ORP110010 Cdma2000 1X Coverage Planning ISSUE2.11-A

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    cdma2000 1XCoverage Planning

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    Procedure of Coverage planning

    Requirementanalysis

    Determine the total coverage and type of the area

    Link budget Calculate the maximum allowed path loss

    Propagationmodelselection

    Calculate the radius of the cell according to the propagation

    model

    Calculate theBTS number

    Determine the number of BTS required

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    Objectives

    Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

    Master the basic knowledge of Radio Propagation

    Describe some typical Propagation Models and their

    applicability

    Comprehend the key parameters and calculation methods of

    Link Budget

    Know about the basic principle of Site, Antenna & Feeder

    Selection

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    Contents

    1. Radio Propagation

    2. Link Budget

    3. Propagation Models

    4. Coverage Balance

    5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

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    Contents

    1. Radio Propagation

    2. Link Budget

    3. Propagation Models

    4. Coverage Balance

    5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

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    Spectrum Distribution

    Frequency Classification Abbreviation

    30 ~ 300Hz Extremely Low Frequency ELF

    300 ~ 3000Hz Voice Frequency VF

    3 ~ 30KHz Very-low Frequency VLF

    30 ~ 300KHz Low Frequency LF300 ~ 3000KHz Medium Frequency MF

    3 ~ 30MHz High Frequency HF

    30 ~ 300MHz Very High Frequency VHF

    300 ~ 3000MHz Ultra High Frequency UHF3 ~ 30GHz Super High Frequency SHF

    30 ~ 300GHz Extremely High Frequency EHF

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    Typical Propagation Environment

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    Attribute of radio channelFading

    Distance (m)10 20 30

    -20

    -40

    -60

    Received Power (dBm)

    Slow Fading

    Fast Fading

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    Analysis of Slow Fading

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    Analysis of Fast Fading

    90

    BTS total Rx

    0

    90

    Vector

    combine

    Fast Fading occurs when

    signals received from many

    paths drift into and out of phase

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    Contents

    1. Radio Propagation

    2. Link Budget

    3. Propagation Models

    4. Coverage Balance

    5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

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    Link Budget Objective

    Link budget refers to the calculation of the total gain and loss over the

    whole communication link, i.e. maximum propagation loss allowed in the

    link during a call connection with acceptable call quality.

    The BTS coverage can be determined by using the link budget and the

    propagation model.

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    Link Budget Model

    Receivesensitivity

    Reverse link

    ANT Gain(TX)

    BodyLoss

    Path LossANT Gain

    (RX)Feeder

    Loss

    Softhandoff

    Gain

    ClutterLoss

    Shadow fading Margin

    Interference Margin

    Power control Margin

    Maximum TX

    dBm Gain

    Loss

    Margin

    Rx sensitivity

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    Classification of Parameters

    System parameters Carrier frequency, Spread spectrum bandwidth and spread gain

    Equipment parameters

    Tx power, Receiver sensitivity, Noise figure, Demodulation threshold,

    Antenna gain, Feeder loss and Connector loss

    Environmental parameters

    Shadow fading margin, Land object loss, Human body loss and

    Background noise

    CDMA specific parameters

    Soft handoff gain, Interference margin, Power control margin

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    System parameter

    Carrier frequency: Commonly used 450 MHz/800 MHz/1900 MHz

    Spread spectrum bandwidth: 1.2288MHz

    Spreading gain: 10log(W/R)

    Background noise : Mainly consist of thermal noise, whereNthermal=10log(KTW)

    K=1.38X10-23J/K Boltzmann constant

    T: Kelvin temperature. In the normal temperature, it is 290 K.

    W: Bandwidth

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    Equipment parameter

    Transmit power of the base station

    Maximum transmit power of BTS: 43dBm for HW BTS

    Maximum transmit power of traffic channel: Based on the

    configuration

    Transmit power of the MS

    In general, it is 23dBm(200mW)

    All the reverse channel share the total power

    Power of MS

    R-PICH

    R-FCH

    R-SCH

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    Equipment parameter (Cont.)

