Al-Ain University of Science and Technology

College of Pharmacy

Orientation to Pharmacy

Dr. Khairi M. Salem 2nd Semester 2012-2013

April 18, 2023 1

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course covers orientation to pharmacy, history of pharmacy, pharmacy profession on local and world-wide, career opportunities for pharmacists, education in pharmacy, college curriculum, with special emphasis on the differences between patient-oriented, and drug oriented education, local and international organizations, information resources in pharmacy, drug literature .It offers an introduction to various drug delivery systems concerning their definition, route of administration, advantages, disadvantages of and an overview on the

prescription. April 18, 2023 2

COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. Orient students to pharmacy as a future career, using examples for comparing the advantages of pharmacy as a profession as compared with other professionals and the essential characters of the different opportunities for pharmacist.

2. Overview the history and development of pharmacy from medicinal herbs to biotechnology using presentations, projects, researches and appropriate illustrations Be familiar with old civilizations in pharmacy with an overview on contemporary pharmacy especially the leadership of USA in clinical pharmacy.

3. Gain the knowledge to illustrate the progress in pharmacy education and its implication on pharmacy profession with special emphasis on patient-oriented to pharmacy education using sources on the internet.

4. Interpret, classify and evaluate different pharmaceutical dosage forms with special emphasis on simple drug delivery systems as solutions, syrups, pastilles, pastes and ointments using models of the products and internal inserts.

5. Use available documentations and references to understand the pharmacy ethics and to enumerate the local and international pharmaceutical organizations with a summary of their roles

April 18, 2023 3

COURSE OUTCOMES

1. Discuss the present situation and future of pharmacy as a career.

2. Compare between the different career opportunities for a pharmacist concerning activities, advantages and disadvantages.

3. Evaluate the role of Islam. Ancient Egyptians, Indians, Chinese and Babelions, Greek and Romans on pharmacy profession development.

4. Compare drug-oriented with patient-oriented pharmacy education..

5. Enumerate the routes of administration of most important medications.

6. Discuss the types, advantages and disadvantages of different dosage forms

7. Define patient compliance with the prescribed medication

8. Discuss the importance of ethics in pharmacy practice April 18, 2023 4

LEARNING AND INFORMATION RESOURCES

1. Textbook Title:Pharmacy : An Introduction to the Profession Author: Michael Posey

ISBN: 9781582121277Edition: 2nd  Publisher: American Pharmacists Association Year Published: 2009

2. Shargel L. et al (2005). Comprehensive pharmacy Review. Lippincott Williams Philadelphia. USA

B. References:1. Lieberman A. et al (2004). Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms.

Marcel Decker. U.S.A. Ansel ,An Introduction to pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 4th Ed. Lea and Febiger Philadelphia. USA

April 18, 2023 5

C. Internet ReferencesStudents are encouraged to visit web sites as a means of learning

more about the profession:www.moh.gov.ae/en/ (Ministry of Health-UAE)www.haad.ae/haad/ (Health Authorities Abu Dhabi)www.pharmacist.com (American Pharmacists Association) www.ashp.org (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists) www.aacp.org (American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy) www.amcp.org (Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy) www.ascp.com (American Society of Consultant Pharmacists) www.ncpanet.org (National Community Pharmacists Association) www.npha.net (National Pharmaceutical Association) www.talkaboutrx.org (National Council on Patient Information

and Education)www.nacds.org (National Association of Chain Drug Stores) www.phrma.org (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of

America)www.nabp.net (National Association of Boards of Pharmacy) www.fda.gov (Food and Drug Administration) www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu (OSU’s College of Pharmacy)

Course TitleCourse TitleOrientation to PharmacyOrientation to Pharmacy

Course CodeCourse Code 02011310201131

Course typeCourse typeCompulsoryCompulsory

Course TimeCourse TimeLecture : 10-11 SunLecture : 10-11 Sun

Lab.1. MALE: 11-13 SunLab.1. MALE: 11-13 Sun..

