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Hugh B. Fackrell. Origins of Microbiology. Outline. Cells and cell theory Microbes and Germ Theory Classic Age of Microbiology Fermentation Pasteurization Vaccines. Filename: history.ppt. Primitive health codes. Laws of Moses (Numbers, Deuteronomy) Venereal diseases - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1 04/19/23
Origins of Origins of MicrobiologyMicrobiology
Hugh B. FackrellHugh B. Fackrell
2 04/19/23
OutlineOutline Cells and cell theoryCells and cell theory Microbes and Germ Microbes and Germ
TheoryTheory Classic Age of Classic Age of
MicrobiologyMicrobiology– FermentationFermentation– PasteurizationPasteurization– VaccinesVaccines
Filename: history.ppt
3 04/19/23
Primitive health codesPrimitive health codes
Laws of Moses (Numbers, Deuteronomy)Laws of Moses (Numbers, Deuteronomy) Venereal diseasesVenereal diseases
– acquired from infected individualsacquired from infected individuals– kill infected individualkill infected individual
TrichinosisTrichinosis– lack of fuellack of fuel– Undercooked pork spreads the parasiteUndercooked pork spreads the parasite– ban eating of porkban eating of pork
4 04/19/23
First ObservationsFirst Observations
Robert Hooke cellsRobert Hooke cells Leeuweenhoek: microbesLeeuweenhoek: microbes
5 04/19/23
MicrographiaMicrographia
Robert HookeRobert Hooke First report of First report of
cell structure cell structure 16651665
‘‘Little boxes’ in Little boxes’ in cork : cork : CELLCELL
First illustrated First illustrated book on book on
microscopymicroscopy
6 04/19/23
Anton Van LeeuwenhoekAnton Van Leeuwenhoek
First person to see First person to see bacteriabacteria
Single lens microscopeSingle lens microscope
7 04/19/23
Early Compound Microscope
beautifully crafted but had severe chromatic distortion
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Simple microscopes gave Simple microscopes gave better resolutionbetter resolution
Spermatozoa Spermatozoa from man from man & dog & dog
LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek 16781678
9 04/19/23
Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generationvsvs
Biogenesis Biogenesis The Great DebateThe Great Debate
Redi (1668)Redi (1668) Needham (1745)Needham (1745) Spallanzani (1765)Spallanzani (1765) Virchow (1858)Virchow (1858) Pouchet (1859) Pouchet (1859) Pasteur(1861)Pasteur(1861)
10 04/19/23
Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation Aristotle: any damp body gives rise to living thingsAristotle: any damp body gives rise to living things
– MiasmaMiasma– phoenix mythsphoenix myths– ““Golam”Golam”
Herodotus: Living organisms could arise from non Herodotus: Living organisms could arise from non living matterliving matter– crocodiles from mudcrocodiles from mud
Van Helmont: small animals onlyVan Helmont: small animals only– maggots from meatmaggots from meat– mice from feedmice from feed
11 04/19/23
Francesco RediFrancesco Redi Italian poet physician 1668Italian poet physician 1668 TestedTested hypothesishypothesis of Spontaneous of Spontaneous
GenerationGeneration– Meat in jarsMeat in jars
three jars open to air>three jars open to air> maggots maggots three jars sealed >no maggotsthree jars sealed >no maggots three jars fine net>no maggotsthree jars fine net>no maggots
ConcludedConcluded spontaneous generation did spontaneous generation did not still occurnot still occur
12 04/19/23
John NeedhamJohn Needham
Irish priest 1745Irish priest 1745 Said microbes spontaneously Said microbes spontaneously
generatedgenerated EvidenceEvidence
– Heated chicken soupHeated chicken soup– poured into flaskspoured into flasks– covered flaskscovered flasks– microbes appearedmicrobes appearedProblems with experimental design??
13 04/19/23
Lazzaro SpallanzaniLazzaro Spallanzani
Italian Monk 1765Italian Monk 1765 Said Needham’s broths Said Needham’s broths
contaminated after heatingcontaminated after heating EvidenceEvidence
– chicken soup poured into flaskschicken soup poured into flasks– covered flaskscovered flasks– then heated soupthen heated soup– microbes DID NOT appearmicrobes DID NOT appear
14 04/19/23
Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation
“ “ Production without parent of a new Production without parent of a new living organism” living organism” (Pouchet 1859)(Pouchet 1859)
RequiredRequired– a solid organic substance just after a solid organic substance just after
deathdeath– air containing “Life Force” air containing “Life Force” – waterwater
Frankenstein??