    BTS antenna gain

    BTS directional antenna gain is greater than the omni antenna

    gain

    Typical value:

    Omni antenna:11dBi13dBi

    Directional antenna: 15dBi18dBi

    MS antenna gain

    It is assumed that the sum of antenna gain and connection loss

    of the mobile is 0dB

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    Equipment parameter (Cont.)

    Noise figure

    The index to evaluate the performance of LNA

    The value differs from one vendor to another

    The typical value for HW BTS is 3.2 dB

    The typical value for MS is 6 to 8 dB

    Feeder and connector loss

    Feeder loss is related with the frequency and feeder length

    The connector loss is approximately 0.2dB

    LNAS/Ninput S/Noutput

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    Equipment parameter (Cont.)

    Receiver sensitivity of the BTS

    To ensure the communication quality, the minimum receive

    level of receiver need to be determined.

    It is related to the demodulation threshold and noise figure

    The sensitivity is also affected by the interference. As the

    interference increases, the sensitivity decreases.

    SBTS = 10lg(KTW) +NFBTS + Eb/Nt10lg(W/Rb)

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    Environment parameter

    Effects of shadow fading:

    Shadow fading affects the propagation path, the strength of received

    signal finally is a normal logarithmic distribution when the MS is far

    from the Base station

    The theoretical value used in the link budget is a field density median,

    which causes the edge coverage probability is only 50%

    Access succeed

    Access succeed

    Access failure

    Access failure

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    Environment parameter

    Shadow fading margin In order to sustain an

    acceptable edge coverage

    probability (generally >

    75%), it is necessary to

    reserve some power

    margin, i.e. shadow fading

    margin.

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    CDMA Specific Parameter

    Soft handoff gain

    The soft handoff can decrease the shadow fading margin with a

    certain coverage probability.

    Generally, soft handoff gain is 3 dB for cdma2000 1x voice service in

    a mobile communication system

    Maximum gaincombination

    Selection

    combination

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    CDMA Specific Parameter (Cont.)

    Interference margin

    System loading increases the system self-interference.

    In the link budget, the impact caused by the capacity-increase is

    represented by interference margin that can be calculated by the given

    formula

    1

    1lg10NoiseRise

    50% load 3dB60% load 4dB75% load 6dB

    (: system load)

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    CDMA Specific Parameter (Cont.)

    Power control margin The signal strength in the radio environment changes quickly due to

    superposition of different propagation signals. This is embodied in the

    fast fading, which follow to the Rayleigh distribution.

    The fast power control can reduce the effect of fading for slow moving

    objects (

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    Reverse Link Budget Formula

    PL_BL=Pout_MS + Ga_MS - Lf_MS + Ga_BS - Lf_BS -S_BS Lb MI + Ga_soft Mf Lp

    PL_BL :Maximum allowable path loss

    Pout_MS :Maximum transmit power of the service channel of MS

    Ga_MS :Antenna gain of MS

    Lf_MS :Feeder loss of MS

    Ga_BS :Antenna gain of base station

    Lf_BS :Feeder loss of base station

    S_BS :Base station sensitivity

    Lb :Body loss

    Ga_soft :Soft handoff gain

    Mf :Shadow fading margin

    MI :Interference margin

    Lp :Clutter loss

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    Typical Link Budget (Urban area)

    IS95 cdma2000 1X

    Data rate 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps 38.4 kbps 76.8 kbps 153.6 kbps

    Maximum transmit power ( dBm ) 23.00 21.55 20.50 21.29 21.91 22.35

    Human body loss ( dB ) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

    Cluster loss ( dB ) 20 20 20 20 20 20

    Receiving antenna gain ( dBi ) 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00

    Cable loss ( dB ) 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97

    Soft handoff gain ( dB ) 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7

    Corresponding border coverage probability 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75%Shadow fading standard deviation ( dB ) 8 8 8 8 8 8

