing the Denture. Tr. Panama & I’;tcifc 1)ental Congress 2: 4X, 1915.

(il. Stanton, >‘. I,.: Orthodontic Engineering, IIVL~. J. (~RTIIOLWNTIR 2: 2:kj, l!llfi. 62. Wallace, .J. Sim: Irregularities of the ‘I’rrth, I,onrlon, 1904, Dental Jlatrufacturing

Company. 63. \Vallace, J. Rim: The l’revcniion of I)c~~t:tl (!:tl,ira, I,OII(~OII. l!)lZ, T)ental -\Iarlnfactur-

ing (‘omprtny.