Lab.51. FEMALE: 13.0-15 SunLab.51. FEMALE: 13.0-15 Sun..

..

InstructorInstructor Dr. Khairi M. SalemDr. Khairi M. Salem

Phone Phone ExtensionExtension

MobileMobile

866866

050-44924160050-44924160

April 18, 2023 7

• Weekly lectures• Week 1• Introduction to pharmacy profession• Definition of relevant pharmacy terms• The future of Pharmacy as medical

profession• Week 2• The Pharmacist and Pharmacy Career

opportunities • Pharmaceutical Care and Medical Care• Community Pharmacists• Week 3• Pharmacist Career• Hospital Pharmacist• Clinical Pharmacist• Week 4• Pharmacist Career• Industrial Research and development

and QC Pharmacist• Marketing and promotional Pharmacist• Academic Pharmacist• Pharmacist and Public Health• Week 5• Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms• Types of dosage forms• Requirements of drug delivery system• Assessment of drug dosage forms• Week 6• Liquid Dosage Forms• Formulation of Liquid dosage forms• Advantages and Disadvantages of

liquid dosage forms

• Week 7• Solvents used in liquid dosage forms• Water; advantages, disadvantages and

types• Ethyl alcohol• Glycerol • Co-solvency • Hydrotrophy and Soulbilization • Week 8• Excipients used in liquid dosage forms• Aromatic Water• Solutions• Spirits• Elixirs• Tinctures• Week 9• Syrups• Suspensions• Emulsions• Oral Mixtures• External Solutions• Week 10• Solid Dosage Forms• Powders• Granules• Capsules• Week 11• Tablets• Advantages and disadvantages• Properties of ideal tablets• Formulation of tablets as sold dosage

form

April 18, 2023 8

•Week 12•Semi Solid dosage Forms•Ointments and Creams•Suppositories

•Week 13•Pharmacy Educations•Drug oriented and Patient oriented curricula•College of pharmacy curricula

•Week 14•History of Pharmacy•Ancient Egyptians, Indians, Chinese and Babelions•Old Creeks and Chinese medicines•Arabic and Islamic contributions

•Week 15•Ethics in Pharmacy•Code of ethics

•Week 16•Revision

Introduction to pharmacy profession(Chapters 1,2and 3)

Textbook. Pharmacy : An Introduction to the Profession

Chapters 1• Definition of relevant pharmacy terms• The future of Pharmacy as medical professionOutcomes:

By the end of this chapter the student will be able to:1. Demonstrate the different terms related to the

profession

2. Discuss the present situation and future of pharmacy as

a career

Definition of relevant pharmacy terms• Pharmacy is the is a health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences

and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of drugs and pharmaceuticals The word derives from the Greek word: (pharmakon), meaning "drug" or "medicine • The scope of pharmacy practice includes certain

traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to Health Care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information.

• Pharmacist, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes

Medication Therapy Management:• For centauries, the pharmacists have been paid

when they provide medicinal agent to patient• When the responsibilities of medicine and

pharmacy were separated, the pharmacist concentrated on the art of preparing their medicines prescribed by the physicians( a few centuries ago)

• The new automated and advanced pharmaceutical industries Limited the pharmacist to practice the profession in this field

( 19th -20th century) … start of MTM (2003)Health Care: • Effect of aging and the pharmacist role• Pharmacist and drug preparations

Chapter 2

Development of Pharmacy in History as Healing profession

Outcomes:Illustrate the history of pharmacy from its origins in

ancient times through the middle of twentieth century 1. Pharmacy differentiates during the Middle ages: The separation between pharmacy and medicine in Islamic land.The first pharmacy shop: in eight century in BagdadGerman Frederick II issued an act in1240 that separates the pharmacy

profession

2. The European Renaissance : Emerging the association of pharmacists

3. Pharmacy in USA: in the old days and in nineteenth century

1820. USA Pharmacopeia , 1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy, new York college of pharmacy 1829.

4. Twentieth century pharmacy: improvement of pharmaceutical industry

Thinking of other practices of pharmacy as patient oriented practices April 18, 2023 12

