Upload
grover
View
25
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Fuels of the Future The Bioalcohol Paradigm. ethanol. bridge fuels. lignocellulosic feedstocks. liquid fuel. yeast. energy. phytomass. advanced biofuels. synthetic biology. fermentation. branched-chain alcohols. CDC PHIL /James Gathany. main topics. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
original slides by: Drew Sowersby (May 2011) _technical contributor for Advanced Biofuels USA
Fuels of the FutureThe Bioalcohol Paradigm
CDC PHIL /James Gathany
yeast
ethanol
liquid fueladvanced biofuels phytomass
fermentation
lignocellulosic feedstocks
synthetic biology
branched-chainalcohols
bridge fuels
energy
www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org
Message to the reader The following slide document has been created to inform a broad audience about the importance and likely dominance of bioalcohols in the transportation industry as the global transition from non-renewable fossil fuels to renewable advanced biofuels gains momentum. The information contained in these slides stands in support of the Advanced Biofuels USA mission.
“The Mission of Advanced Biofuels USA is to promote public understanding, acceptance, and use of advanced biofuels by promoting research, development and improvement of advanced biofuels technologies, production, marketing and delivery; and by promoting the sustainable development, cultivation and processing of advanced biofuels crops, and agricultural and forestry residues and wastes.”
These slides are for public consumption and can be duplicated, replicated, modified, adapted, distributed, transmitted, and/or shared as seen fit by the reader. Please credit sources accordingly. If you wish to modify this document, just add your name under mine on the first slide. Note: Some slides contain additional information in notes section below
Concerted efforts from scientists, farmers, politicians, and grassroots organizations like Advanced Biofuels USA to understand and advocate for sustainability are ongoing. Most of us are seeking the promise of global security, the development of a sustainable workforce, and an endless supply of clean renewable energy.
Converting biomass to biofuels for transportation fuel applications is currently one of the most active areas of investigative research in science and engineering. The following sections will offer an in-depth technical perspective of liquid fuels and demonstrate the overriding potential of bioalcohols to bridge transportation energy needs of modern society with the future of the human race.
1. Energy: The Root of All Civilization
2. Why Bioalcohols? Blending Bridges to Sustainability
3. Leaping Barriers: Squeezing the Sun
Section 1
Energy: The root of all civilization
1 EJ = 1018 J The post civil war exploitation of coal helped spawn the Industrial Age, while the subsequent incorporation of crude-oil and natural gas fossil resources helped spawn what has become a global economy. Is this pattern sustainable? Most believe the answer to this question is NO! Why?
In the beginning there was…..biofuels?
In this section the ongoing energy crisis can be visualized in a series of graphs depicting the startling connection between:
1. Energy Consumption2. GDP per capita (prosperity)3. Population growth4. Debt (deficit spending)
chart by : http://perotcharts.com/2008/05/growth-of-us-population-1790-2050/
http://8020vision.com/2010/06/21/the-real-population-problem/
U.S. Energy Information Administration (Washington, DC, June 2009) Projections: AEO2010 National Energy Modeling System
1980 1995 2008 2020 20350
20
40
60
80
100
120
Renewables
Liquids
Biofuels
Natural gas
Nuclear
Coal
Projections
U.S. primary energy use by fuel (1980-2035) 1.
0 ×
1015
Btu 40%
Breakdown of the U.S.liquid fuel market
• 35 quadrillion Btu’s (37 EJ) of liquid energy annually
• ~ 95% of all liquids since 1958 have come from petroleum 1
• 63% of refined petroleum was delivered to market as motor gasoline for transportation2
• less than 3% biofuels
1. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2008, Petroleum Consumption: Transportation Sector, 1949-2008. 2009, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C
2. O’Donnell, M. Master’s Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 2009
Global transportation energy consumption vs. GDP in 2006
graph from: http://environmentalresearchweb.org/blog/2009/07/high-debt-and-energy-return-on.html
Energy and Economic Interconnectedness
http://tclocal.org/images/failure-feedback.jpg
Summary
It appears there exists a positive correlation between energy consumption, population growth rate, GDP, and the abstractions of expanding debt and monetary instability. So now what?
We must now consider alternatives to the current trends of fossil fuel dependence and moves toward sustainability. The next section will discuss the biofuels option with an in-depth analysis of the bioalcohol paradigm.
Why Bioalcohols?Blending Bridges to Sustainability
Section 2
In contrast to fossil fuels, biofuels….1. Are sustainable (1-100 yrs vs. 106-108 yrs)2. Can be carbon neutral or negative3. Have a more diversified, distributed means of
production4. Can be created as reagent grade molecules (pure)
Biofuels are any biologically derived solid, liquid, or gas that stores energy used in combustion applications.
What are biofuels?