    Shadow fading margin ( dB ) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

    Designed cells load 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%

    Corresponding interference margin ( dB ) 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01

    Fast fading margin ( dB ) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

    Noise figure ( dB ) 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

    Demodulation thresholds ( dB ) 7.0 3.50 3.40 2.59 2.15 1.54

    Corresponding receiver sensitivity ( dBm ) -124.18 -127.50 -124.77 -122.57 -120.00 -117.74

    Maximum allowed path loss 131.90 133.82 131.79 129.59 127.02 124.76

    Transmitting antenna height ( m ) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50

    Receiving antenna height ( m ) 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

    Coverage semi-diameter ( km ) 1.62 1.84 1.61 1.40 1.18 1.01

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    Simulation of Forward Link

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    Significance of propagation model

    The propagation model is used to estimate the path lossduring radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and

    artificial environments.

    The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage

    planning, a good model means more precise planning.

    The propagation model depends on the working frequency

    of the system. Different propagation models have different

    working frequencies ranges. Moreover, indoor propagation

    model differs from the out door propagation model.

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    Typical propagation model

    Model Application range

    Okumura-Hata Applicable for the 150-1500 MHz macrocell prediction

    Cost231-Hata Applicable for the 1500-2000 MHz macrocell prediction

    CCIRApplicable for prediction in the 150-2000MHz urban areaor dense urban area environments

    LEEApplicable for the 450-2000MHz marcocell environmentprediction

    K parameter

    ModelApplicable for the 800-2000MHz macrocell prediction

    These typical models are set up by researchers based on the CW test

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    Okumura-Hata Model

    mhbbpAdhhfL lg)lg55.69.44(lg82.13lg16.2655.69

    Lp f

    bh

    mhd

    mhA

    Path loss (dB)

    BS antenna height (m)

    MS antenna height (m)

    Carrier frequency (MHz)

    Distance between the BS and MS

    (Km)

    MS antenna correction factor (dB)

    The frequency range is from150MHz to 1500MHz.

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    Okumura-Hata Model (Cont.)

    In urban areas, the standard model can be modified as:

    In rural areas (open country), the model can be modified as:

    In rural areas (quasi open country), the model can bemodified as:

    4.5])28/[lg(2 2 fLL pps

    94.40lg33.18lg78.4 2 ffLL ppo

    94.35lg33.18)(lg78.42

    ffLL ppo

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    Cost231-Hata Model

    mhbbp CAdhhfL m lg)lg55.69.44(lg82.13lg9.333.46

    mC

    mC 0dB Large cities or central areas of the suburbs

    3dB Big cities

    The frequency range is 1500MHz to 2000MHz.

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    Model Correction-CW Test

    Select test point

    Determine the testing route,sampling data

    Optimize propagation modelusing the tool

    1 2 3

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    Contents

    1. Radio Propagation

    2. Link Budget

    3. Propagation Models

    4. Coverage Balance

    5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

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    Link Balance Between Uplink and

    Downlink

    In this area, it seems that the cross-cell call from cell Bto cell A is feasible. However, actually, the reverse linkof cell A does not support the call

    ReverseForward

    BA

    BA

    In this area ,the cross-cell call from cell B to cell A is impossible. Besides the

    MS in cell B will inevitably cause too much interference on cell A

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    Coverage Adjustment

    Coverage limitation analysis

    Forward adjustment

    Down Tilt Forward Power

    Distribution Antenna Height Antenna Gain

    Reverse adjustment

    Reverse PowerControl Parameter

    Reverse SystemLoad

    If MS is average distribution, it isreverse limited

    If MS is edge distribution, it is forwardlimited

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    Forward Link Balance

    The forward channel powers are different from each other. And

    the coverage of the channels are different from each other.

    In the coverage area, the mobile phone should be able todemodulate the pilot, synchronization, paging and traffic channel

    simultaneously and correctly.

    Pilot Sync Paging TrafficGood signal, butwhy no service

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    Forward Link Balance (Cont.)

