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ORNAMENTAL AQUACULTURE
UDAYA PRIYANTHA EPADEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGYUNIVERSITY OF KELANIYA
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
My presentation….
•World History
•Ornamental fish industry in Sri Lanka•History, Production flow, Strengths, weaknesses
•Fish keeping: Containers, glass aquaria, public aquariums
•Species selection factors (I, II & III)
•Fish breeding methods
•Brackish water fish
•Salt water fish
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
World History………
Captive fish have been important to mankind since prehistoric times.
Ancient Egyptians - First humans known to keep fish not only for food purposes but as an entertainment.
Goldfish - First ornamental fish to be kept.
Goldfish bred in China since at least the 10th century.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Our History…..
•During King Dutugemunu’s time (161 BC to 137 BC), Sri Lanka kept gold(?) fish as a hobby.
•The gold fish park or Ranmasu Uyana located below the dam of the Tisawewa tank in Anuradhapura.
•The Vessagiriya inscription of King of 4th Mihinduhas mentioned this garden as a Gold Fish Park.
•This proves that Sri Lanka is one of the first countries that kept ornamental fish as a hobby.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Production flow: Sri Lanka
Exporter
(Culture + Wild collection)
Contract growers Contract growers Contract growers
BUY BACK SYSTEM
Japan, USA, Germany, France, UK, the Nederland, Italy, Spain, UAE
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Sri Lanka: Strengths & Opportunities•Favorable year round climatic conditions
•Excellent geographic location
• International reputation for quality fish
•Resources available for expansion
•Wide variety of wild collected fish
•Availability of breeding & rearing technology
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Sri Lanka: Threats & weaknesses•Over exploitation of wild fish resources
•Poor knowledge on diseases & treatments
•Environmental degradation in the country
•Competition with other countries
•Poor knowledge on marine fish breeding & keeping
•Poor knowledge on fish nutrition & feed production
•Poor corporation between farmers and supportive government institutions
• Insufficient air cargo facilities
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Val
ue
(Rs.
Mn
)
Year
EXPORT VALUE OF ORNAMENTAL FISH FROM 1998 – 2013
Sri Lankan scenario…
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Fish Keeping
The reasons for the increasing popularity of the hobby,
Environmental awareness (live with nature), Can keep them even in smaller container The great variety of species, Relative ease of care of fish.
Have you heard of fish deaths due to hunger ?
An aquarium decorates the room.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
•Fish-keeping - brings relaxation and enlightenment for persons of every age
• Aquariums are a very good way to relieve stress and hypertension.
• Are today’s kids far from stress and
overburdened lives?
• Why not place a nice colorful
aquarium in their room?
•Does it give them health and academic
benefits? UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Students who own fish score higher on maths over their counterparts who do not have pets.
High school students who keep fish have an average GPA of 3.5, versus non-pet owners at 3.2
(Research findings).
WHERE DO YOU KEEP
THE AQURAIUM?
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
• Health benefits -lowered blood pressure, reduced stress, and controlled pulse rate
•Mentally challenged children - accelerate their learning process
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Glass Aquarium:
•Single species tanks: Schooling fish
•Multiple species tanks: Think before you stock the fish•Aggressiveness: Siamese fighting fish
•Agitators of tank bottom: Goldfish
•Plant eaters: Carp
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
SPECIES SELECTION FACTOR I
• Temperature – tropical vs temperate
• Salinity – freshwater, brackish, or saltwater
• Reproduction – livebearers, egg-layers
• Size – size of fish needs to match the tank
• Feeding habits –
• Carnivores
• Herbivores
• Omnivores
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
SPECIES SELECTION FACTOR II
• Behavior – some species are aggressive
• Physical appearance – some species are “fancy” (unusual color, shape, etc.)
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
SPECIES SELECTION FACTORS III
MEDIUM-CARE SPECIES
Silver dollar, Discus, Angels
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
SPECIES SELECTION FACTORS III
DIFFICULT-TO-GROW SPECIESGlass catfish, Bleeding heart tetra, Neon tetra, Marbled hatchetfish
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Egg layers
1. Egg-Scatters
2. Egg buriers
3. Egg-Depositers
4. Nest-builders
5. Mouth-brooders
Parental care
increases
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Livebearers
• Livebearers are fish that bear live young.
• There are two types of livebearers: • Ovoviviparous: Eggs form and hatch within the female
before birth. Molly, Platy, Sharks• Viviparous: No eggs are formed, and the young are
nourished through an umbilical-like cord or from secretions by the female. Sharks, Guppy
• Livebearers are often easily bred species.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Most Common Livebearers
• Guppy• Swordtails• Platy• Molly
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Poecilia reticulatus - Guppy
• Origin: Excellent ones from Singapore, Sri Lanka
• Size: 1.5 -2 inches
• Life Span: 2 yrs
• Too many varieties, every color of the rainbow.