BiowasteBiocrude
Bioalcohol
Biogasoline (grassoline)
Biogas
Biodiesel
BIOFUELTYPES
Biomass
Commercially availableMethanol
Natural Gas Propane
Biodiesel Electricity Ethanol
Hydrogen
Under investigation and developmentBiobutanol
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel Gas to Liquids (GTL)
Biogas Biomass to Liquids (BTL) Coal to Liquids (CTL)
Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD)P-Series (gasoline substitute)
Alternative Transportation Fuels
Source: The Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992
biomass
biofuels
adapted by: Drew Sowersby
conversion
Milli
on B
arre
ls pe
r Day
chart by: http://tclocal.org/images/eia-liquidfuels.jpg
Source: U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Information Agency (EIA).
Global biofuel supplies expected to increase dramatically
BP p.l.c., Statistical Review, BP Energy Outlook 2030, London, January 2011
Milli
on b
arre
ls da
y less than 2% of totalliquid consumption
more than 90% of all carsuse sugarcane ethanol
1st generation fuels • corn-starch• sugar from cane and beets• soy for diesel
2nd generation – multi-component cellulose• switchgrass• miscanthus• agriculture and food processing residues• poplar trees
3rd generation – high quality cellulose• microalgae• macroalgae (seaweed)• cyanobacteria
4th generation - sun fuels• carbon dioxide + light + biocatalyst…
The evolution of biofuels is defined in terms of the carbon feedstock used for production
CO2impact factor
net 0
(medium to high lignin content)
(low to no lignin)
The BioalcoholParadigm
biomass
sugarfeedstocks
fermentation
product recoverymarket 1
chemical Storagemarket 2
market 3
Bioalcohols currently dominatecommercially available biofuels
http://www.vsjf.org/project-details/13/biomass-to-biofuels-resources
Biomass to Biofuels
biomass bioalcohols process generalization
Lignocelluloses represent the most abundant source of bioenergy
Rubin, E. Nature, 2008, 454, 841-845.
Glucose
Treatment with cellulases and/or acids releases glucose monomers for fermentation
Most cellulosic material, like woods and grasses, contains lignin
1. Liu, Z. L.; Slininger, P. J.; Gorsich, Appl Biochem. Biotechnol., 2005, 124, 451-460.
organic acids
phenols
aldehydes
ketones
CLASSES of inhibitors
But lignocellulosic feedstocks are not easily converted to sugar substrate and can introduce over 100 inhibitors into fermentation batches1
The yeast cell factory has been used by humans for over 8000 years to create a host of useful
renewable products
Advantages• Are the most common microorganisms
used for production of biofuels (primarily alcohols)
• Are eukaryotic• Have simple nutrient requirements• Are prime targets for bioengineering • Convert glucose to ethanol with
unusual efficiency (FERMENTATION)
insulin
lactic acid
carotenoids
alcohols
carbon dioxide
polymer precursors
So far, Saccharomyces cerevisiae have demonstrated the ability to perform with a
lignocellulosic feedstock.
Ehr
lich
Path
way
Glucose
PyruvateO2
Glycolysis(regulated and irreversible steps)
CO2 + H2O respiration
Fermentation
amino acid synthesis
CO2 + CH3CH2OH
Standard fermentation in yeast
Higher alcohol synthesis
Ketoaldehydes+
CO2
BCAAs
Branched-chain alcohols
decarboxylation(step 2)
NADH-dependent reduction(step 3)
transamination(step 1)
BAT1, BAT2
PDC1, PDC2, PDC3, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, THI3 (KID1)
ADH1, ADH2, ADH3, ADH4, ADH5, ADH6, SFA1, etc.
2MB2MP
3MB
(leucine, valine, isoleucine)
2-Keto acids
Ehrlich Pathwaybranched-chain alcohol synthesis
Yeast cells naturally create C4 and C5 alcohols using fermentation enzymes
superior alcohol fuel surrogates
Nitrogen Source
Gases (CO2 and O2)
Water
Excess sugar
Ionic Strength
pHInhibitors
Viscosity
Fluid Motion
Temperature
Biocatalyst
Fermentation as a complex adaptive system
Hypothetical Interaction Map
Isobutanol (2MP) is a viableplatform molecule
conventional motorgasolineisobutanol
GEVO, Inc.
Highlights• High yield isobutanol yeast fermentation (105 g/L per batch)• Conversion to hydrocarbons • Carbon emissions reduction of 85%• Competes with oil at $65 a barrel source: GEVO, Inc.
C4-C5 Alcohol Platform
Case Study: “Production of Butyric Acid and Butanol from Biomass”
Ramey D and Yang S-T, Phase II STTR Final Report for D.O.E. (2004)
HighlightsAfter logging 10,000 miles butanol….
