28
± ǡ ǣ Ǥ Ǥ

Organize to Strike, Fight to Win

  • Upload
    servius

  • View
    225

  • Download
    2

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Chronicle of the Quebec 2010 student strike. Formatted for printing: 2-sided 11x8 sheets.

Citation preview

!

! "#!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!

"#!$%&!'()*#+,&-)./!'011&)!23!45678!92#$)&-.!:*..!%2;$!*$;!3*);$!<'=>-#-?-!;$0?&#$!12@&1&#$!A2#@&#$*2#B!C%&!+2-.!*;!$2!-;;&1D.&!

;$0?&#$;!3)21!?*33&)&#$!A20#$)*&;8!-#?!;%-)&!()-A$*A&;!-#?!;$)-$&+*&;!$%)20+%!$)-*#*#+!;&;;*2#;8!:2)E;%2(;!-#?!(.&#-)*&;B!

!

"#$!%#$&!'()#$%*+'#(,!

-+./&(+.('#('-%0#$1!

-+./&(+-+$'2&0(&+!

"#$%&$%'!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

"#$%&(%!)!*+!,!

-./01/$+!%2&!3#4&5&$%!)!*+!6!

"27#$/80&!#9!%2&!:;,:!<%7/=&!)!*+!,>!

"#$80.'/#$!)!*+!?@!

A.7%2&7!B&C1/$+'!)!*+!>;!!

!

!

!

!

"#$%*++&/!34!!

-&$5'.-678$'-&.90(&+!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! #!

"#$%&(%!!

!"#$#%&'()*+,$-.-)#/$D2&$!1/'8.''/$+!%2&!&1.8C%/#$!'E'%&5!/$!F.&G&8H!C$!/5*#7%C$%!C$1!

.$/I.&!82C7C8%&7/'%/8!'2#.01!G&!%C=&$!/$%#!C88#.$%J!-&%K&&$!2/+2!

'82##0!C$1!.$/4&7'/%EH!%2&7&L'!C$!/$'%/%.%/#$!8C00&1!%2&!"MNMOH!K2&7&!

'%.1&$%'!8C$!82##'&!%#!&$7#00!/$!&/%2&7!C!%K#PE&C7!*7#+7C5!#7!C!%27&&P

E&C7!%&82$/8C0!*7#+7C5J!Q2&!9#75&7!0&C1'!%#!.$/4&7'/%E!K2/0&!%2&!0C%%&7!/'!

#7/&$%&1!%#KC71!1/7&8%!/$%&+7C%/#$!/$%#!%2&!R#G!5C7=&%J!S$!%2&!8#$%&(%!#9!

F.&G&8!C$1!%2/'!%&(%H!%2&E!C7&!C0'#!8#55#$0E!7&9&77&1!%#!C'!8#00&+&'J!

!

S5*#7%C$%!C'*&8%'!#9!%2&'&!"MNMOT'!U8#00&+&'V!/$80.1&!%2&!5/(/$+!#9!

'%.1&$%'!97#5!1/99&7&$%!*7#+7C5'!/$!8#7&!80C''&'!'.82!C'!A7&$82H!

*2/0#'#*2E!C$1!'*#7%'H!C'!K&00!C'!%2&!9C8%!%2C%!%2&!&1.8C%/#$!/'!97&&H!

&(80.1/$+!$#5/$C0!C15/$/'%7C%/#$!C$1!#%2&7!9&&'J!

!

-&8C.'&!#9!%2&!&(/'%&$8&!#9!%2&'&!/$'%/%.%/#$'H!.$/4&7'/%E!.$1&7+7C1.C%&!

*7#+7C5'!C7&!#$0E!%27&&!E&C7'!0#$+!UC'!#**#'&1!%#!9#.7!E&C7'!9#.$1!

&0'&K2&7&!/$!"C$C1C!C$1!%2&!W<XV!C$1!2/+2!'82##0'!2C4&!#$&!0&''!E&C7!

U&0&4&$H!/$'%&C1!#9!%K&04&VJ!

W$/4&7'/%/&'!/$!F.&G&8H!0/=&!"MNMO'H!C7&!C00!'%C%&P9.$1&1!9#7!%2&!5#'%!

*C7%H!C$1!%./%/#$!U8#$%7/G.%/#$!GE!'%.1&$%'V!/'!9/(&1!GE!0CKY!.$/4&7'/%/&'!

8C$T%!82##'&!%#!82C7+&!2/+2&7!#7!0#K&7!%./%/#$0$&(8&*%!9#7!%2&!/$'%/%.%/#$C0!9&&'!'.82!C'!7&+/'%7C%/#$H!C15/$/'%7C%/#$!&%8J!A.7%2&75#7&H!

%./%/#$!1#&'$T%!4C7E!97#5!#$&!*7#+7C5!%#!C$#%2&7J!

!

D2/0&!%2&!%#%C0!8#'%!#9!&$7#005&$%!2C'!+#$&!.*!#4&7!%2&!E&C7'!%27#.+2!

/$'%/%.%/#$C0!9&&'H!%2&!C4&7C+&!8#'%!#9!C%%&$1/$+!.$/4&7'/%E!9#7!C!E&C7!/$!

F.&G&8!PP!C7#.$1!Z:[;;!PP!/'!'%/00!7&0C%/4&0E!0#K!GE!/$%&7$C%/#$C0!

'%C$1C71'J!Q2/'!/'!*C7%/C00E!1.&!%#!%2&!9C8%!%2C%!/$!,\]@H!C9%&7!C!+&$&7C0!

'%.1&$%!'%7/=&H!%./%/#$!KC'!97#^&$!C%!Z[;;!C!E&C7J!Q2&!%./%/#$!7&5C/$&1!

97#^&$!.*!.$%/0!,\\;!K2&$!/%!KC'!7C/'&1!%#!Z\?;!C$1!C+C/$!/$!:;;6J!M4&$!

'#H!K2&$!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!C$$#.$8&1!/$!:;,,!%2C%!/%!K#.01!/$87&C'&!%2&!

%./%/#$!9&&'!GE!Z,]:[H!/%!87&C%&1!C!0#%!#9!1/'8#$%&$%J!

!

! "$!

/$'%/%.%/#$'J!3#'%!'%.1&$%'!$&&1!%#!.$1&7'%C$1!C$1!&(*&7/&$8&!%2&!

8#$87&%&!&99&8%!#9!NXL'!5#%/#$'!G&9#7&!%2&E!+&%!7&C00E!/$%&7&'%&1!/$!/%!

C$1!7&'*&8%!/%J!S9!%2&!.$/#$!2C'!C$!#99/8/C0!7&*7&'&$%C%/4&!9.$8%/#$!G&9#7&!

%2&!C15/$/'%7C%/#$!#9!%2&!8C5*.'H!%2&$!/%L'!&C'E!%#!'2#K!'%.1&$%'!%2C%!

*#0/%/8C0!*#'/%/#$'!%C=&$!GE!%2&!NX!2C4&!C$!&99&8%!#$!%2&!8C5*.'L!0/9&J!S$!

%2&!'C5&!9C'2/#$H!/9!%2&!.$/#$!2C'!C!G.1+&%H!%2&$!'%.1&$%'!K/00!2C4&!C$!

/$%&7&'%!/$!%2&!NX!G&8C.'&!%2&!.$/#$L'!'*&$1/$+!2C'!C!8#$87&%&!&99&8%J!

!

X!'%C7%P.*!.$/#$H!2#K&4&7H!5/+2%!$#%!2C4&!#99/8/C0!7&*7&'&$%C%/4&!

*#K&7'!#7!C!'/+$/9/8C$%!G.1+&%J!_.%'/1&!#9!1/'8.7'/4&!8#$'%7.8%/#$!#9!%2&!

NXL'!*#K&7H!#$&!&99&8%/4&!KCE!%#!G./01!7&8#+$/%/#$!#9!%2&!NXL'!

'.*7&5C8E!/'!%27#.+2!'/$+0&P1CE!'%7/=&'J!X!#$&P1CE!'%7/=&!/'!$#%!C!G/+!

'C87/9/8&!9#7!'%.1&$%'H!G&8C.'&!0#'/$+!#$&!1CE!#9!80C''!1#&'$L%!7&C00E!

82C$+&!E#.7!9#75C%/#$J!_$!%2&!#%2&7!2C$1H!C!#$&!1CE!'%7/=&!8C$$#%!G&!

/+$#7&1H!G&8C.'&!GE!&$9#78/$+!/%H!'%.1&$%'!K2#!8C5&!%#!%2&/7!80C''&'!

C$1!1/1$L%!+/4&!5.82!C%%&$%/#$!%#!%2&!NX!%2&$!&(*&7/&$8&!%2&!7&C0/%E!#9!

%2&/7!80C''&'!G&/$+!8C$8&0&1J!Q2&E!5/+2%!$#%!C+7&&H!G.%!%2&E!0&C7$!%2C%!

/$!#71&7!%#!*7&4&$%!%2C%!9#7!2C**&$/$+H!%2&E!$&&1!%#!+#!%#!%2&!NXJ!Q2&!

$&(%!%/5&!C!'%7/=&!/'!4#%&1H!%2&E!5/+2%!$#%!%7E!%#!C%%&$1!%2&/7!80C''&'J!

Q2&!9/7'%!#$&'!5/+2%!G&!1/99/8.0%!C$1!'.82!C!KCE!%#!G./01!%2&!NXL'!

'.*7&5C8E!'2#.01!$#%!G&!.'&1!%##!'##$J!-.%!/$!F.&G&8H!%2&7&!/'!'.82!C!

#$&!1CE!'%7/=&!#$8&!*&7!'&5&'%&7H!C$1!%2/'!/'!#$&!#9!%2&!KCE'!K&!

7&*7#1.8&H!97#5!+&$&7C%/#$!%#!+&$&7C%/#$H!%2C%!/1&C!#9!%2&!NXL'!C$!

/$'%/%.%/#$!%2C%!2C'!7&C0!*#K&7!#4&7!8C5*.'!0/9&J!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! %&!

X4#/1/$+!G.7&C.87C%/'C%/#$!/'$L%!C!5C%%&7!#9!82##'/$+!%2&!7/+2%!

&5*0#E&&!#7!&0&8%/$+!%2&!G&'%!8C$1/1C%&J!S%L'!$#%!C!I.&'%/#$!#9!%7.'%H!

8#5*&%&$8&!#7!'/$8&7/%EJ!S%L'!CG#.%!9/+2%/$+!C+C/$'%!%2/$+'!%2C%!2C4&!%2&!

*#%&$%/C0!#9!0/9%/$+!9&00#K!'%.1&$%'!#7!K#7=&7'!/$%#!C!*#'/%/#$'!#9!7&0C%/4&!

*#K&7J!Q2&!9/7'%!#9!K2/82!/'!%2&!*#K&7!#9!7&*7&'&$%C%/#$J!

$1232456$5772896:27;$<=>$!=$9?:6@$!<2:4$621:!:85AB$!

D2&$!9/7'%!'&%%/$+!.*!C!'%.1&$%!.$/#$H!/%!5/+2%!$#%!G&!&C'E!%#!&'%CG0/'2!

%2&!'.*7&5C8E!#9!%2&!NX!C'!C!0&+/%/5C%&!%2/$+J!M4&$!/$!F.&G&8!K2&7&!

'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C7&!K/1&'*7&C1!C$1!K2&7&!%2&!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0E!2C'!

G&&$!7##%&1!/$!%2&!5#4&5&$%T'!8.0%.7&!9#7!1&8C1&'H!%2&!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!/$!

%2#'&!C''&5G0/&'!/'!.'.C00E!G&%K&&$!,!C$1!?`!#9!C00!5&5G&7'!#9!%2&!

'%.1&$%!.$/#$J!A#7!&(C5*0&H!/$!C!8#00&+&!#9!?;;;!'%.1&$%'H!%2&7&L'!

G&%K&&$!?;!C$1!,;;!'%.1&$%'!C%!7&+.0C7!C''&5G0/&'J!D2&$!C!#$&P1CE!

'%7/=&!/'!4#%&1H!%2&!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!4C7/&'!97#5![`!%#!?;`J!Q2&!2/+2&'%!

%.7$#.%!K&!2C4&!'&&$!/'!9#7!.$0/5/%&1!'%7/=&!4#%&'H!K/%2!C!5C(/5.5!#9!

CG#.%!];`J!W'.C00EH!'5C00&7!.$/#$'!2C4&!G&%%&7!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!7C%&'!%2C$!

G/++&7!#$&'H!C$1!.$1&7+7C1.C%&!'%.1&$%'!C7&!5#7&!/$80/$&1!%#!8#5&!

%2C$!+7C1.C%&!'%.1&$%'J!