April 18, 202313

History of Pharmacy 11. Ancient Egyptian Period:. Ancient Egyptian Period: The ancient Egyptians 3000 B.C . Were expert in using

drugs for disease curing. Son was a priest doctor and pharmacist, who prescribe

and prepare medicines. The ancient Egyptians used to prepare their medicines

and drugs either from biological sources either from animal origin or plant origin.

2. The Mesopotamian Formula:2. The Mesopotamian Formula: The Babylonian medicine was known through

interpretation of a written table known as (Laws of Hammurabi in 772 B.C .

The formula contain 250 materials of plant and 180 of animal source which usually mixed with honey or water before administration.:

3. 3. Old Indian MedicineOld Indian Medicine : : The aim of the old Indian drugs (2000 B.C) is used to The aim of the old Indian drugs (2000 B.C) is used to

prolong the human life.prolong the human life. The drugs obtained from plant materials by pure The drugs obtained from plant materials by pure

religious person.religious person. The fresh plants were considered to be more effective, The fresh plants were considered to be more effective,

after its collection from fertile soil washed with pure after its collection from fertile soil washed with pure water and exposed to sunwater and exposed to sun

April 18, 202314

44. Old Chinese Medicines :. Old Chinese Medicines : Famous in the acupuncture and the Chinese herbal medicine

before 1000 B.C. The Chinese thought that for every disease, there must be a

drug curing it, and the drug is only provided by nature. Many drugs of plant and animal origin were used and prepared

in form of suppositories and ointments or as dry powders

5. The Greek and Romans:5. The Greek and Romans: Well Known Hippocrates (466 B.C) was familiar with numerous

drugs and wrote Corpus Hippocraticum . Alexander the great helped to increase the number of the drugs

used at that time. Dioscorides was first to describe the drugs and his work “ Greek

Herbal of Dioscorides” included about 5000 medical plats + animal and Dioscorides” included about 5000 medical plats + animal and

mineral drugsmineral drugs.

6. 6. Islamic contributionIslamic contribution : : The Islamic civilization added many scientific terms as “Kemia” The Islamic civilization added many scientific terms as “Kemia”

alcohol .alcohol . Famous Islamic scientist as Famous Islamic scientist as Abu al Hassan Ibn-Sina (980-Abu al Hassan Ibn-Sina (980-

1037 A.D1037 A.D). His Book (canon of Medicine) was known as the best ). His Book (canon of Medicine) was known as the best written medical test.written medical test.

Ibn Al- Bitar born in Spain in 1197 A.D, he was the best Ibn Al- Bitar born in Spain in 1197 A.D, he was the best pharmacognosit from fertile soil washed with pure water and pharmacognosit from fertile soil washed with pure water and exposed to sun, his book “ exposed to sun, his book “ Jame–ul- muffradatJame–ul- muffradat” contains ” contains description of 2000 drugs.description of 2000 drugs.

Dawood El- AntakiDawood El- Antaki and his book “ and his book “ Tazkert Uli Ai- AlbabTazkert Uli Ai- Albab”” Al- Buiruni Al- Buiruni and his bookand his book “ pharmacy and medical “ pharmacy and medical

mmaterial”aterial”

Chapter 3Pharmaceutical Care and Medication Therapy

ManagementOutcomes:Discuss the pharmacy profession and the new

application of Pharmaceutical care and medication therapy Management

1. Pharmacy (occupation vs profession): 2. Pharmaceutical Care as reprofessionlization :

Drug information, Decentralized drug distribution, pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics

3. The Millis report: Pharmacists for future(1975 AACP)

Development of clinical pharmacy, NAPLEX exam, enhancing the clinical studies in the pharmacy colleges, board of pharmaceutical specialties within APHA

4. Pharm.D program.1989 accreditation by ACPE, 2000 eliminating B.Sc. in

pharmacy replaced by Pharm.D5. Pharmaceutical care in community pharmaciesTill 1990 Pharm. care provided in hospital only, in 2003

US congress approved the MTM for high- risk people elderly and disabled people

April 18, 2023 15

Pharmacy: A branch of Science, technology and art dealing with the following aspects:

1. The Discovery of New MedicamentsA. Natural SourceB. Animal SourceC. Microbial FermentationD. Mineral and trace elementsE. Chemical synthesis or semi synthesis 2. Production of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms3. Quality control of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms4. Distribution of the formulated Dosage Forms5. Dispensing of drugs 6. Marketing and promotion

April 18, 2023 16

The Pharmacist and the Pharmacy Careers

• Pharmacist must conceive knowledge that improve health services, through the Pharmaceutical Care (PC) which is a necessary element for the Total Health Care (THC)

• Physicians carry out Medical Care (MC)• Pharmacist carry out Pharmaceutical Care (PC)

• Pharmaceutical Care (PC) : “Can be defined as Responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life “

• Medicaments: Agent used in the prevention, control and treatment of a disease (PCT)

April 18, 2023 17

Pharmacist: A highly qualified person whose profession is pharmacy

(practicing Pharmacy ) and may be : 1. Community Pharmacist2. Hospital Pharmacist3. Clinical Pharmacist4. Manufacturing Pharmacist5. Quality control Pharmacist6. Research & Development Pharmacist7. Governmental Pharmacist8. Marketing Pharmacist9. Academic Pharmacist

Pharmacist Careers :

Community Pharmacist:Dispensing of Prescriptions ( To Give Drugs According to

Prescription ).The Role Of Community Pharmacist include:1. Review prescriptions for the following reasons:

April 18, 2023 18

A. Possible Unaccepted indicationsB. Possible dug – drug interactions ( Tetracycline with

Calcium)C. Possible dug – food interactions ( Tetracycline with

Meat)D. Possible dug – smoking interactions E. Possible contraindications ( Voltaren with Peptic

Ulcer)F. Possible tetratogenic drugs (Danger for fetes) Amino

glycosidesG. Possible danger for babes during breast feeding

( Hormones in oral contraceptive) H. Possibility of dose errors ( high or Low dose)2. Suggest Alternatives on scientific backgrounda. Standard Product is the most effective product as

Lanoxin for digoxin, Augmentin for Amox-clav , etcb. If the standard product is not available, the

pharmacist must select an alternative which must be bioequivalent

Bioequivalent = dosage forms that give similar concentration in blood to the standard product

April 18, 2023 19

3. Improve adherence or compliance :The proper use of medications according to the regulations

given by the prescribed ( non- adherence = 22 – 88%) Examples as:

• Changing the dose by increase or decrease• Change frequency ( every 6 Hours to every 8 hours)• Earlier stop of drugs (use antibiotic for 1-3 days instead of

5-7 days)4. Purchasing drug Product: ( Effectiveness, Price, needs of

patients.5. Proper storage of drugs ( sera, vaccines and suppositories)6. Preparation of certain formula( exp. Na bicarbonate -

Glycerol )Advantages: Fresh, decrease Load on manufactures and Utilize

pharmacist knowledge7. Patient Consultant for: A. Selection over the counter (OTC) as anti-acids and anti-

cough drugs for diarrhea, constipation … etc B. Adherence : ensure the using of drug in proper way by the

Patient C. Patient educationD. Good storage conditionE. Refill ( repeat the prescription for diabetes, hypertension

etc…)8. Pharmaceutical careA. Preventive TherapyB. Non-Pharmacological Therapy9. Patient Monitoring10. Arrangement of drug Product According to:a. Manufacturing companyb. Pharmacological groupsc. Alphabetical11. Computerization