• increased auto mileage by 9%• reduced oxides of nitrogen by 37%• reduced carbon monoxide to 0.01%• reduced hydrocarbons by 95%
first American company to commercialize butanol
ButylFuel, LLC
C4-C5 alcohols have advantagescompared to ethanol
higher energy density lower vapor pressure lower air/fuel ratio less corrosive less hygroscopic higher gasoline blend ratios
o “drop-in” fuel compatible with gasoline engines,
existing storage facilities, and distribution infrastructure
1. Harvey, B. J.; Meylemans, H. A. J Chem Technol Biotechnol., 2011, 86, 2–9.2. Dürre, P. Biotechnol. J., 2007, 2, 1525-1534.
Fuel Cn
Energy density(MJ/L)
Boiling point (°C )
Solubility in water at
20°C(g/L)
Vapor pressure at 20°C
(mm Hg)Gasoline 4-12 33 38-204 negligable 275-475Ethanol 2 21 78 miscible 59
2-methyl-1-propanol* 4 26 108 95 9
3-methyl-1-butanol 5 28 130 30 2
2-methyl-1-butanol 5 28 128 36
(at 30°C ) 3
--information obtained from MSDSs, Sigma-Aldrich website, and NIST chemistry WebBook.* a.k.a. isobutanol ~ 1-butanol
Selected bioalcohol and gasoline properties
Liquid Fuel Energy DensitiesM
J/L
MJ/kgAdapted by Drew SowersbySource:Scott dial http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energy_density.svg
butanol/pentanol sweet spot?
Right now fuel blends are showing up at pumps across the U.S.
E10 o Up to 10% ethanol to replace MTBE
E15 - E85o contains 15% to 85% ethanolo requires post 2001 or Flexfuel engine
technology
B20o contains 20% biodiesel / 80% dieselo made commercially from soybeans
How long until we see C4 and C5 advanced alcohols at the pump?
BRIDGE FUELS
Section 3
Leaping Barriers:Squeezing the Sun
The Obstacle CourseIt would be irresponsible to assume that human energy
needs will be fulfilled in a timely fashion. The transition to sustainable energy will likely be a long arduous process.
Moore’s Curse and the Great Energy Delusion (The American Magazine, November 19, 2008)
“There is one thing all energy transitions have in common: they are prolonged affairs that take decades to accomplish, and the greater the scale of prevailing uses and conversions the longer the substitutions will take. The second part of this statement seems to be a truism but it is ignored as often as the first part: otherwise we would not have all those unrealized predicted milestones for new energy sources.”
- Vaclav Smil-Distinguished Professor at the University of Manitoba.
Technical Barriers
Low cropenergy density
Kerr, R. Science, 2010, 329, 780-781
Supply continuity
Geographic distribution
Sheer size required for economic
growth
GOAL
START
The Bright SideThe sun delivers about 1000 W/m2
of power to Earth’s surface. • 1000 Wh = 1 kWh = 3.6 mega Joules (MJ)• peak sun hour = 1 kWh • peak sun hours per day based on geo location
http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/SUNLIGHT/AVG.HTM
≈ 4.00 peak sun hours avg./day11 peak sun hour = 3.6 MJ
14.4 MJ/(m2)day × 365 days × 9.83 × 1012 m2
≈ 5.20 × 1016 MJ/year
1 MJ = 994.78 Btu
≈ 4.90 × 1019 Btu/year
1. Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2006
U.S. example?
US land area
this is roughly 500X the current amount of US energy usage
≈ 2.00-3.00 peak sun hours/day
7.2 MJ/(m2)day × 365 days × 5.14 × 1014 m2
≈ 1.35 × 1018 MJ/year
≈ 1.28 × 1021 Btu/year
Earth?
“Using detailed land analysis, Illinois researchers have found that biofuel crops cultivated on available land could produce up to half of the world's current fuel consumption – without affecting food crops or pastureland. Adding LIHD (low input high density) crops grown on marginal grassland to the marginal cropland estimate from earlier scenarios nearly doubled the estimated land area to 1,107 million hectares globally, even after subtracting possible pasture land – an area that would produce 26 to 56 percent of the world's current liquid fuel consumption.” -- http://cee.illinois.edu/cai_biofuel_land
Published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology, the study led by civil and environmental engineering professor Ximing Cai identified land around the globe available to produce grass crops for biofuels, with minimal impact on agriculture or the environment.
What will the next transition be?
Paradigm Shiftstandard fermentation
toadvanced fermentation
2nd generationbiofuels
1st generationbiofuels
NON-FOOD crops and waste/residues
FOOD crops
CO2 and the SUN
Taking Us from the Present to the Future
Many companies are engaged in making these transitions happen.
See a list of more than 400 companies in the Resources section on the Advanced Biofuels USA web site: http://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/resources/companies-involved-with-advanced-biofuels
Find out more at www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org