!

<#H!K2E!1#&'!%2&!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!7C%&!'&&5!'#!0#Ka!D&00H!/%L'!/5*#7%C$%!%#!

.$1&7'%C$1!%2C%!8C*/%C0/'5!1#&'$L%!&$8#.7C+&!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!/$!

1&5#87C%/8!'%7.8%.7&'!C$1!/5*&1&'!/%!GE!4&7E!5C%&7/C0/'%/8!0/5/%C%/#$'J!

Q2&!$&&1!%#!K#7=!C$1!%2&!72E%25!/5*#'&1!GE!80C''&'!C$1!&(C5'!C7&!

&(C5*0&'!#9!%2C%J!

!

b#K!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!/'!C!*7#G0&5H!G.%!+/4/$+!%2&'&!0/5/%C%/#$'H!K&!2C4&!%#!

1&C0!K/%2!%2C%J!A7#5!%2&!&(*&7/&$8&!K&!2C1!/$!F.&G&8H!'#!0#$+!C'!NXL'!

C7&!K&00!*.G0/8/^&1!C$1!#*&$!%#!C00H!C$1!C'!0#$+!C'!%2&!.$/#$L'!&(&8.%/4&!

K#7='!2C71!%#!8#55.$/8C%&!%2&!5#%/#$'!4#%&1!/$!%2&!NXL'!%#!C00!

5&5G&7'H!%2&$!%2&!*7#8&''!K/00!G&!7&8#+$/^&1!C'!1&5#87C%/8!GE!C00!

'%.1&$%'!P!&4&$!%2#'&!K2#!1#!$#%!*C7%/8/*C%&J!

!

Q2&!7&C0!/''.&!CG#.%!'&%%/$+!.*!C!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!/'!$#%!'#!5.82!%#!*7#4&!

%2C%!%2&E!C7&!7&*7&'&$%C%/4&H!G.%!%#!/5*#'&!%2&5!C'!*&79#75C%/4&!

!

! '!

!

!"#$-)&%#,)$&,*+,-$Q2#.+2!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!/$!F.&G&8!2C4&!&(/'%&1!/$!%2&/7!8.77&$%!9#75!

'/$8&!%2&!5/1P'/(%/&'H!%2&E!K&7&!#$0E!7&8#+$/'&1!GE!0CK!/$!,\@?J!Q2&!0CK!

&'%CG0/'2&'!4C7/#.'!*7/4/0&+&'!9#7!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!'.82!C'!C.%#5C%/8!

5&5G&7'2/*!C$1!5C$1C%#7E!1.&'!97#5!C00!'%.1&$%'H!'&C%'!#$!4C7/#.'!

8#.$8/0'!'.82!C'!%2&!C15/$/'%7C%/4&!G#C710$1&'/+$C%&1!#99/8&!'*C8&!C$1!C!G/00G#C71!*7#4/1&1!GE!%2&!8C5*.'J!

!

S$!"MNMO'H!#$0E!#$&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!&(/'%'!*&7!/$'%/%.%/#$J!Q2/'!/'!

/5*#7%C$%H!G&8C.'&!];`!#9!"MNMO!'%.1&$%'!C7&!&$7#00&1!/$!C!%&82$/8C0!

*7#+7C5J!M4&$!%2#.+2!5#'%!#9!%2&5!1#$T%!+#!#$!%#!.$/4&7'/%EH!C$1!C!

2/=&!/$!.$/4&7'/%E!%./%/#$!9&&'!/'!.$0/=&0E!%#!C99&8%!%2&5!1/7&8%0EH!C'!

5&5G&7'!#9!%2&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!%2&ET7&!&$8#.7C+&1!%#!*C7%/8/*C%&!/$!

1/'8.''/#$'H!1&8/'/#$P5C=/$+!C$1!#7+C$/^/$+J!MC82!"MNMO!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!

%E*/8C00E!2C'!C!5&5G&7'2/*!#9!%K#!%#!'/(!%2#.'C$1!'%.1&$%'J!S$!%#%C0H!

"MNMO!'%.1&$%'!5C=&!.*!CG#.%!:;;0;;;!#9!%2&!>[;0;;;!'%.1&$%'!&$7#00&1!/$!*#'%P'&8#$1C7E!&1.8C%/#$!/$!F.&G&8J!

!

S$!.$/4&7'/%/&'H!%2&!'%7.8%.7&!#9!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!/'!0&''!2#5#+&$&#.'c!/%!

4C7/&'!97#5!#$&!/$'%/%.%/#$!%#!C$#%2&7J!Q2&7&!C7&!'5C00!1&*C7%5&$%C0!

.$/#$'H!.$/#$'!GC'&1!#$!%2&!.$/4&7'/%E!*7#+7C5'!C$1!0C7+&H!8C5*.'P

K/1&!.$/#$'J!<#5&!.$/#$'!C7&!'%7.8%.7&1!C'!9&1&7C%/#$'!#9!'5C00&7!

.$/#$'H!#%2&7'!$#%J!<#5&!0.5*!G#%2!.$1&7+7C1!C$1!+7C1!'%.1&$%'!/$%#!

#$&!.$/#$H!K2/0&!/$!#%2&7!/$'%/%.%/#$'!%2&ET00!2C4&!'&*C7C%&!G#1/&'J!X'!C!

7&'.0%!#9!C00!%2/'H!.$/4&7'/%E!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!%&$1!%#!&(2/G/%!5#7&!

'&8%C7/C$!1E$C5/8'H!K/%2!.$/#$'!/$!1/99&7&$%!*C7%'!#9!%2&!'C5&!.$/4&7'/%E!

%2C%!8#.01!2C4&!&$%/7&0E!1/99&7&$%!*#0/%/8'!C$1!*7C8%/8&'H!7C$+/$+!97#5!

7C1/8C0!C$1!C$%/P8C*/%C0/'%!%#!8#5*0C8&$%!C$1!8#$'&74C%/4&J!

!

S$!C11/%/#$!%#!%2&'&!0#8C0!.$/#$'H!%2&7&!C7&!C0'#!*7#4/$8&PK/1&!

9&1&7C%/#$'!#9!.$/#$'J!Q27&&!&(/'%!%#1CE!/$!F.&G&8!Y!Ad1d7C%/#$!

d%.1/C$%&!8#00d+/C0&!1.!F.dG&8!UAM"FVH!Ad1d7C%/#$!d%.1/C$%&!

.$/4&7'/%C/7&!1.!F.dG&8!UAMWFV!C$1!X''#8/C%/#$!*#.7!.$&!'#0/1C7/%d!

'E$1/8C0&!d%.1/C$%&!UX<<MVJ!

!

!

! (!

AM"F!C$1!AMWF!C7&!'/'%&7!#7+C$/^C%/#$'H!%2&!9#75&7!+7#.*/$+!"MNMO!

'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C$1!%2&!0C%%&7H!8C5*.'PK/1&!.$/4&7'/%E!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!#7!

+#4&7$5&$%'J!-#%2!C7&!I./%&!8#$4&$%/#$C0!.$/#$'H!'/5/0C7!%#!0CG#.7!

9&1&7C%/#$'J!Q2&/7!#7+C$/^/$+!/'!%#*P1#K$H!2/+20E!8&$%7C0/^&1!C$1!

G.7&C.87C%/8J!S$!%&75'!#9!*#0/%/8'H!%2&E!1&9&$1!0&9%/'%!4C0.&'H!#**#'&1!

%2&!%./%/#$!9&&!2/=&!C$1!'.**#7%&1!%2&!'%7/=&!PP!/$!0/5/%&1!9C'2/#$J!Q2&!

%K#!'%.1&$%!+7#.*'!C7&!80#'&!%#!%2&!OC7%/!F.&G&8#/'H!#$&!#9!%2&!%K#!

5C/$'%7&C5!*#0/%/8C0!*C7%/&'!/$!%2&!*7#4/$8&J!-&9#7&!%2&!:;,:!'%7/=&H!

%#+&%2&7!%2&E!7&*7&'&$%&1!#4&7!,@;H;;;!'%.1&$%'!C$1!K&7&!8#$'/1&7&1!

GE!*#0/%/8/C$'!C$1!5&1/C!C'!%2&!0&+/%/5C%&!7&*7&'&$%C%/4&'!#9!'%.1&$%'J!

!

X<<MH!K/%2!/%'!&5*2C'/'!#$!1/7&8%!1&5#87C8E!C$1!1/7&8%!C8%/#$H!/'!%2&!

5#7&!7C1/8C0!.$/#$J!-&9#7&!%2&!'%7/=&H!/%!2C1!C!5&5G&7'2/*!#9!#$0E!

>[H;;;!'%.1&$%'J!D/%2!C$!.$1&7'%C$1/$+!%2C%!5#7&!.$/#$'!K#.01!$&&1!

%#!R#/$!%#!G./01!C!'.99/8/&$%0E!0C7+&!#**#'/%/#$!5#4&5&$%H!X<<M!87&C%&1!C!

'%7/=&!8#C0/%/#$0$"#C0/%/#$!0C7+&!1&!0TX<<M!U"bX<<MV!GE!%&5*#7C7/0E!

#*&$/$+!.*!/%'!'%7.8%.7&'!C$1!8#$1/%/#$'!%#!R#/$J!

!

>"()$*-$(,$!"#$%$&'()*'"'+,#)-&!('"&)-&+$.'C$$S%T'!/5*#7%C$%!%#!.$1&7'%C$1!K2C%!/'!5&C$%!GE!e.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!

'%7/=&fJ!S$!F.&G&8H!C!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!/'$T%!R.'%!C!G.$82!#9!7C00/&'H!5C782&'!

C$1!#88.*C%/#$'J!Q2&!'%7/=&!/'!C!8#5*0&%&!'2.%1#K$!#9!C00!8#.7'&'!#$!

8C5*.'!Y!$#!80C''&'H!$#!&(C5'!C$1!$#!&4C0.C%/#$'!C7&!%#!%C=&!*0C8&!

K2/0&!%2&!'%7/=&!/'!#$J!_$8&!%2&!'%7/=&!/'!4#%&1!/$!C!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0E!C$1!

8#5&'!/$%#!&99&8%H!*/8=&%!0/$&'!C7&!&7&8%&1!C$1!80C''7##5'!C7&!&5*%/&1J!

M4&7E#$&H!'%.1&$%'!C$1!9C8.0%E!C0/=&H!/'!9#78&1!%#!7&'*&8%!%2&!'%7/=&!

5C$1C%&J!W$/4&7'/%/&'!C$1!8#00&+&'!C99&8%&1!GE!%2&!'%7/=&!'&&!%2&/7!

C8C1&5/8!8C0&$1C7'!1/'7.*%&1H!C$1!'/$8&!$#!80C''&'!#7!+7C1/$+!/'!C00#K&1!

%#!2C**&$H!1&+7&&'!8C$T%!G&!CKC71&1J!

!

D2/0&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C7&!7&8#+$/^&1!GE!.$/4&7'/%E!C15/$/'%7C%/#$'!C$1!

GE!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%H!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&'H!2#K&4&7H!2C4&!$#!'.82!0&+C0!

'%C$1/$+J!X0%2#.+2!$#%!/00&+C0!/$!C$1!#9!%2&5'&04&'H!5#'%!#9!%2&!%C8%/8'!

.'&1!GE!'%.1&$%'!%#!&$9#78&!%2&/7!'%7/=&'!C7&J!

!

!

! %)!

:-!.('#(-!3&;*%&!*;;&9+&/!34!;*9'+*<'-%=!+>&4!%#$&!*(/!%#$&!;*%&!+#!

$&-&%3<&!;*9'+*<'-+!'(-+'+.+'#(-!+>&%-&<5&-=!?'+>!*!>'&$*$;>';*<!-+$.;+.$&!

+#99&/!34!-*<*$'&/!3.$&*.;$*+-=!/&/';*+&/!<&1*<!/&9*$+%&(+-=!*(/!

(.%&$#.-!#+>&$!).<<!+'%&!-+*))0!@#/*4=!+>&!*--#;'*+'#(*<!*(/!

$&9$&-&(+*+'5&!).(;+'#(-!*$&!;#%9<&+&<4!'(+&$+?'(&/0!A(/&&/!4#.!B#'(!*!

.('#(!'(!#$/&$!+#!3&!$&9$&-&(+&/0!C.+!?>&(!+>'-!9$#;&--!)'$-+!3&1*(!'(!

&*$(&-+!*+!+>&!/*?(!#)!+>&!DE+>!;&(+.$4=!'+!9$#5#2&/!*!3*;2<*->!)$#%!

+>&!%#$&!$*/';*<!$*(2F*(/F)'<&!&<&%&(+-=!*!3$#*/!;.$$&(+!2(#?(!*-!