    It is possible to achieve same coverage radius for all

    cdma2000 1x forward link channels

    The power required to achieve consistency of all thechannel coverage will fully utilize the BTS power

    Pilot channel power Approximately 1020% of total power

    Synchronous channel power Pilot channel power 10dB

    Paging channel power Pilot channel power 1.5dB (9.6kbps)

    Max Traffic channel power Pilot channel power3dB (Voice FCH)

    Typical Forward Power Distribution Strategy

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    Case Study

    The requirement analysis

    Suppose the total service area is 400 km2 , city centre.

    800MHz system, 3 sector BTS ,Voice service only, No IS95 MS.

    Design load :50%

    Required area coverage probability :90%

    Required edge coverage probability :75%

    Demodulation threshold: 3.5dB

    BTS antenna height :30 m

    Feeder length: 50m

    Noise figure: 3.2dB

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    Link Budget analysis

    5 Parameters Calculate process

    A Human body loss 3 dB

    B Interference margin 10log[1(1 50%)]=3 dB

    C Fast fading margin 0.5 dB

    D Soft handoff gain 3.7 dB

    E Shadow fading margin NORMSINV (75%)8=5.5 dB

    F Clutter loss 20 dB

    G Cable loss 1.97 dB

    H Receiving antenna gain 15 dBi

    Tx Max transmit power of MS(FCH) 21.55dBm

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    Determine the number of BTS

    Site Coverage Radius: R

    Site distance: D=1.5R

    Coverage Area=1.949R2

    Site Coverage Radius: R

    Site distance: D=1.732R

    Coverage Area=2.598R2

    3-Sector site Omni site

    R R

    D

    BTS1 BTS2

    BTS1

    BTS2

    BTS3

    R

    R

    RD

    D

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    Contents

    1. Radio Propagation

    2. Link Budget

    3. Propagation Models

    4. Coverage Balance

    5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

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    Site Selection and Layout

    Site Selection

    Site selection is an important part incoverage planning

    The order for the site selection (dense,

    general, suburban)

    The height for the site selection

    Attention for the obstacles

    (avoiding it by using the Fresnel zone)

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    Feeder Selection

    Feeder Loss

    Feeder loss: From BTS top cabinet to antenna

    High frequency increases feeder loss

    Large size feeder decreases feeder loss

    800MHz 450MHz 1900MHz

    7/8 inch(dB/100m) 4.03 2.7 6.46

    5/4 inch(dB/100m) 2.98 1.9 4.77

    1/2 inch(dB/100m) 11.2 7.6 17.7

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    Antenna Selection

    Antenna Selection Height Design Azimuth Design

    Gain Half power angle Polarization pattern

    Urban area 15dBi 60~65 Dual polarization

    Suburban area 15~18dBi 65 or 90 Dual polarization or vertical

    polarization

    Rural area 18~20dBi 90or 120

    or

    Omni AntennaVertical polarization

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    Antenna Selection (Cont.)

    Antennas in different cells of the same base station may be of

    different heights. This may be limited by the installation space in a

    specific direction, or due to the requirements of the cell planning.

    For urban areas that are relatively flat, the recommended height of

    the antenna is about 25m.

    The height of the antennas in the suburban base station can be

    higher. Generally it is about 40m.

    Antenna Selection Height Design Azimuth Design

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    Antenna Selection (Cont.)

    The main beam of the antenna should be directed to the area of

    high traffic density, to increase the signal strength in that area and

    improve the conversation quality

    The antenna cross-coverage depth between adjacent sectors

    should not exceed 10%.

    To prevent the unwanted coverage, the main beam of the antenna

    should not be along the straight street in dense urban areas

    Antenna Selection Height Design Azimuth Design

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    Antenna Down-tilt

    Mechanism

    Electron

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    Summary

    Basic knowledge of Radio Propagation

    Typical Propagation Models

    Link Budget

    Coverage Balance

    Basic principle of Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

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