15
24/02/2015 1 Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests Jaboury Ghazoul Chapter 6: From the beginning: origins and transformation

Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    3

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

1

Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests

Jaboury Ghazoul

Chapter 6:From the beginning: originsand transformation

Page 2: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

2

The Growth and Spread of Trees

Gilboa: the earliest tree

Archaeopteris: the earliest branched tree

Page 3: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

3

The First TreesDevonian (416‐359 Ma)

Two growth forms:

Single‐stemmed ‘Gilboa’, perhaps the world’s oldest tree

Archaeopteris, a multi‐stemmed pro‐gymnosperm

Gilboa

Archaeopteris

The First Forests

Page 4: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

4

Pro‐gymnosperms: the first forest trees

Archaeopteris, extinct relative of seed plants: the first large and widespread tree

Appeared in the Middle Devonian (375 Ma) and became extinct in the Early Carboniferous (345 Ma)

Carboniferous coal deposits due to:

• Appearance of lignin‐rich woody trees• Lower sea levels – created extensive 

lowland swamps and forests • Few animals and bacteria could digest the 

new lignin

Accumulating woody debris eventually formed coal deposits 

The Carboniferous Coal Forests (360‐300 Ma)

Lepidodendron Sigillaria

50 m 40 m

Page 5: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

5

Lepidodendron

Cone

Scale trees of the Late Carboniferous

The Rise of Land Plants and Animals

Page 6: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

6

High oxygen levels (up to 35%) resulted in frequent fires and giant arthropods

Carboniferous Arthropods

Encounters with Arthropleurain the Carboniferous forests

The Permian (299 – 251 Ma)Extensive rain forests of the Carboniferous disappeared during the hot and dry Permian

Smaller areas of wet tropical vegetation persisted in coastal areas (in what is now China) and comprised ferns, pteridosperms (seed ferns), and the first Ginkgoales

Leaf of a fern and Sphenopteris (a seed fern)

Gingko trees diverse and  widespread in Permian tropical forests

Page 7: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

7

Eduard Suess(1831 –1914)

Proposed, in 1885, the existenceof Gondwana, based on Glossopteris fossil distribution

Terra Nova Expedition, 1911‐1912

Edward Wilson

Page 8: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

8

Permian Temperate Forests

The fossil distribution of the Glossopteridalesprovided evidence for continental drift theory 

Glossopteriswoody, seed‐bearing plant reaching 30 m

Fossil leaves of Glossopteris

Distribution of Glossopteris across southern Pangea in the Permian

Triassic and Jurassic (250–145 Ma)

Rain forests on coasts, with Araucariaceae trees reaching 60 m, understorey of ferns, cycads and giant horsetails. Large herbivorous dinosaurs were common. 

Late Jurassic (152 Ma) – initial break‐up of Gondwana

Dicroidium, a tree‐like seed fern

Petrified Araucarioxylontrunk from Arizona

Petrified cone of Araucaria sp. From the Jurassic (210 Ma)

Page 9: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

9

Cretaceous: the first flowering plants

Leefructus mirus, 125 Ma

Isolation of rain forests on separate continental fragments lays the foundation for distinctive modern biotas.

Late Cretaceous (80‐65 Ma) – extensive wet forests of angiosperms (flowering plants), and first modern rain forests

Angiosperm origins and diversification

Page 10: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

10

Insect Diversification

110‐100 Ma Gondwana was breaking‐up and warm wet climates were extensive

Tropical angiosperm families diverged

Ants, bees and other pollinating insects diversified alongside angiosperms …

… but evidence for coevolution is limited

Birds, mammals, lizards, freshwater fish, and other groups also underwent radiations

Start of Angiosperm 

radiation

Insect familial diversity from Triassic to present

Angiosperm diversity in the CenozoicFossil pollen reveals long‐term diversity changes in South America – a gradual rise then fall in plant diversity from 65 to 20 million years ago

Page 11: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

11

The Cenozoic (65 Ma ‐ present)

Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma)

Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within 1.4 million years

Early Tertiary climate favoured rain forests

Angiosperms, as well as mammals and birds, diversified once more

After 35 Ma the world began to cool and forests retreated 

The last 10‐15 million years has seen C4‐grasslands emerge as a major tropical biome

The evolution of grazing species along with fire restricted the distribution of forests

Regional differences: Neotropics

Page 12: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

12

Forests Through Glacial CyclesUnder glacial conditions wet tropical climates cooled and dried, montane vegetation descended and sea levels dropped

Cooling lowered altitudinal vegetation bands by as much as 1500 m and temperate species (e.g. Quercus, Alnus and gymnosperms) migrated into the tropics

Regional differences: Madagascar

Page 13: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

13

Regional differences: Southeast Asia

The Dipterocarpaceae: Gondwana origin, India rafting, and Asian radiation

Page 14: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

14

Regional differences: New Guinea

Coastal extension and deep sea division

17,000 yrs BP 9,500 yrs BP

Land bridges during lower sea levels permitted faunal exchange across Southeast Asia

Deep water channels limited exchange across the Wallace Line

Page 15: Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests · Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within

24/02/2015

15

Regional differences: Australasia

• Australasia separated from Gondwana at about the same time as South America

• Evolved its own distinctive flora

• Rainforest flora comprises ancient conifer groups (Agathis) that dominated Gondwanan forests

• Many angiosperm families also occur elsewhere because of the ancient Gondwana link

Bowenia spectabilis (Stangeriaceae)

Agathis microstachya (Araucariaceae)

Take home messages

• Tropical forest with complex structures have arisen repeatedly over geological time.

• Tropical rain forests acted as a cradle of angiosperm and animal diversification.

• Tectonic and biogeographical processes have interacted to shape tropical rain forest distributions and compositions