-4(/';*<'-%0!

!

G'-+#$'*(!C#3!G#<+#(!?$'+&-!+>*+!#(&!#)!+>&!%*B#$!)*;+#$-!3&>'(/!+>&!

C$'+'->!-4(/';*<'-+!%#5&%&(+!?*-!+>*+!H'(-+&*/!#)!.(/.&!$&9$&--'#(!'+!

?*-!'(;$&*-'(1<4!*1$&&/!I34!3#--&-!*(/!9#<'+';'*(-J!+>*+!+$*/&!.('#(!

/&%*(/-!;#.</!3&!%#$&!&))&;+'5&<4!/')).-&/!34!3*$1*'('(1!*(/!'(!

9*$+';.<*$!34!.+'<'-'(1!.('#(!#))';'*<-!*-!*!%&/'*+'(1!'()<.&(;&!3&+?&&(!

<*3#.$!*(/!;*9'+*<0HKK

!

!

X0%2#.+2!%2&E!1/99&7!/$!5C$E!KCE'H!*C7C00&0'!8C$!G&!17CK$!G&%K&&$!%2&!

7#0&!*0CE&1!GE!%2&'&!G.7&C.87C%/8!0CG#7!.$/#$'!C$1!GE!'%.1&$%!

+#4&7$5&$%'!#7!9&1&7C%/#$'J!S$!*.G0/8!%2&E!K/00!*7&'&$%!1&5C$1'!#$!

G&2C09!#9!%2&/7!5&5G&7'2/*!K2/0&!/$!*7/4C%&H!%2&E!K/00!C0KCE'!

8#5*7#5/'&!%#!C88#55#1C%&!K2#&4&7!/'!'/%%/$+!#**#'/%&H!K2&%2&7!

&5*0#E&7H!C15/$/'%7C%#7!#7!*#0/%/8/C$J!

!

D2C%!5C=&'!%2/'!*#''/G0&!/'!G.7&C.87C8EH!K2/82!8#$8&$%7C%&'!

=$#K0&1+&!C$1!*#K&7!/$!%2&!2C$1'!#9!C!9&K!/$1/4/1.C0'J!Q27#.+2!%2&/7!

/$90.&$8&H!K2/82!G&8#5&'!9C7!5#7&!/5*#7%C$%!%2C$!%2C%!#9!#%2&7!

5&5G&7'H!%2&E!K/00!+&%!C!+7&C%&7!'CE!/$!%2&/7!#7+C$/'C%/#$L'!

1&4&0#*5&$%!C$1!*#0/%/8C0!#7/&$%C%/#$J!_4&7!%/5&H!%2#'&!C%%7C8%&1!%#!

'.82!*7/4/0&+&1!*#'/%/#$'!K/00!'&&=!%#!8#$'#0/1C%&!/%H!C$1!GE!1#/$+!'#!K/00!

+./1&!%2&!&$%/7&!#7+C$/'C%/#$!%#KC71'!/$87&C'/$+0E!8#$'&74C%/4&!

*#'/%/#$'J!D2&$!UC$1!/9V!82C00&$+&1H!%2&E!K/00!#9%&$!8/%&!%2&!$&&1!9#7!

&99/8/&$8E!C$1!%2&!1C$+&7'!#9!7/'=P%C=/$+J!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!##!http://libcom.org/blog/thinking-about-unions-association-representation-20052011!

!

! %*!

g'%7/=&!&$9#78&5&$%!%&C5'g!%2C%!+#&'!97#5!80C''!%#!80C''!%#!1/'%.7G!

%2&5!.$%/0!%2&!%&C82&7!I./%'J!

!

D2&$!&$9#78/$+!%2&!'%7/=&H!/%L'!/5*#7%C$%!$#%!%#!G&!C++7&''/4&!C%!9/7'%J!

3#'%!'%.1&$%'!K2#!K/00!'2#K!.*!9#7!%2&/7!80C''&'!K#$L%!.$1&7'%C$1!

K2C%L'!2C**&$/$+J!QC=/$+!9/4&!5/$.%&'!%#!&(*0C/$!K2C%T'!2C**&$/$+!/'!

.'.C00E!&$#.+2!%#!8#$4/$8&!%2&5!%#!0&C4&J!"#$'/1&7!%2/'!C'!C$!

#**#7%.$/%E!%#!%C0=!%#!'%.1&$%'!K2#!C7&!+&$&7C00E!5#7&!C*C%2&%/8J!

!

!<2$A572$515:37!$42D42723!5!:E2$@28=A45AB$!

-./01/$+!C!1&5#87C%/8!5#4&5&$%!/'$L%!C!5C%%&7!#9!*&7'#$C0!*7&9&7&$8&!

#7!#7+C$/'/$+!'%E0&J!h#.!1#!E#.7!%2/$+H!C$1!SL00!1#!5/$&J!BC%2&7H!/%L'!C!

I.&'%/#$!#9!K2C%L'!&99&8%/4&!C%!9#'%&7/$+!7&'/'%C$8&H!K2C%L'!$#%H!C$1!

K2C%!K#7='!C+C/$'%!/%J!i/7&8%!1&5#87C8E!/'$L%!R.'%!eC$!C0%&7$C%/4&f!%#!

7&*7&'&$%C%/4&!1&5#87C8EY!G#%2!C7&!C%!#11'!K/%2!&C82!#%2&7J!S$!

&''&$8&H!%2/'!C$%C+#$/'5!'%&5'!97#5!%K#!1/99&7&$%!8#$8&*%/#$'!#9!

.$/#$'Y!#$&!C'!C$!*--#;'*+'#(!#9!K#7=&7'!#7!'%.1&$%'H!C$1!%2&!#%2&7!C'!

%2&/7!$&9$&-&(+*+'5&J!W$1&7'%C$1/$+!/%!7&I./7&'!C!G7/&9!0##=!C%!%2&!2/'%#7E!

#9!%2&!0CG#7!5#4&5&$%J!

!

:!.('#(!'-!*(!*--#;'*+'#(!#)!?#$2&$-!3*(/'(1!+#1&+>&$!)#$!*!;#%%#(!

9.$9#-&0!G'-+#$';*<<4=!.('#(-!&%&$1&/!)$#%!+>&!;#(/'+'#(-!#)!&%&$1'(1!

;*9'+*<'-%0!"'$-+!'(!;$*)+!9$#/.;+'#(=!+>&(!*%#(1-+!'(/.-+$'*<!*(/!-&$5';&!

?#$2&$-0!A(!+>&!&*$<4!/*4-=!.('#(-!;#.</(L+!3&!*(4+>'(1!3.+!-.;>!

*--#;'*+'#(-0!@>&$&!?&$&!(#!<&1*<!.('#(!$'1>+-=!&%9<#4&$-!$&).-&/!+#!

$&;#1('-&!+>&%!*(/!.('#('-+-!)*;&/!>*$->!$&9$&--'#(0!

!

G#?&5&$=!#5&$!+'%&!&%9<#4&$-!?&$&!)#$;&/!+#!;#%&!+#!+&$%-!?'+>!+>&!

)*;+!+>*+!.('#(-!?&$&!*!)*;+!#)!<')&0!@>&4!3&1*(!+#!$&;#1('-&!+>&%!*-!+>&!

$&9$&-&(+*+'5&-!#)!+>&!?#$2&$-=!+#!3&!(&1#+'*+&/!?'+>!#(!+>&'$!3&>*<)!'(!

#$/&$!+#!-&;.$&!+>&!->#9!)<##$!9&*;&!*(/!#$/&$!(&;&--*$4!)#$!9$#)'+F

%*2'(10!@>.-!+>&!-&;#(/!).(;+'#(=!+>&!$&9$&-&(+*+'5&!).(;+'#(!?*-!3#$(0!

M*(4!.('#('-+-!*;+'5&<4!)#.1>+!)#$!+>'-=!*(/!-*?!+>&!*;;&9+*(;&!#)!

.('#(-!*-!*!5';+#$40!

!

!

! %!

X!8#55#$!C7+.5&$%!5C1&!%#!1&0&+/%/5/^&!%2/'!%C8%/8!'.++&'%'!%2C%!

'%.1&$%'!K&7&!%2&!#$0E!#$&'!0#'/$+!#.%!GE!+#/$+!#$!'%7/=&J!</$8&!%2&E!

C07&C1E!*C/1!9#7!%2&!&1.8C%/#$H!G#E8#%%/$+!/%!5C1&!$#!'&$'&J!D#.01!

C$E#$&!+#!%#!DC0P3C7%H!G.E!C!Qj!C$1!%2&$!R.'%!0&C4&!/%!G#(&1!.*!/$!%2&!

0/4/$+!7##5!C'!C!9#75!#9!*7#%&'%a!

k#K&4&7H!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&'!C7&!5#7&!'/5/0C7!%#!K#7=&7!'%7/=&'!%2C$!%2&E!

5/+2%!'&&5!C%!9/7'%!+0C$8&J!_9!8#.7'&H!'%.1&$%'!C7&!*&$C0/^&1!GE!5/''/$+!

%2&/7!80C''&'H!R.'%!0/=&!K#7=&7'!0#'/$+!#.%!#$!%2&/7!*CE82&8=J!-.%H!K2&$!

%2&!+#C0!/'!%#!5C''/4&0E!*C7C0E^&!%2&!&1.8C%/#$!'E'%&5!P!P!K2/82!8C$!G&!

.$1&7'%##1!C'!C!9C8%#7E!*7#1.8/$+!KC+&!K#7=&7'!PP!%2&$!2.+&!'&8%#7'!#9!

%2&!&8#$#5E!8#.01!G&!%27&C%&$&1!GE!C!K#7=9#78&!'2#7%C+&J!

!

Q2&!9C8%!%2C%!G.'/$&''!C$1!'%C%&!#99/8/C0'!2C4&!80C/5&1!C$1!'2#K$!%2C%!

'%.1&$%!'%7/=&'!'2#.01$T%!G&!%#0&7C%&1!/'!9.7%2&7!*7##9!%2C%!%2&ET7&!C$!

&99&8%/4&!KCE!#9!C**0E/$+!*7&''.7&J!

!

S$!'2#7%H!%2&!-+$'2&!/'!C!8#5*0&%&!G0#8=C1&!#9!80C''&'c!/%L'!.(<'%'+&/!K2&$!

%2&!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!4#%&!%#!5C/$%C/$!%2/'!G0#8=C1&!C'!0#$+!C'!%2&!

/''.&!/'$T%!'&%%0&1c!C$1!/%L'!1&(&$*<!K2&$!0#%'!#9!.$/#$'!C$1!8C5*.'&'!

R#/$!%2&!5#4&5&$%J!

!

i.7/$+!%2&!:;,:!'%7/=&H!5#'%!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!2&01!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!

&4&7E!K&&=!%#!1&8/1&!K2&%2&7!#7!$#%!%#!'%CE!#$!'%7/=&!.$%/0!%2&!$&(%!

C''&5G0EJ!D2/0&!1#/$+!'#H!'%.1&$%'!5&&%/$+!&C82!#%2&7!8#.01!C0'#!

1/'8.''!%2&!#7/&$%C%/#$!C$1!%2&!C8%/#$'!#9!%2&!5#4&5&$%J!Q2&'&!7&+.0C7!

C$1!*#*.0#.'!C''&5G0/&'!K&7&!9.$1C5&$%C0!/$!87&C%/$+!&5*#K&75&$%!

C$1!C!1&&*!/$4&'%5&$%!/$%#!%2&!5#4&5&$%!C5#$+!'%.1&$%'J!

!

S$!0C7+&!.$/4&7'/%/&'!K/%2!%&$'!#9!%2#.'C$1'!#9!'%.1&$%'H!%2&!'%7/=&!KC'!

4#%&1!C$1!&$9#78&1!C%!%2&!1&*C7%5&$%C0!#7!%2&!'82##0!0&4&0H!$&4&7!

8C5*.'PK/1&J!l#%!#$0E!/'!/%!4/7%.C00E!/5*#''/G0&!%#!G./01!.*!&$#.+2!

8#2&'/#$!%#!&99&8%/4&0E!&$9#78&!C!'%7/=&!C%!%2C%!0&4&0H!G.%!2#01/$+!7&+.0C7!

+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!K/%2!5#7&!%2C$!CG#.%!?;;;!*C7%/8/*C$%'!/'!C!

0#+/'%/8C0!$/+2%5C7&J!_$!%2&!#%2&7!2C$1H!'%7/=&'!/$!'5C00&7!/$'%/%.%/#$'H!

U%E*/8C00E!.$1&7!6;;;!'%.1&$%'V!K&7&!4#%&1!C$1!&$9#78&1!8C5*.'PK/1&J!