• Lot of different shapes to the fins. • (Rounded, pintail, swordtail (upper, lower, and
double), flag tail, veil tail, fantail, and triangle tail).
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Xiphophorus hellerii – sword tail
•Origin: Central America
•Size: Over 4 inches
• Life Span: 2 yrs
•Some of the more common Swordtails are: Red, Red Wag, Red Tux, Painted, Neon Green, Marigold, Pineapple, Black, Red Twin bar, Sunset, and Gold Tuxedo.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Xiphophorus maculatus - Platy
•Origin: Central America – Mexico and Guatemala
•Size: male smaller than 2 inches, Female slightly larger
• Life Span: 2 yrs
•This fish has many colour variants, the most common being red wagtail platy, sunset platy, tuxedo platy and variatus platy.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Poecilia sphenops - Molly
•Origin: Southern USA & Mexico
•Size: 2-4 inches
• Life Span: 2 yrs
•There are many colour variants available, some of the largest livebearers and will give birth to a huge number of young up to 60 or 70 fry at a time.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Egg-Scatters
• Simply scatter their adhesive or non-adhesive eggs to the substrate, into plants, or float to the surface.
• Do not look after their brood and even eat their own eggs.
• Large number of the small eggs laid.
•The fry hatch quickly.
• Examples: Goldfish, Barbs, Tetras
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
• Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus)- Hardy
and easy to keep, Prefers pools or cold water aquariums
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
• Tetras - These are easy to medium care ornamental fish that prefer soft water that is slightly acidic. It is a very sociable fish and does well in community aquariums. Tetras average 1 ½ to 3” in length
X-ray fish (Pristella) Neon tetra (Paracheirodon), UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
• Barbs- They occupy lower levels and average 2-4” in length.
Puntius tetrazona (tiger barb, sumatra barb) and Puntius nigrofasciatus (Black ruby)
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Egg buriers
• The Nothobranchius killifish come from East Africa. They are annual fish, meaning killifish live for around a year.
• They live in temporary pools. These pools are created by seasonal rains and dry up when drought comes.
• Thus the killifish die having left behind their eggs buried in the river/lake bed.
• During the dry period the eggs develop and when the rain returns, filling up the pools again, the embryos hatch.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Egg-Depositors
• Deposit their eggs on a substrate (glass, wood, rocks, plants).
• Egg depositors usually lay less eggs than egg scatters, although the eggs are larger.
• Two groups: • those that care for their eggs, • and those that do not.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
•Among eggs depositors that care for their eggs are cichlids (Etroplus maculatus, E. suratensis, Pterophyllum scalare) and some catfish (Pterygoplichthys, Loricaria), Discus, Ocsar.
•These fish form pairs and have advanced brood care where the eggs are defended and cleaned.
•The eggs take a few days to hatch, and the fry are often guarded by the parents.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Pterophyllum scalare
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Disucs (Symphysodon)UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Oscar (Astronotus) and
Emerald catfish (Brochis)
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Egg-burriers
•Killi fish•Killifish are famous for burying their eggs in mud, but there is actually a lot of plant spawning Killifish species as well.
•In the wild, plant spawning Killifish will place their eggs close to the surface of the water among the roots of floating plants or in thickets of bushy plant species.
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Mouth-Brooders
• Species that carry their eggs or larvae in their mouth. • Mouth brooders ,
•Ovophiles : Eggs in the mouth• Larvophiles : Larvae in the mouth
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
• Ovophile mouth-brooders lay their eggs in a pit, which are sucked up into the mouth of the female. The small number of large eggs hatch in the mother’s mouth, and the fry remain there for a period of time.
• Larvophile mouth-brooders lay their eggs on a substrate and guard them until the eggs hatch. After hatching, the female picks up the fry and keeps them in her mouth. When the fry can fend for themselves, they are released.
• Examples: Arowana & Some Cichilds like Tilapia & Mozambique
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Nest-Builders
• Build some sort of nest for their eggs. • Bubble-nest formed with plant debris and saliva-coated
bubbles • Excavated pit in the substrate (cichlids).
•Nest builders practice brood care
Examples: Gourami, Fighting fish
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Species of Saltwater
Fish• Live in saltwater and require the
addition of sodium chloride (salt) to create a marine environment
• Most saltwater species of ornamental fish are egg layers
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014
Common Name Scientific Name
Diamond Goby Valenciennea puellaris
Pearl toby Canthigaster margaritatus
Scorpian fish Pterois volitans
Three spot Dascyllus trimax
Dog fish Arothoron nigropunctatus
Tiger Goby Valenciennea wardii
Moorish idol Zanclus cornutus
Emperor Pomacanthus imperator
Blue ring angel Pomacanthus annularis
Blue seagean Acanthurus leucosternon
UPK EPA/UoK/OrnaFish/2014