April 18, 2023 20

Hospital Pharmacist (HP):This is the pharmacist working in hospital, including army,

police , company etc, Hp activities include the following:

A. Administration as chief pharmacistB. Dispensing pharmacistC. Unite Dose preparationD. Purchasing & Storage of DrugsE. Pharmaceutical Care activitiesF. Manufacturing of certain Pharmaceutical ProductG. Included in pharmacy and therapeutic committee.Unit Dose System: The dispensing of each dose (doses) in

a special box for in-patient ( Patient well receive at proper time a box containing one tablet , one capsule … etc)

Pharmaceutical Care : new concept in pharmacist activity which means the participation of the pharmacist in clinical activity by direct or indirect way.

Drug information center: a unit containing all facilities (software, CD, internet to answer any questions about drugs as drug-drug interactions, side effects, contraindications…etc

Patient Education: to give patient full idea about disease, importance of medication and proper use & storage

of drugPatient monitoring :For insuring adequate response &

avoid adverse reactions April 18, 2023 21

Industrial Pharmacist :This is the pharmacist working in pharmaceutical

industry, whose activities include the following:1. Storage of raw material s and finished products2. Production of pharmaceutical dosage forms3. Quality control of pharmaceutical dosage forms4. Research and development of pharmaceutical

dosage forms5. Quality assurance6. Synthesis of raw material7. Extraction of natural source ( plant, animal)8. Biotechnology and genetic engineering industry9. Manufacturing and quality control of cosmetics

April 18, 2023 22

Marketing and Promotion of drug products :In Arab world, Pharmacist is involved in this activity

Bylaw, it is not allowed for any one except the pharmacist to work in promotion in UAE, Oman and Saudi Arabia, The promotion activity include:

1) Regular visits to Physician and pharmacist to give presentation on the advantage s of a product

2) Marketing studies 3) Design of promotional aids4) Participation in conferences Governmental ActivitiesAs pharmacist in Pharmacy departments in Ministry

of Health or general authority for health services which has the following responsibilities:

1. Registration of new drug product and re- Registration of present drug product

2. Licensure to new graduate pharmacist & to non-national pharmacist

3. Licensure to pharmacies & pharmaceutical companies

4. Establish and monitor the drug policies April 18, 2023 23

Other activities:1.1. As researcher in research centers As researcher in research centers

I.e. Sheik Zayed center for medical I.e. Sheik Zayed center for medical herbs.herbs.

2.2. UniversitiesUniversities3.3. Medical Laboratories ( Biochemical Medical Laboratories ( Biochemical

and Microbiological)and Microbiological)4.4. Medicinal HerbsMedicinal Herbs5.5. Cosmetic industryCosmetic industry6.6. Distribution of drug products to Distribution of drug products to

pharmacypharmacy.

Pharmacist and Public Health:

Prevention of Disease1. Factors like : smoking , improper smoking , improper

diet, less exercise, alcohol, obesitydiet, less exercise, alcohol, obesity2.2. Infectious disease like AIDSInfectious disease like AIDS3.3. Vaccines and seraVaccines and sera4.4. Nosocomial infectionsNosocomial infections

April 18, 2023 24

Chapter 4

Communication skills in Pharmacy Practice

Outcomes:Understand the techniques used to build

the relationships and improve health care.

1. Developing the relationship:

2. Listening and effective response: Give complete attention

listen , empathic response , trust

3. Supportive communication: Adherence

4. Patient counseling:5. Interacting with physicians6. Word choice and nonverbal cuesApril 18, 2023 25

Thank YouThank You

Khairi M. Salem. B.Pharm. PhDKhairi M. Salem. B.Pharm. PhD

Associate Prof. in pharmaceutical analysisAssociate Prof. in pharmaceutical analysis

April 18, 2023 26