!

!

! "!

/,-&)-&!('"&)-&+$.'-)!

X$E!8#$%&(%!%#!%2&!:;,:!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!/$!F.&G&8!K#.01$T%!G&!8#5*0&%&!

K/%2#.%!C!9&K!K#71'!CG#.%!%2&!2/'%#7E!#9!%2&!'%.1&$%!5#4&5&$%!/$!%2&!

*7#4/$8&J!

!

S%!KC'$T%!%2&!9/7'%!%/5&!'%.1&$%'!7&'#7%&1!%#!C$!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&!

C'!C!5&C$'!#9!*7#%&'%J!Q2/'!%E*&!#9!8#00&8%/4&!C8%/#$!GE!%2&!'%.1&$%!

5#4&5&$%!C8%.C00E!+#&'!GC8=!C!0#$+!KCEc!.*!%#!,\]@!%#!G&!&(C8%J!

</5/0C7!'%7/=&'!C0'#!2C**&$&1!/$!,\6>H!,\6@H!,\@]H!,\@@H!,\\;H!,\\]!C$1!

:;;[J!S$!%2&!5CR#7/%E!#9!8C'&'H!'%.1&$%'!K&7&!'.88&''9.0!/$!&/%2&7!

G0#8=/$+!8#.$%&7P7&9#75'!#7!5C=/$+!#.%7/+2%!+C/$'!/$!%&75'!#9!=&&*/$+!

%./%/#$!0#K!C$1!K/$$/$+!/5*7#4&5&$%'!%#!'%.1&$%!9/$C$8/C0!C/1H!C!

+#4&7$5&$%!*7#+7C5!#9!0#C$'!C$1!G.7'C7/&'J!

!

D2&$!G7/$+/$+!.*!%2&!$&8&''/%E!#9!C$!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&H!'%.1&$%!

.$/#$'!8#.01!17CK!#$!C!2/'%#7E!#9!'%7.++0&'!/$!K2/82!'%.1&$%'!$#%!#$0E!

+C4&!%2&5'&04&'!C!9/+2%/$+!82C$8&H!G.%!C8%.C00E!5C1&!7&C0H!%C$+/G0&!

82C$+&J!

!

"#5*C7/$+!:;,:!K/%2!*7&4/#.'!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&'!/$!%2&!*7#4/$8&!/'$T%!

K/%2#.%!/%'!0/5/%'H!2#K&4&7J!l&4&7!G&9#7&!2C1!C!'%7/=&!5#4&5&$%!

/$4#04&1!'#!5C$E!'%.1&$%'!C$1!8C5*.'&'!C00!C%!#$8&J!X07&C1EH!%2&!:;;[!

'%7/=&!2C1!&'%CG0/'2&1!C!7&8#71!/$!%&75'!#9!1.7C%/#$!#9!C!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!

U6!K&&='VH!C$1!E&%!%2C%!7&8#71!KC'!'2C%%&7&1!GE!'%.1&$%'!/$!:;,:H!K/%2!

%2&!'%7/=&!0C'%/$+!#4&7!'/(!5#$%2'J!

!

01'"&-)#',($"*)!2)&3)-&+$.')!

-E!%2&!%/5&!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!#9!F.&G&8!C$$#.$8&1!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!/$!

:;,:H!/%!KC'!C07&C1E!C!K&00P=$#K$!*#0/8E!/%&5!#9!%2&!7.0/$+!*C7%EJ!S$!9C8%H!

%./%/#$!2C1!C07&C1E!G&&$!/$87&C'/$+!'%&C1/0E!GE!CG#.%!Z,;;!C!E&C7!'/$8&!

:;;6J!D2&$!%2/'!*7&4/#.'!2/=&!8C5&!/$%#!&99&8%H!K&!%7/&1!%#!0C.$82!C$!

.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&!/$!#**#'/%/#$H!G.%!9C/0&1Y!%2&!'%7/=&!$&4&7!+#%!

'%C7%&1J!

!

!

! %+!

C$1!%2&E!2C4&!C!'5C00!G.1+&%!%#!#7+C$/^&!7&+/#$C0!C8%/#$'J!

!

!

<=>$2F5A!6B$@=$>2$23G=4A2$5$7!4:H2C$!

Q2&7&!C7&!5C$E!KCE'!%#!&$9#78&!C!'%7/=&H!C$1!%2&E!1&*&$1!#$!%2&!

8#$%&(%H!%2&!.$/#$H!C$1!/%L'!/$%&7$C0!0&+/%/5C8EJ!A/7'%!#9!C00H!/$!F.&G&8H!K&!

.'.C00E!4#%&!#$!%2&!'%7/=&!C2&C1!#9!%/5&J!<#!%2&7&!/'!C!9&K!1CE'!G&%K&&$!

%2&!'%7/=&!NX!C$1!%2&!'%7/=&!1CEJ!i.7/$+!%2C%!*&7/#1H!/%!/'!/5*#7%C$%!%#!

5C=&!5C''!5#G/0/^C%/#$!K/%2!*#'%&7'!C$1!90E&7'!%#!'()#$%!+>&!-+./&(+-!

+>*+!*!-+$'2&!>*-!3&&(!5#+&/!#(!/&%#;$*+';*<<4J!D2&$!1#/$+!'#H!/%L'!C0'#!

/5*#7%C$%!%#!5C=&!'.7&!%2C%!%2&!90E&7'!+*<2!*3#.+!+>&!-+$'2&!'(!*(!

*))'$%*+'5&!?*4H!'.82!C'Y!e_$!m!1CEH!K&!K/00!G&!#$!'%7/=&J!Q2&7&!K/00!G&!

$#!80C''&'Jf!Q2&!/5*#7%C$%!%2/$+!/'!%2C%!C$%/P'%7/=&!'%.1&$%'!'/5*0E!1#$L%!

'2#K!.*!G&8C.'&!%2&E!G&0/&4&!%2C%!80C''&'!K/00!G&!8C$8&0&1!C$1!%2C%!

*7#P'%7/=&!'%.1&$%'!&$9#78&!%2&!'%7/=&!C$1!*C7%/8/*C%&!/$!%2&!&4&$%'J!

!

_$!%2&!1CE!#9!%2&!'%7/=&H!E#.!$&&1!%#!2C4&!C!5C''!#9!*7#P'%7/=&!'%.1&$%'!

/$!#71&7!%#!&$9#78&!%2&!'%7/=&J!X!GC10E!&$9#78&1!'%7/=&!&$8#.7C+&'!C$%/P

'%7/=&!'%.1&$%'!%#!1/'7&'*&8%!'%7/=&!4#%&'!/$!%2&!9.%.7&J!

!

<#H!/9!%2&!'%7/=&!/'!4#%&1!9#7!C!K2#0&!8C5*.'H!%2&!G&'%!KCE!%#!&$9#78&!/%!

/'!'/5*0E!%#!5C=&!*/8=&%!0/$&'!C%!%2&!G./01/$+!1##7J!Q2/'!K#7='!K&00!9#7!

8C5*.'&'!.$1&7!6;;;!'%.1&$%'J!S9!%&C82&7'!C7&!.$/#$/^&1H!%2&E!5CE!

7&9.'&!%#!87#''!%2&!*/8=&%!0/$&'!U1&*&$1/$+!#$!%2&!$C%.7&!#9!%2&/7!

.$/#$T'!8#$%7C8%V!C$1!80C''&'!K/00!G&!8C$8&0&1J!S$!#71&7!%#!*7&4&$%!

8#$97#$%C%/#$!#$!%2&!*/8=&%!0/$&'H!%2&!C15/$/'%7C%/#$!#9!%2&!8C5*.'!

5/+2%!&4&$!8C$8&0!%2&!80C''&'!%2&5'&04&'J!

!

S9!%2&!'%7/=&!/'!4#%&1!#$!/$!C!'*&8/9/8!1&*C7%5&$%H!%2&$!/%!G&8#5&'!

/5*#''/G0&!%#!G0#8=C1&!%2&!G./01/$+!G&8C.'&!8#.7'&'!C7&!5#'%!0/=&0E!%#!

G&!'8C%%&7&1!C$1!5/(&1!/$!1/99&7&$%!G./01/$+'J!"#.7'&'!5CE!$&&1!%#!G&!

*/8=&%&1!#7!1/'%.7G&1!'&*C7C%&0EJ!<#5&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!/$!F.&G&8!*7&9&7!

%#!5C=&!'5C00!*/8=&%!0/$&'!/$!97#$%!#9!%2&!80C''7##5'!R.'%!G&9#7&!%2&!

80C''J!W'.C00E!C!'E5G#0/8!:!#7!?!'%.1&$%!*/8=&%!0/$&!*&7!1##7!/'!&$#.+2!%#!

*7&4&$%!%2&!%&C82&7!97#5!&$%&7/$+!%2&!80C''J!_%2&7!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!5C=&!

!

! %"!

*7#5#%/#$!#9!9&5/$/'5H!%#!#7+C$/^&!9&5/$/'%!&4&$%'!C$1!%#!5C=&!'.7&!

9&5/$/'%!/''.&'!1#!$#%!G&8#5&!'&8#$1C7E!/$'/1&!%2&!#7+C$/^C%/#$J!S$!

#71&7!%#!&99/8/&$%0E!9.09/00!%2C%!0C'%!9.$8%/#$H!%2&!K#5&$!8#55/%%&&!/'!%2&!

#$0E!K#7=/$+!8#55/%%&&!%2C%!8C$!*7#*#'&!5#%/#$'!C%!%2&!8#$+7&''J!

!

P!N&1*<!;#%%'++&&!!

Q2/'!8#55/%%&&!KC'!87&C%&1!R.'%!G&9#7&!%2&!'%7/=&!C$1!2C'!'/$8&!G&&$!

5C1&!*&75C$&$%J!Q2&7&!8C$!#$0E!G&![!&0&8%&1!5&5G&7'!#$!/%J!S%'!7#0&!/'!

%#!8##71/$C%&!R.1/8/C0!1&9&$'&!#9!C77&'%&1!'%.1&$%'!1.7/$+!C8%/#$'J!S%!

5C=&'!8#$%C8%!K/%2!0CKE&7'!C$1!C15/$/'%7C%&'!%2&!0&+C0!9.$1J!

!

P!:;*/&%';!*(/!$&-&*$;>!;#%%'++&&!!

S%'!7#0&!/'!%#!*7#1.8&!7&'&C782H!C$C0E'/'!C$1!1#8.5&$%C%/#$!C88#71/$+!%#!

%2&!#7+C$/^C%/#$T'!$&&1'!C$1!8C5*C/+$'J!

!

P!O#;'*<!-+$.11<&-!;#%%'++&&!!

S%'!7#0&!/'!%#!5C=&!8#$%C8%'!K/%2!8#55.$/%E!#7+C$/^C%/#$'H!0CG#7!.$/#$'!

C$1!#%2&7!+7#.*'!/$4#04&1!/$!0#8C0!'%7.++0&'J!

!

P!M&/'*!;#%%'++&&!P/.$'(1!+>&!-+$'2&!#(<4Q!!

Q2/'!8#55/%%&&!KC'!87&C%&1!9#7!%2&!1.7C%/#$!#9!%2&!'%7/=&J!S%!KC'!

8#5*#'&1!#9!%2&!'&87&%C7E!#9!8#55.$/8C%/#$'!U5&5G&7!#9!%2&!

&(&8.%/4&!8#.$8/0VH!&0&8%&1!'*#=&'*&7'#$'!C$1!&0&8%&1!*7&''!'&87&%C7/&'J!

S%'!7#0&!/'!%#!5C$C+&!&4&7E%2/$+!7&0C%&1!%#!5C/$'%7&C5!5&1/C'J!

!

Q2&!K#7=!#9!8#55/%%&&'!/'!#7+C$/^&1!GE!%2&!R##$/'(*+'#(!R#.(;'<!

U"#"#VJ!"#55/%%&&'H!%2&!&(&8.%/4&!8#.$8/0!C$1!&C82!7&+/#$C0!8#.$8/0!

'&$1!C!1&0&+C%&!%#!%2&!"#"#J!Q2&!7#0&!#9!%2/'!8#.$8/0!/'!%#!1/'*C%82!%2&!

K#7=0#C1!G&%K&&$!%2&!8#55/%%&&'!C88#71/$+!%#!%2&/7!7&'*&8%/4&!7#0&'!

C$1!%#!%2&!5#%/#$'!C1#*%&1!/$!8#$+7&''J!

!

F!S&1'#(*<!;#.(;'<-!C7&!'&5/PC.%#$#5#.'!'%7.8%.7&'!%2C%!C00#K!'%.1&$%!