15 04/19/23
Biogenesis Biogenesis
Concept proposed by Rudof VirchowConcept proposed by Rudof Virchow– German Scientist 1858German Scientist 1858
Virchow had No EvidenceVirchow had No Evidence
Biogenesis or cell theory: cells can only arise from preexisting cells
16
BiogenesisBiogenesisOmne vivum ex vivoOmne vivum ex vivo
HarveyHarvey
17 04/19/23
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
All organisms composed of one All organisms composed of one or more cellsor more cells
Cells are smallest living thingsCells are smallest living things Cells arise only from previously Cells arise only from previously
existing cellsexisting cells Thus: all organisms are Thus: all organisms are
descendents of the first cellsdescendents of the first cells
18 04/19/23
Schwann ExperimentSchwann Experiment
Broth heated in flaskBroth heated in flask Air heatedAir heated Air and broth mixedAir and broth mixed No GrowthNo Growth
Pouchet argued that “Life Force” destroyed
19
Academy of SciencesAcademy of Sciences18601860
Award for a solutionAward for a solution
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And the Winner is..??And the Winner is..?? Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur Confirmed Confirmed
experiments of Redi & experiments of Redi & SchwanSchwan
Filtration ExperimentsFiltration Experiments– air filtered through air filtered through
guncottonguncotton– dissolve guncottondissolve guncotton– Examined residueExamined residue– contained microbes and contained microbes and
dustdust
Conclusion:Conclusion: microbes microbes in the dust not in air in the dust not in air
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Final ProofFinal ProofSwan Neck Flask ExperimentSwan Neck Flask Experiment Add broth to flaskAdd broth to flask Bend the neck of the flask(air can Bend the neck of the flask(air can
enter but dust cannot)enter but dust cannot) Heat brothHeat broth No bacterial growthNo bacterial growth Break neck of flaskBreak neck of flask
– dust entersdust enters– Growth occursGrowth occurs
22 04/19/23
Altitude MeasurementsAltitude Measurements
Arbois (sea level ) 8/20 flasks Arbois (sea level ) 8/20 flasks contaminatedcontaminated
Jara (850 meters) 5/20 flask Jara (850 meters) 5/20 flask contaminatedcontaminated
Mer de Glace (2,000 meters) 1/20Mer de Glace (2,000 meters) 1/20
23 04/19/23
Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur Added 20 years to Added 20 years to
the lifespan of the lifespan of every man woman every man woman and childand child
improved the improved the quality of lifequality of life
24 04/19/23
Golden Age of Golden Age of MicrobiologyMicrobiology
FermentationFermentation PasteurizationPasteurization DisinfectionDisinfection VaccinesVaccines
25 04/19/23
French wine was spoiled French wine was spoiled during shipmentduring shipment
26 04/19/23
Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur
Germ theoryGerm theory FermentationFermentation PasteurizationPasteurization Rabies vaccineRabies vaccine Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae causes causes
lobar pneumonialobar pneumonia
27 04/19/23
FermentationFermentation
Vintners thought sugar Vintners thought sugar chemicallychemically converted to alcohol in airconverted to alcohol in air
Pasteur, a chemist, was asked to help Pasteur, a chemist, was asked to help Discovered Discovered
– Yeast convert sugars to alcoholYeast convert sugars to alcohol– Bacteria change alcohol to vinegarBacteria change alcohol to vinegar
Fermentation was biological processFermentation was biological process
28 04/19/23
PasteurizationPasteurization Pasteur connected Pasteur connected
food spoilage and food spoilage and microbesmicrobes
Pasteurization: Destroy Pasteurization: Destroy microbes that cause microbes that cause spoilage by heatspoilage by heat– Beer, wine, milkBeer, wine, milk
Critical to development Critical to development of Germ theoryof Germ theory
29 04/19/23
Pasteur’s Original FlasksPasteur’s Original Flasks
30 04/19/23
Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease
Causal relationship between microbes Causal relationship between microbes and diseaseand disease
Disinfection controls surgical infectionDisinfection controls surgical infection Microbes cause diseaseMicrobes cause disease
31 04/19/23
Joseph ListerJoseph Lister
Developed antiseptic surgery
32 04/19/23
Robert KochRobert Koch
Confirmed germ theoryConfirmed germ theory Discovered cause ofDiscovered cause of
– anthraxanthrax– choleracholera– tuberculosistuberculosis
Developed Developed – pure culture techniquespure culture techniques– staining techniquesstaining techniques– solid mediasolid media
33 04/19/23
Koch’s postulatesKoch’s postulates
Organism consistently isolated from diseased Organism consistently isolated from diseased individualsindividuals
Organism cultivated in pure formOrganism cultivated in pure form Signs and symptoms induced after inoculationSigns and symptoms induced after inoculation Same organism isolated from experimentally Same organism isolated from experimentally
infected individualinfected individual
Rules to prove an organism Rules to prove an organism causes a diseasecauses a disease
34 04/19/23
VaccinesVaccines
35 04/19/23
SmallpoxSmallpox
isolated smallpox virus from pustules isolated smallpox virus from pustules on Egyptian mummieson Egyptian mummies
Father of Amhetop Father of Amhetop
36 04/19/23
Pustules Caused by Pox Pustules Caused by Pox VirusVirus
Edward Jenner
37 04/19/23
Edward JennerEdward Jenner
Vaccination for smallpox
38 04/19/23Punch ? 1802
Jenner:Cowpox CartoonJenner:Cowpox Cartoon
39 04/19/23
Rabies vaccineRabies vaccine
Pasteur described Pasteur described a rational basis for a rational basis for the development the development of vaccinesof vaccines
40 04/19/23
Vaccie was unethical !!Vaccie was unethical !!