.$/#$'!%#!#7+C$/^&!#$!C!7&+/#$C0!GC'/'J!Q2&E!.'.C00E!%C=&!%2&!9#75!#9!

5#7&!#7!0&''!/$9#75C0!5&&%/$+'!%2C%!8##71/$C%&!%2&!C8%/#$!*0C$!C%!C!

'5C00&7!'8C0&!%2C$!%2&!*7#4/$8&PK/1&!*0C$!#9!%2&!8#$+7&''J!B&+/#$C0!

8#.$8/0'!8C$!/$%&+7C%&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!%2C%!C7&!$#%!C99/0/C%&1!K/%2!X<<n!

!

! +!

S$!3C782!:;,;H!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!C$$#.$8&1!/%'!/$%&$%/#$!%#!'%&*!.*!%2&!

7C%&!#9!/$87&C'&!'%C7%/$+!/$!<&*%&5G&7!:;,:H!G.%!K/%2#.%!+/4/$+!#.%!C$E!

'*&8/9/8!1&%C/0'J!D&!=$&KH!2#K&4&7H!%2C%!%2&!2/=&!K#.01!G&!G/++&7!C$1!

2/%!2C71&7!%2C$!/$!:;;6J!"#$87&%&!*0C$'!K&7&!17CK$!.*!%#!G0#8=!%2&!$&K!

2/=&!.'/$+!C$!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&J!

!

-.%!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!KC'!I./%&!C$!/5*#7%C$%!*#0/8E!9#7!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%J!

X0#$+!K/%2!/5*0&5&$%/$+!$&K!.'&7P9&&'!C$1!C!'*&8/C0!%C(!/$!%2&!*.G0/8!

2&C0%28C7&!'&8%#7,!C'!K&00!C'!C!2/=&!/$!&0&8%7/8/%E!9&&'

:H!%2&!2/=&!KC'!*C7%!

#9!C!'#P8C00&1!e8.0%.7C0!7&4#0.%/#$f!/$!*.G0/8!'&74/8&'!*7/8/$+!*.'2&1!GE!

%2&!*7#4/$8&T'!9/$C$8&!5/$/'%&7J!Q2&'&!5&C'.7&'!K&7&!R.'%/9/&1!GE!%2&!

*7&8C7/#.'!'%C%&!#9!*.G0/8!9/$C$8&'!C$1!%2&!$&&1!%#!*7#+7&''/4&0E!

&0/5/$C%&!%2&!1&9/8/%!PP!C!1/'8#.7'&!4&7E!5.82!/$!%.$&!K/%2!C.'%&7/%E!

*#0/%/8'!G&/$+!/5*0&5&$%&1!+0#GC00EJ!

!

Q2#.+2!K&!=$&K!%2C%!%C=/$+!#$!'.82!C!8&$%7C0!*#0/8E!9#7!%2&!

+#4&7$5&$%!K#.01!G&!1/99/8.0%H!K&!8#.01$T%!/5C+/$&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!

'%C$1/$+!/10&J!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#!Health-care in Quebec is in large part free and public since the 1960’s.!'!Electricity is produced and distributed by a single, state-owned corporation. Its '!Electricity is produced and distributed by a single, state-owned corporation. Its prices are regulated by law.

!

! *!

-./01/$+!%2&!3#4&5&$%!!?3:=37$_$&!#9!%2&!5#'%!87.8/C0!C'*&8%!#9!%2&!:;,:!F.&G&8!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!/'!%2C%!

/%!KC'!17/4&$!C05#'%!&(80.'/4&0E!GE!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'J!Q2/'!5CE!'&&5!

'.7*7/'/$+!+/4&$!%2&!9C8%!%2C%!%#1CEH!7&*7&'&$%C%/4&!'%.1&$%!

#7+C$/'C%/#$'!&4&7EK2&7&!'&&5!C05#'%!8#5*0&%&0E!8#P#*%&1!GE!

C15/$/'%7C%/#$'!C$1!*#0/%/8C0!*C7%/&'J!3C$E!'2E!CKCE!97#5!*#0/%/8C0!

C8%/#$!C0%#+&%2&7!C$1!9#8.'!2&C4/0E!#$!&$%&7%C/$5&$%!C$1!8.0%.7C0!

C8%/4/%/&'J!-E!C00#K/$+!%2&5'&04&'!%#!G&8#5&!G7&&1/$+!+7#.$1'!9#7!

5C$C+&7'!C$1!*#0/%/8/C$'H!%2&E!2C4&!5C1&!%2&5'&04&'!*#K&70&''!%#!

82C00&$+&!&1.8C%/#$!*#0/8/&'!C%!C$E!'/+$/9/8C$%!0&4&0J!

!

_9!8#.7'&H!5C$E!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!/$!F.&G&8!9/%!%2/'!1&'87/*%/#$J!-.%!

K2C%L'!82C7C8%&7/'%/8!#9!%2&!'%.1&$%!5#4&5&$%!/$!F.&G&8!/'!/%'!'%7#$+!

'E$1/8C0/'%!K/$+J!kC/0/$+!97#5!%2&!4&7E!G&+/$$/$+'!#9!'%.1&$%!C8%/#$!/$!

%2&!'/(%/&'!C$1!/$'*/7&1!GE!&C70E!0CG#7!5#4&5&$%'H!/%!2C'!7&9.'&1!%#!

G7&C=!97#5!/%'!2/'%#7E!#9!7C1/8C0/'5J!X%!%2&!'C5&!%/5&H!/%!2C'!=&*%!C0/4&!C!

5#1&0!#9!8#00&8%/4&!C8%/#$Y!'E$1/8C0/'5J!

!

D2/0&!'E$1/8C0/'%!.$/#$'!/$!%2&!'%.1&$%!'&%%/$+!5/+2%!$#%!G&!C!+/4&$H!

%2&E!8C$!'%/00!5C=&!C!0#%!#9!'&$'&J!Q#!G&!'.7&H!'%.1&$%'!1#$L%!9#75!C!

2#5#+&$#.'!80C''!%#!%2&!'C5&!1&+7&&!%2C%!K#7=&7'!1#J!_$!C$E!+/4&$!

8C5*.'H!'%.1&$%'!K/%2!C!7&C00E!K&C0%2E!GC8=+7#.$1!5/+2%!7.G!'2#.01&7'!

K/%2!#%2&7'!K2#!8C$!GC7&0E!5C=&!&$1'!5&&%J!-.%!1&'*/%&!%2&'&!

1/99&7&$%!'#8/#P!&8#$#5/8!GC8=+7#.$1'H!'%.1&$%'!1#!9#75!C!8#55.$/%E!

C$1!%2&E!1#!2C4&!C!8&7%C/$!'&%!#9!8#55#$!/$%&7&'%'H!/$1&*&$1&$%!#9!

%2&/7!*#0/%/8C0H!*2/0#'#*2/8C0!#7!7&0/+/#.'!#*/$/#$'J!Q2&7&!/'!$#!'2#7%C+&!

#9!/''.&'!K2/82!8C$!8&5&$%!'.**#7%!9#7!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C$1!K2/82!8C00!

#.%!9#7!*7#%&'%J!

!

X%!%2&!'C5&!%/5&H!9C8&1!K/%2!'%7#$+!C14&7'/%E!C$1!C!1/99/8.0%!#7+C$/'/$+!

8#$%&(%H!5C$E!K/00!82##'&!%#!9#75!#7!R#/$!8C5*.'!C8%/4/'%!80.G'J!h&%!

%2&'&!%/$E!+7#.*'!K/%2!0/%%0&!7&'#.78&'!8C$L%!2#*&!%#!+/4&!G/7%2!%#!C!

!

! %%!

Q2&!&(&8.%/4&!8#.$8/0!/'!8#5*#'&1!#9!&/+2%!5&5G&7'H!&C82!#9!K2/82!/'!

&0&8%&1!9#7!C!'*&8/9/8!9.$8%/#$J!Q2&!&(&8.%/4&L'!7#0&!/'!%#!5C=&!'.7&!%2&!

#7+C$/^C%/#$!/'!1#/$+!9/$&!C$1!%2C%!5#%/#$'!4#%&1!GE!%2&!8#$+7&''!C7&!

C**0/&1J!S9!%2&7&!/'!C!*7#G0&5!#7!C!0C8.$C!/$!%2&!#7+C$/^C%/#$H!%2&!

&(&8.%/4&!/'!7&I./7&1!%#!9/00!%2&!+C*!C$1!1#!%2&!K#7=J!Q2&!&(&8.%/4&!

8#.$8/0!/'!$#%!&$%/%0&1!UC$1!$#%!&(*&8%&1V!%#!5C=&!/5*#7%C$%!*#0/%/8C0!

1&8/'/#$'H!G.%!/%!8C$!*7#*#'&!*#0/%/8C0!5#%/#$'!1.7/$+!8#$+7&''&'J!S%!/'!

#$&!#9!%2&!#$0E!/$'%/%.%/#$'!%2C%!/'!$#%!C!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!%2C%!2C'!%2/'!

*7/4/0&+&J!

!

Q2&7&!C7&!&/+2%!K#7=/$+!8#55/%%&&'H!&C82!#9!K2/82!/'!C''/+$&1!C!'*&8/9/8!

C$1!/5*#7%C$%!7#0&J!Q2&7&!/'!+&$&7C00E!$#!0/5/%'!%#!%2&!$.5G&7!#9!

*&7'#$'!%2C%!8C$!G&!&0&8%&1!#$!&C82!8#55/%%&&H!'#!'#5&!8C$!G&!

8#5*#'&1!#9!C'!5.82!C'!%K&04&!5&5G&7'!1.7/$+!/5*#7%C$%!

5#G/0/^C%/#$'J!S%!/'!/5*#7%C$%!%#!&5*2C'/^&!%2C%!%2&!8#55/%%&&L'!

5&5G&7'!5.'%!G&!&0&8%&1H!C$1!C'!'.82!C7&!C88#.$%CG0&!%#!%2&!8#$+7&''J!

!

k&7&!/'!C!G7/&9!1&'87/*%/#$!#9!%2&!8#55/%%&&'Y!!

!

P!M#3'<'T*+'#(!;#%%'++&&!

S%'!7#0&!/'!%#!5C=&!'.7&!%2&!5#G/0/^C%/#$!#$!&4&7E!8C5*.'!/'!1#/$+!9/$&J!S9!

$&&1&1H!%2/'!8#55/%%&&!8##71/$C%&'!90E/$+!5#G/0/^C%/#$!%&C5'!GE!

'&$1/$+!C8%/4/'%'!97#5!5#7&!C8%/4&!.$/#$'!%#!.$/#$'!/$!$&&1!#9!2&0*J!

!

P!A()#$%*+'#(!;#%%'++&&!!

S%'!7#0&!/'!%#!87&C%&!*7#4/$8&PK/1&!/$9#75C%/#$!5C%&7/C0J!Q2&E!C7&!

7&'*#$'/G0&!9#7!*7#4/1/$+!*#'%&7'H!90E&7'H!'%/8=&7'H!K&G'/%&'!C$1!+&$&7C0!

+7C*2/8!1&'/+$'!9#7!X<<nL'!8C5*C/+$'J!

!

P!U&?-9*9&$!;#%%'++&&!

!S%'!7#0&!/'!%#!*7#1.8&!%2&!$&K'*C*&7!#9!%2&!#7+C$/^C%/#$J!Q2&!

8#55/%%&&!.'.C00E!7&I./7&'!%2&!2&0*!#9!8#00CG#7C%#7'!%#!K7/%&!C$1!

8#77&8%!%2&!C7%/80&'J!

!

P!V#%&(!;#%%'++&&!!

Q2&!K#5&$!8#55/%%&&T'!7#0&!/'!%#!C''/'%!0#8C0!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!/$!%2&!

!

! %(!

C!GC1!/1&CJ!D2&$!.$/#$'!8#5*7/'&!#9!G#%2H!%2&E!G&$&9/%!97#5!%2&!

'%CG/0/%E!#9!2C4/$+!C8%/4/'%'!9#7!C!0#$+&7!*&7/#1!#9!%/5&J!

!

_%2&7!KCE'!#9!1/4/1/$+!C$1!#7+C$/^/$+!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C7&!*#''/G0&J!A#7!

&(C5*0&H!/9!E#.!2C4&!C!'5C00!8C5*.'!U.$1&7!6;;;VH!E#.!8C$!2C4&!C!.$/#$!

9#7!%2&!K2#0&!8C5*.'!K/%2!C!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0E!C$1!'5C00&7!.$/#$'!C%!%2&!

1&*C7%5&$%C0!0&4&0J!

!

9?:6@:31$5$7!5!2>:@2$7!?@23!$?3:=3$!

S$!F.&G&8H!'%C%&K/1&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!0/=&!X<<n!U"bX<<MV!C7&!9&1&7C%/#$'!

#9!0#8C0!.$/#$'J!b#8C0!.$/#$'!C7&!'C/1!%#!G&!C99/0/C%&1!K/%2!C!'%C%&K/1&!

.$/#$!#7!%2C%!%2&E!C7&!/$1&*&$1&$%!/9!%2&E!1/1$L%!R#/$!C$EJ!S$!#71&7!%#!

R#/$!C!'%C%&K/1&!.$/#$H!0#8C0!.$/#$'!$&&1!%#!#7+C$/^&!C$!C99/0/C%/#$!4#%&!

C$1!%#!C88&*%!%2&!GC'/8!*7/$8/*0&'!#9!%2C%!.$/#$J!

!

S9!$#!0#8C0!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!&(/'%H!%2&$!G./01/$+!C!'%C%&K/1&!.$/#$!5/+2%!

G&!*7&5C%.7&J!Q2/'!1#&'!$#%!&(80.1&H!2#K&4&7H!'%C%&K/1&!8##71/$C%/#$!

%27#.+2!'&5/P/$9#75C0!5&&%/$+'!#9!K2C%!5/+2%!G&8#5&!C!'%C%&K/1&!

.$/#$J!-.%!%2&!9#.$1C%/#$!#9!%2&!'%C%&K/1&!.$/#$!K/00!G&!5#7&!'#0/1!/9!/%!

/'!GC'&1!#$!'%7#$+!0#8C0!.$/#$'J!

$<+I$*-$577J$KA65772L$-)M&')&M#%$(,%$I"()$M+N#$%+#-$*)$ON(.C$!

Q2&!'%7.8%.7&!#9!X<<n!2C'!G&&$!G./0%!C$1!/5*7#4&1!.*#$!#4&7!%2&!E&C7'!

%#!*7&'&74&!%2&!G&'%!GC0C$8&!*#''/G0&!G&%K&&$!1/7&8%!1&5#87C8EH!

&99/8/&$8EH!0#8C0!C.%#$#5E!C$1!/$80.'/4&$&''J!S%!8C$!'%/00!G&!/5*7#4&1H!

G.%!%2&!:;,:!'%7/=&!*7#4&1!/%!/'!I./%&!+##1J!

!

Q2&!'.*7&5&!1&8/'/#$P5C=/$+!G#1E!#9!X<<n!/'!%2&!8#$+7&''J!X00!*#0/%/8C0!

1&GC%&'!'2#.01!G&!1/'8.''&1!C%!%2&!8#$+7&''H!G.%!%2&!1&8/'/#$'!'2#.01!

1&9/$&!%2&!5C/$!+./1&0/$&'!C$1!7&97C/$!97#5!+#/$+!/$%#!.$$&8&''C7/0E!

'*&8/9/8!1&%C/0'J!i.7/$+!%2&!8#$+7&''H!#$0E!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!8C$!4#%&!U#$&!

4#%&!&C82VH!G.%!&0&8%&1!5&5G&7'!#9!%2&!&(&8.%/4&!C$1!%2&!4C7/#.'!

8#55/%%&&'!8C$!'*&C=J!

!

!

! )!

5#4&5&$%!#$!%2&!'8C0&!#9!%2&!:;,:!F.&G&8!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&J!X'!o#$C%2C$!

3C%%2&K!<5.8=&7!#9!X0%&7$&%!K7/%&'H!gS$!C!'#8/&%E!%2C%!/'!'&09P!'&0&8%/$+!

/$%#!&4&7!5#7&!'*&8/9/8!5/87#PC++7&+C%/#$'H!/%!5C=&'!'&$'&!%2C%!C8%/4/'5!

/%'&09!8#.01!G&8#5&!#$&!'.82!0/%%0&!$/82&J!-.%!K2&$!/%!8#5&'!%#!

82C00&$+/$+!&$%7&$82&1!*#K&7H!K&!$&&1!5#7&!%2C$!0/%%0&!$/82&'Jg!?!

!

_$!%2&!#%2&7!2C$1H!1.&!%#!%2&/7!$C%.7&H!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C7&$L%!

C.%#5C%/8C00E!+&C7&1!%#KC71!&5*#K&75&$%!C$1!'#8/C0!82C$+&J!Q27#.+2!

&(*&7/&$8&H!%2&!F.&G&8!'%.1&$%!5#4&5&$%!2C'!9#.$1!8&7%C/$!.'&9.0!

8#$8&*%'!C$1!*7C8%/8&'!K2/82!8C$!2&0*!'%&&7!'.82!#7+C$/'C%/#$'!%#KC71!

%2&'&!+#C0'J!

!

621:!585AB$D2/0&!%2&!*&78&*%/#$!#9!0&+/%/5C8E!/'$L%!GE!/%'&09!C$!&99&8%/4&!5&C$'!%#!

87&C%&!82C$+&H!/%!/'!/5*#7%C$%!/$!87&C%/$+!8#55.$/%EJ!k#K!8C$!C!'%.1&$%!

.$/#$!#7!C!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!G&!4/&K&1!C'!0&+/%/5C%&!G&E#$1!C!%/$E!+7#.*!#9!

C8%/4/'%'a!_$&!2C'!%#!G&+/$!GE!5C=/$+!%2&!1/'%/$8%/#$!G&%K&&$!%K#!

1/99&7&$%!0&4&0'!#9!0&+/%/5C8E!Y!/$%&7$C0!C$1!&(%&7$C0J!

!

A(+&$(*<!<&1'+'%*;4!7&90&8%'!2#K!0&+/%/5C%&!%2&!5#4&5&$%!/'!/$!%2&!&E&'!

#9!%2&!*C7%/8/*C$%'J!Q2/'!&0&5&$%!/'!87.8/C0!G&8C.'&!/%T'!C!5CR#7!9C8%#7!

/$90.&$8/$+!8#2&'/#$H!7&'/0/&$8&!/$!%2&!9C8&!#9!#**#'/%/#$H!C$1!G7#C1$&''!

#9!%2&!5#4&5&$%J!

!

WX+&$(*<!<&1'+'%*;4!/'!%2&!#**#'/%&Y!2#K!0&+/%/5C%&!%2&!5#4&5&$%!/'!9#7!

$#$P'%.1&$%'!#7!%2&!+&$&7C0!*.G0/8J!_9!8#.7'&!&(%&7$C0!0&+/%/5C8E!/'!C0'#!

/5*#7%C$%H!G.%!C'!C8%/4/'%'H!K&!2C4&!C!0#%!0&''!'KCE!#4&7!%2/'!9C8%#7J!

!

-E!1&9/$/%/#$H!%2&!5#4&5&$%!%#!G0#8=!%2&!2/=&!KC'!C!8#.$%&78.77&$%J!

Q2&!*#0/%/8C0!80C''H!&8#$#5/8!&0/%&!C$1!5&1/C!*.$1/%'!0C7+&0E!'.**#7%&1!

%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&J!X%!%2&!'%C7%!#9!%2&!8C5*C/+$H!$#$&!#9!%2&!5C/$'%7&C5!

*#0/%/8C0!*C7%/&'!#**#'&1!%2&!2/=&!C$1!%2&!*7#*C+C$1C!5C82/$&!2C1!

C07&C1E!G&&$!2C71!C%!K#7=!%#!*.'2!%2&!/1&C!%2C%!'%.1&$%'!$&&1&1!%#!*CE!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(!http://www.alternet.org/print/visions/why-we-cant-depend-activists-create-change!

!

! &!

5#7&!C$1!5#7&!9#7!%2&!*7/4/0&+&!#9!2/+2&7!&1.8C%/#$J!<%.1&$%'!

%2&5'&04&'!K&7&!$#%!/55.$&!%#!/%'!&99&8%'H!'#!K&!=$&K!%2C%!/%!K#.01!G&!

1/99/8.0%!%#!&99&8%/4&0E!8#.$%&7!%2&!$&#0/G&7C0!5E%2'J!

!

S$!%2/'!8#$%&(%H!K&!=$&K!%2C%!#$0E!C!4C'%H!+7C''7##%'!&99#7%!%#!7&C82!#.%!

%#!'%.1&$%'!K#.01!G&!*#K&79.0!&$#.+2!%#!2C4&!'#5&!5&C'.7&!#9!

'.88&''J!Q2/'!5&C$'!/'$&;+=!(#(F%&/'*+&/!/'-;.--'#(Y!/$!2C00KCE'H!

80C''7##5'H!8C9&%&7/C'!C$1!#%2&7!*0C8&'!K2&7&!'%.1&$%'!8#$+7&+C%&J!

i&GC%&'!C$1!C''&5G0/&'!K&7&!#7+C$/^&1!'*&8/9/8C00E!%#!1/'8.''!%2&!

%./%/#$!2/=&H!C$1!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!5C1&!%2&/7!#K$!7&'&C782!C$1!

*.G0/8C%/#$'!%2C%!C117&''&1!%2&!/''.&H!C$1!1/'%7/G.%&1!%2&5!2C$1P%#P

2C$1!C'!*C7%!#9!%2&/7!&99#7%'!%#!7&C82!#.%J!

!

Q2/'!C0'#!&(*0C/$'!K2E!&(%&7$C0!0&+/%/5C8E!/'!2C71&7!%#!G./01!.*Y!

*7#+7&''/4&!5#4&5&$%'!1#$T%!2C4&!%2&!5&C$'!%#!&'%CG0/'2!%2&!'C5&!

=/$1!#9!0C7+&P'8C0&H!1/7&8%!1/'8.''/#$!K/%2!5/00/#$'!#9!*&#*0&J!

!

9?:6@:31$62E24512$S$!:;,;H!C'!#7+C$/^/$+!KC'!7C5*/$+!.*H!C!5CR#7/%E!#9!F.&G&8#/'!K&7&!

C07&C1E!9C4#7CG0&!%#!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&H!%2C$='!%#!+&$&7#.'!5C''!5&1/C!

8#4&7C+&!+/4&$!%#!*#0/%/8/C$'!%#!1&9&$1!%2&/7!*7#R&8%!C'!K&00!C'!

'E5*C%2&%/8!&1/%#7/C0'J!Q2&!&(%&7$C0!0&+/%/5C8E!#9!%2&!5#4&5&$%!KC'!

7&0C%/4&0E!0#KJ!3&1/C!7C7&0E!G#%2&7&1!%#!'&7/#.'0E!7&*#7%!#$!%2&!#*/$/#$'!

C$1!/1&C'!#9!'%.1&$%'!7&+C71/$+!%2&!2/=&J!<%.1&$%!.$/#$'!8#.01$T%!2#*&!

%#!7&4&7'&!%2C%!%7&$1!C$1!9#78&!%2&!/''.&!/$%#!*.G0/8!1&GC%&!%27#.+2!

0#GGE/'5!C$1!7&*7&'&$%C%/#$J!

!

k#K&4&7H!GE!C%%&5*%/$+!%#!1/'7.*%!G.'/$&''!C'!.'.C0H!C'!'#8/C0!

5#4&5&$%'!2C4&!1#$&!2/'%#7/8C00E!%#!9.7%2&7!*7#+7&''/4&!8C.'&'H!

'%.1&$%'!8#.01!9#78&!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!/$%#!$&+#%/C%/#$'!C$1!5C=&!%2&/7!

7&'/'%C$8&!C**C7&$%!%#!%2&!*.G0/8!&E&J!D&!G&0/&4&1!%2C%!1/'7.*%/$+!

&8#$#5/8!C$1!+#4&7$5&$%C0!C8%/4/%E!KC'!#.7!G&'%!82C$8&!C%!G./01/$+!

0&4&7C+&!C+C/$'%!%2&!*#0/%/8C0!0&C1&7'2/*J!

!

_9!8#.7'&H!K&!&(*&8%&1!'%C%&!7&*7&''/#$!G&9#7&!C$E!$&+#%/C%/#$'!%##=!

*0C8&H!G.%!K&!K&7&!8#$9/1&$%!/$!#.7!CG/0/%E!%#!7&'/'%!/%J!S9!%2&!5#4&5&$%!

!

! %'!

S9!E#.!C7&!*0C$$/$+!%#!87&C%&!5.0%/*0&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!#$!C!8C5*.'H!%2&$!

C!4C'%!C77CE!#9!*#''/G/0/%/&'!&(/'%!/$!%2&!KCE!%2#'&!.$/#$'!8C$!K#7=!

%#+&%2&7J!k&7&!C7&!%27&&!1/99&7&$%!5#1&0'!K&!2C4&!/$!F.&G&8Y!

!

S$!%2&!W$/4&7'/%d!1.!F.dG&8!p!3#$%7dC0!UWFX3VH!%2&7&!/'!C!.$/#$!9#7!

&C82!1&*C7%5&$%!C$1!C!.$/#$!9#7!&C82!'82##0J!X'!'82##0'!2C4&!G&%K&&$!

:;;;!%#![[;;!'%.1&$%'H!%2&!.$/#$'!GC'&1!#$!%2C%!C15/$/'%7C%/4&!0&4&0!

C7&!*7&%%E!&99/8/&$%J!W$/#$'!C%!%2&!1&*C7%5&$%C0!0&4&0!C7&!5.82!'5C00&7!

U97#5![;!%#!,];;!'%.1&$%'VJ!Q2&/7!C8%/4/'5!/'!.$'%CG0&H!G.%!%2&E!C7&!'%/00!

8C*CG0&!#9!*0CE/$+!C$!/5*#7%C$%!7#0&J!Q2&7&!/'!$#!G/+!.$/#$!9#7!%2&!

K2#0&!.$/4&7'/%EH!'#!%2&!8##71/$C%/#$!G&%K&&$!%2&!'&4&$!'82##0PGC'&1!

.$/#$'!/'!/$9#75C0J!

!

S$!%2&!W$/4&7'/%d!1&!3#$%7dC0!UW13VH!%2&7&!C7&!#$0E!.$/#$'!C%!%2&!

*7#+7C5!0&4&0!#7!1&*C7%5&$%C0!0&4&0J!Q2C%!87&C%&'!4&7E!'5C00!.$/#$'!

UK/%2!C'!0/%%0&!C'![;!5&5G&7'VJ!Q2&!G/++&'%!#$&'!U97#5!];;!%#!,];;!

'%.1&$%'V!8C$!5C$C+&!%#!G&!'%CG0&!#4&7!%/5&H!C$1!&4&$!%2&!'5C00&7!#$&'!

C7&!CG0&!%#!5C=&!+##1!'%7/=&'!K2&$!/5*#7%C$%!'%7.++0&'!C7&!2C**&$/$+J!

-.%!#$!1#K$!%/5&H!%2/'!%E*&!#9!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!8C$!G&8#5&!/$&99/8/&$%J!S$!

%2/'!.$/4&7'/%EH!%2#'&!1&*C7%5&$%C0!.$/#$'!C7&!9&1&7C%&1!/$!C!8C5*.'P

K/1&!'%.1&$%!9&1&7C%/#$J!Q2/'!8C$!G&!&99/8/&$%!%#!2C4&!C!'/$+0&!C$1!

'%7#$+!4#/8&!G&9#7&!%2&!.$/4&7'/%ET'!C15/$/'%7C%/#$J!k#K&4&7H!G&8C.'&!

#9!%2&!/$'%CG/0/%E!#9!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C%!%2&!1&*C7%5&$%C0!0&4&0H!%2&!0#+/8!

#9!%2&!9&1&7C%/#$!/'!$#%!#$&!#9!1/7&8%!1&5#87C8EJ!Q2&!9&1&7C%/#$!

5&&%/$+'!C7&!C!*0C8&!K2&7&!%2&!2&C1!#9!%2&!8C5*.'!9&1&7C%/#$!8C$!

5C$/*.0C%&!0&''!5#G/0/^&1!1&*C7%&5&$%C0!.$/#$'!/$!#71&7!%#!5C/$%C/$!

8#$%7#0J!b&9%PK/$+!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!/$!7&%.7$!%&$1!%#!8##71/$C%&!%2&/7!

C8%/#$'!%27#.+2!/$9#75C0!5&&%/$+'!#.%'/1&!%2&!9&1&7C%/#$J!

!

S$!W$/4&7'/%E!bC4C0!UWbVH!%2&!.$/#$!'%7.8%.7&!/'!C$!2EG7/1!G&%K&&$!%2&'&!

%K#!'%7.8%.7&'J!Q2&7&!C7&!.$/#$'!C%!%2&!1&*C7%5&$%C0!0&4&0H!C%!%2&!

'82##0!0&4&0!C$1!C00!#9!%2&'&!C7&!9&1&7C%&1!GE!C!8C5*.'PK/1&!'%.1&$%!

9&1&7C%/#$J!Q2&!8C5*.'!9&1&7C%/#$!%&$1'!%#!*7&'&$%!%2&!'C5&!*7#G0&5'!

C'!C%!W$/4&7'/%E!#9!3#$%7&C0J!X!1/99&7&$8&H!%2#.+2H!/'!%2C%!.$/#$'!#9!

+7C1.C%&!'%.1&$%'!C7&!'&*C7C%&1!9#75!.$/#$'!#9!.$1&7+7C1.C%&!

'%.1&$%'J!S$!#.7!&(*&7/&$8&H!'&*C7C%/$+!+7C1'!97#5!.$1&7+7C1'!/'!.'.C00E!

!

! %#!

8#5*0&%&0E!/$C8%/4&!C$1!1/'C**&C7!1.7/$+!'.82!*&7/#1'J!NC%2&7/$+!C!9&K!

2.$17&1!'%.1&$%'!U5CEG&!C%!0&C'%![;;V!/'!C!+##1!/1&C!%#!=&&*!C!87/%/8C0!

5C''!%2C%!K/00!+.C7C$%&&!'#5&!'%CG/0/%EJ!

!

S$!'#5&!2/+2&7!&1.8C%/#$!'E'%&5'H!'%.1&$%'!1#!$#%!$&&1!%#!82##'&!C!

5CR#7!G&9#7&!%2&/7!%2/71!E&C7!P!%2/'!5/+2%!G&!82C00&$+/$+!#$!%2&!/''.&!#9!

1/4/1/$+!80&C70E!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!/$'/1&!C!8C5*.'J!Q#!G./01!C!'%.1&$%!

.$/#$!GC'&!#$!%2&!1&*C7%5&$%C0!0&4&0H!/$!5/+2%!G&!$&8&''C7E!%#!1&9/$&!

%2&!5&5G&7'2/*!C'!gC00!'%.1&$%'!K/%2!C%!0&C'%!#$&!80C''!#9!%2&!m!

1&*C7%5&$%g!/$'%&C1!#9!gC00!'%.1&$%'!K2#!C7&!m!5CR#7'gJ!-.%!&4&$!/9!%2C%!

/'!*#''/G0&H!/%!K/00!G&!2C71!%#!1&9/$&!2#K!%#!1/4/1&!8#.7'&'!#9!%2&!+&$&7C0!

&1.8C%/#$J!

!

S$!F.&G&8H!K&!2C4&!'%7/8%!7.0&'!/5*#'&1!GE!.$/4&7'/%/&'!#$!%2&!

'%7.8%.7&'!%2C%!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!8C$!2C4&J!-.%!/9!E#.!*0C$!%#!87&C%&!

'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!#.%'/1&!#9!#99/8/C0!0CK'H!%2&$!E#.!1#$L%!2C4&!%2C%!

*7#G0&5!C$1!E#.!8C$!97&&0E!8#$9/+.7&!%2&!G&'%!1&*C7%5&$%!5/(&'!9#7!

E#.7!.$/#$J! !

!

X0'#H!K&!5.'%!+#!%27#.+2!C$!C887&1/%C%/#$!*7#8&''!%2C%!/$80.1&'!C!

7&9&7&$1.5!%#!87&C%&!C!.$/#$J!-C'/8C00EH!C!5CR#7/%E!#9!%2&!G#1E!#9!

'%.1&$%'!%2C%!C7&!+#/$+!%#!G&!7&*7&'&$%&1!GE!%2&!$&K!.$/#$!$&&1'!%#!

4#%&!/$!9C4#7!#9!%2&!C887&1/%C%/#$J!S9!$#!0CK!7&I./7&'!'.82!*7#8&''H!%2&$!

E#.!C7&!97&&!%#!87&C%&!%2&!.$/#$!/$!C$E!#%2&7!KCEJ!k#K&4&7H!/%!5/+2%!G&!

C!4&7E!+##1!/1&C!%#!'&09P/5*#'&!%2C%!=/$1!#9!*7#8&''!/$!#71&7!%#!G./01!%2&!

0&+/%/5C8E!#9!%2&!.$/#$J!Q2&!.$/#$T'!82C$8&'!#9!'.88&''!C7&!5.82!

'%7#$+&7!/9!C!2/+2!*&78&$%C+&!#9!'%.1&$%'!5C1&!%2&!/$9#75&1!1&8/'/#$!%#!

'.**#7%!/%'!87&C%/#$J!Q2/'!8C$!G&!1#$&!%27#.+2!C!7&9&7&$1.5H!C!+&$&7C0!

C''&5G0E!#7!'#5&!=/$1!#9!*&%/%/#$J!

!

X'!0#$+!C'!E#.!8#$%7#0!%2&!*7#8&''!#9!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!C887&1/%C%/#$H!E#.!

K/00!G&!CG0&!%#!7&8#$9/+.7&!%2&!.$/#$T'!5&5G&7'2/*!#4&7!%/5&!/9!$&&1&1J!

A#7!&(C5*0&H!/9!C!1&*C7%5&$%!#9!0/$+./'%/8'!KC'!$#%!/$80.1&1!/$!C!.$/#$!

C%!9/7'%!C$1!KC$%'!%#!R#/$!C!0C7+&7!.$/#$!#9!'#8/C0!'8/&$8&'H!%2&$!C!

7&9&7&$1.5!8C$!G&!#7+C$/^&1!/$!%2C%!'*&8/9/8!1&*C7%5&$%J!

!

!

! #$!

8#.01!8#*&!K/%2!%2&!C%%C8='!#9!%2&!'%C%&H!/%!K#.01!'.7&0E!G&!4/8%#7/#.'J!

-C'&1!#$!*C'%!&(*&7/&$8&'H!K&!=$&K!%2C%!C$!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&!

2C1!%2C%!=/$1!#9!*#%&$%/C0J!

!

A#7!'.82!C!'%7/=&!%#!G&!'.88&''9.0H!/%!$&&1'!4&7E!'%7#$+!/$%&7$C0!

0&+/%/5C8EJ!S$!%2C%!7&+C71H!&-;*<*+'#(!#)!+*;+';-!C$1!/'$&;+!/&%#;$*;4!C7&!

%K#!#9!X<<MT'!U#7!"bX<<MT'V!5#'%!/5*#7%C$%!*7/$8/*0&'J!Q27#.+2!%2&/7!

C**0/8C%/#$H!K&!8#.01!8#$4/$8&!5#7&!C$1!5#7&!*&#*0&!%#!#**#'&!%2&!

%./%/#$!2/=&!C$1!G&8#5&!/$4#04&1!/$!%2&!*7#8&''!#9!G./01/$+!7&'/'%C$8&J!

!

!

!

27A565!:=3$=G$!5A!:A7$Q2/'!'%7C%&+E!8#$'/'%'!/$!1&'/+$/$+!C$!C8%/#$!*0C$!%2C%!*7#*#'&'!C!'&7/&'!

#9!C8%/#$'!%2C%!C7&!*7#+7&''/4&0E!5#7&!7C1/8C0H!G&+/$$/$+!K/%2!C8%/#$'!

%2C%!C7&$T%!4&7E!&$+C+/$+!9#7!*C7%/8/*C$%'!C$1!C7&!&C'E!%#!%C=&!*C7%J!A#7!

&(C5*0&Y!*&%/%/#$'H!*#0/%/8C0!90C'2!5#G'!#7!%C=/$+!C!*#'/%/#$!/$!C!+&$&7C0!

C''&5G0EJ!D&!=$&K!%2&'&!%C8%/8'H!GE!%2&5'&04&'H!1/1$T%!8#$%7/G.%&!

5.82!%#!'%#**/$+!%2&!2/=&J!-.%!G&9#7&!#7+C$/^/$+!5#7&!C5G/%/#.'!C$1!

&99&8%/4&!*7#%&'%'H!K&!$&&1&1!%#!G./01!.*!C8%/4/'%!8#55.$/%/&'!/$!5C$E!

1/99&7&$%!"MNMO'!U8#00&+&'V!C$1!.$/4&7'/%/&'J!S$!8#00&+&'H!K2&7&!'%.1&$%'!

C7&!+&$&7C00E!C+&1!G&%K&&$!,6!C$1!:;!E&C7'!#01!C$1!%.7$#4&7!/'!2/+2H!

*#0/%/8C0!8#$'8/#.'$&''!C5#$+!%2&!'%.1&$%!G#1E!/'!0#KJ!_7+C$/^/$+!

'/5*0&!C8%/#$'!0/=&!*&%/%/#$/$+!#99&7'!C$!#**#7%.$/%E!9#7!'.82!'%.1&$%'!

K2#!C7&!/$%&7&'%&1!/$!1#/$+!'#5&%2/$+!CG#.%!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!C$1!K2#!

5/+2%!#%2&7K/'&!G&!4&7E!7&0.8%C$%!%#!+&%!/$4#04&1!/$!C$E%2/$+!%2C%!8#.01!

0&C1!%#!8#$97#$%C%/#$J!

!

X!0#%!#9!#.7!8#00&8%/4&!&(*&7/&$8&!C'!C8%/4/'%'!/$!F.&G&8!%C.+2%!.'!%2C%!

G./01/$+!*#0/%/8C0!8C5*C/+$'!%27#.+2!*7#+7&''/4&!/$4#04&5&$%!#9!

*C7%/8/*C$%'!/'!5.82!5#7&!&99&8%/4&!/$!&0&4C%/$+!*&#*0&T'!*#0/%/8C0!

8#$'8/#.'$&''!%2C$!5&7&!/$9#75C%/#$!#7!*7#*C+C$1C!8C5*C/+$'J!D2&$!

C!*&%/%/#$!E#.T4&!K#7=&1!#$!9C/0'!%#!*7#1.8&!C$E!7&'.0%'H!K2&$!E#.7!

*C8/9/'%!'/%P/$!/'!C%%C8=&1!GE!*#0/8&!#7!K2&$!C!1&5#$'%7C%/#$!E#.!K&7&!/$!

/'!7/1/8.0&1!#7!5#8=&1!/$!$&K'*C*&7'!#7!#$!%2&!7C1/#H!/%!%&$1'!%#!

2/+20/+2%!%2&!0/5/%'!C$1!8#$%7C1/8%/#$'!#9!%2&!'E'%&5!5.82!G&%%&7!%2C$!C!

!

! ##!

90E&7!5/+2%J!_9!8#.7'&H!/%T'!C!*7#8&''!%2C%!%C=&'!%/5&!C$1!K2/82!C'='!#9!

&(*&7/&$8&1!C8%/4/'%'!K2#!5/+2%!G&!4&%&7C$'!#9!7C1/8C0!5#4&5&$%'!%#!

%C=&!*C7%!/$!'#5&!#7+C$/^/$+!%2C%!%2&E!K#.01!#%2&7K/'&!G7.'2!#99!C'!

G&/$+!C!KC'%&!#9!&99#7%J!

!

-&%K&&$!:;,;!C$1!:;,:H!#.7!8#55/%5&$%!%#!%2/'!*7#8&''!0&1!%#!C!$&K!

+&$&7C%/#$!#9!/$4#04&1!'%.1&$%'!K2#!/$!%.7$H!8#$%7/G.%&1!5C''/4&0E!%#!

+&%!5#7&!#9!%2&/7!8#00&C+.&'!/$4#04&1J!S$!%/5&H!#.7!7C00/&'!+7&K!0C7+&7!

C$1!0C7+&7!C$1!0#8C0!.$/#$'!K&7&!/$87&C'/$+0E!C8%/4&!C$1!1E$C5/8J!_$!

5C$E!8C5*.'&'H!K&!8#.01!8#.$%!#$!'#0/1!8#7&'!#9!C8%/4/'%'!K2#!

&4&$%.C00E!7&C82&1!%2&!8#$80.'/#$H!0C7+&0E!GE!%2&5'&04&'H!%2C%!%2&!#$0E!

KCE!%#!'%#*!%2&!2/=&!KC'!K/%2!C$!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&J!

!

!

@:42A!$@28=A45AB$h&%H!&'8C0C%/#$!#9!%C8%/8'!C0#$&!/'$T%!&$#.+2J!N&%%/$+!*&#*0&!/$4#04&1!

$&&1'!%#!+#!G&E#$1!'/5*0E!C'=/$+!*&#*0&!%#!R#/$!C8%/#$'J!-./01/$+!C!

7#8=P'#0/1!GC'/'!9#7!C!5#4&5&$%!7&I./7&'!+/4/$+!7&C0!*#K&7!/$!%2&!2C$1'!

#9!*C7%/8/*C$%'!C$1!G7/$+/$+!%2&5!%#!%2&!8&$%&7!#9!%2&!1&8/'/#$P5C=/$+!

*7#8&''J!

!

Q2/'!/1&C!/'!&5G#1/&1!/$!X<<MT'!U"bX<<MV!8#7&!*7/$8/*0&!#9!1/7&8%!

1&5#87C8EJ!X!'/5*0&H!1&5#87C%/8H!%7C$'*C7&$%!'%7.8%.7&!KC'!87.8/C0!%#!

%2&!'.88&''!#9!#.7!'%7/=&J!

!

A/7'%0EH!%2&!'.*7&5&!7.0/$+!G#1E!/$!0#8C0!.$/#$'!/'!%2&!N&$&7C0!X''&5G0EH!

'#5&%/5&'!C0'#!8C00&1!%2&!+&$&7C0!5&5G&7'2/*!5&&%/$+J!M0&8%&1!

#99/8/C0'!'.82!C'!5&5G&7'!#9!%2&!&(&8.%/4&!#7!C15/$/'%7C%/4&!G#C71'!C7&!

.$1&7!%2&!C.%2#7/%E!#9!%2/'!C''&5G0EH!K2/82!/'!#*&$!%#!%2&!.$/#$T'!&$%/7&!

5&5G&7'2/*J!

!

M4&7E#$&!/'!&I.C0!1.7/$+!%2&'&!5&&%/$+'Y!'%C99!C$1!G#C71!5&5G&7'!

C7&$T%!+/4&$!C$E!=/$1'!#9!*7/4/0&+&'!'.82!C'!'*&8/C0!'&C%/$+!/$!97#$%!#9!%2&!

C''&5G0E!#7!7/+2%P#9P7&*0EJ!B.0&'!#9!#71&7H!'.82!C'!eB#G&7%T'!B.0&'!#9!

_71&7f!C7&!.'&1!C$1!'%7/8%0E!C**0/&1!GE!C!9C8/0/%C%#7!C'!C!5&C$'!#9!

'%7.8%.7/$+!%2&!5&&%/$+!C$1!#7/&$%/$+!1&GC%&'!%#KC71!8#00&8%/4&!

!

! %$!

A.7%2&7!7&C1/$+'!

!

9?:6@:31$6=A56$7!?@23!$?3:=37$!

D2&$!G./01/$+!C!'%.1&$%!.$/#$H!%2&7&!C7&!/5*#7%C$%!1&8/'/#$'!%#!5C=&!

CG#.%!/%'!'%7.8%.7&!%2C%!K/00!1&%&75/$&!%2&!1E$C5/8'!#9!%2&!.$/#$J!A/7'%!

#9!C00H!E#.!$&&1!%#!1&8/1&!K2/82!'%.1&$%'!C7&!+#/$+!%#!G&!5&5G&7'J!D/00!

%2&!.$/#$!/$80.1&!C00!%2&!'%.1&$%'!#9!%2&!.$/4&7'/%Ea!_$0E!'%.1&$%'!#9!C!

'/$+0&!g'82##0ga!_$0E!'%.1&$%'!#9!C!'/$+0&!1&*C7%5&$%a!<%.1&$%'!#9!

'&4&7C0!'&0&8%&1!1&*C7%5&$%'a!_7!'%.1&$%'!#9!C!'/$+0&!*7#+7C5a!

!

S$!#71&7!%#!1&8/1&!%2C%H!%2&!5#'%!/5*#7%C$%!9C8%#7'!%#!8#$'/1&7!C7&!

GC'&1!#$!%2&!&99/8/&$8E!#9!%2&!$&K0E!87&C%&1!.$/#$!%#!&$9#78&!C!'%7/=&J!

S$!+&$&7C0H!C!.$/#$!'2#.01!$#%!8#5*7/'&!5.82!5#7&!%2C$!,;H;;;!

'%.1&$%'J!_4&7!%2C%!$.5G&7H!/%!G&8#5&'!1/99/8.0%!%#!2#01!+&$&7C0!

C''&5G0/&'!C$1!'%7/=&'!C7&!1/99/8.0%!%#!&$9#78&J!S9!%2&!8C5*.'!/'!G/++&7!

%2C$!%2C%H!%2&$!E#.!5CE!*7&9&7!G./01/$+!%2&!.$/#$!#$!'5C00&7!.$/%'J!Q2/'!

8C$!8C.'&!*7#G0&5'!/9!E#.7!.$/#$!/'!87&C%&1!/$!'.82!KCE'!%2C%!/$!C!0#%!#9!

80C''&'!E#.!2C4&!5&5G&7'!C$1!$#$P5&5G&7'!5/(&1!%#+&%2&7H!G&8C.'&!

$#$P5&5G&7'!K/00!+&%!C$+7E!9#7!$#%!G&/$+!CG0&!%#!4#%&!#$!'%7/=&!NXL'!

%2C%!C99&8%!%2&/7!80C''&'J!A#7!&(C5*0&H!/9!%2&!'#8/#0#+E!C$1!2/'%#7E!

1&*C7%5&$%!C7&!80#'&0E!%/&1!%#+&%2&7!C$1!2C4&!80C''&'!/$!8#55#$H!%2&$!

/%!5/+2%!G&!C!+##1!/1&C!%#!87&C%&!C!.$/#$!%2C%!C%!0&C'%!/$80.1&'!G#%2!

1&*C7%5&$%'J!

!

X$#%2&7!9C8%#7!%#!%C=&!/$%#!8#$'/1&7C%/#$!/'!%2&!*7#(/5/%E!#9!%2&!'%.1&$%!

.$/#$!K/%2!/%'!5&5G&7'J!X!0C7+&!.$/#$!8C$!'&&5!#.%!#9!7&C82!C$1!#.%!#9!

8#$%7#0!%#!'%.1&$%'J!X+C/$H!/%T'!C!+##1!/1&C!%#!=&&*!%2&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!

'/^&!.$1&7!C!9&K!%2#.'C$1'J!Q2&!0C'%!9C8%#7!%#!8#$'/1&7!/'!%2&!'%CG/0/%E!#9!

%2&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!#4&7!%/5&J!X!'5C00!.$/#$!8C$!G&!4&7E!1&5#87C%/8!C$1!

8C$!&C'/0E!+#!#$!'%7/=&H!G.%!/%!5/+2%!0C8=!'%CG/0/%E!#4&7!0#$+!*&7/#1'!#9!

%/5&J!i.7/$+!1#K$%/5&'H!%2&!$.5G&7!#9!C8%/4/'%'!K/00/$+!%#!7.$!%2&!.$/#$!

'27/$='J!X'!%2&!$.5G&7!#9!C8%/4/'%'!/$!C!'/$+0&!.$/#$!/'!'#5&K2C%!

*7#*#7%/#$C0!%#!/%'!%#%C0!$.5G&7!#9!5&5G&7'H!C!'5C00!.$/#$!8C$!G&8#5&!

!

! (&!

C/5&1!C%!*7#9#.$1H!K/1&'*7&C1!'#8/C0!82C$+&J!

!

h&%H!'/$8&!G&/$+!&0&8%&1!C$1!CG#0/'2/$+!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!C$1!-/00!6@H!%2&!

OF!2C'!7&$&+&1!#$!5C$E!#9!/%'!*7#+7&''/4&!*7#*#'C0'J!S%!2C'!

/5*0&5&$%&1!C$!C.'%&7/%E!G.1+&%!8#5*0&%&!K/%2!8.%'!/$!'#8/C0!

*7#+7C5'H!/$80.1/$+!/$!%2&!&1.8C%/#$!'&8%#7J!A.7%2&75#7&H!C9%&7!7C00E/$+!

5CR#7!0CG#7!.$/#$'!C$1!%2&!%K#!'%.1&$%!9&1&7C%/#$'!C%!C!'*&8/C0!'.55/%!

#$!2/+2&7!&1.8C%/#$H!/%!2C'!7&/$%7#1.8&1!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!/$!C!e'#9%&7f!

9#75H!&'%CG0/'2/$+!C!*&75C$&$%!/$87&C'&!#9!?`!*&7!E&C7J!

!

Q2&!OF!/'!'2#K/$+!#$8&!C+C/$!%2C%!&0&8%/#$!8C5*C/+$!*7#5/'&'!C7&!9C7!

%##!#9%&$!%2&!4/8%/5'!#9!7.0/$+!80C''!7&C0*#0/%/=H!C$1!%2C%!0&9%P0&C$/$+!#7!

0&9%/'%!*C7%/&'!8C$$#%!G&!%7.'%&1!K/%2!%2&!#.%8#5&'!#9!#.7!'%7.++0&'J!_.7!

'%C$8&!/'!%2C%!C$E!&0&8%CG0&!*#0/%/8C0!*C7%EH!#$8&!/$!*#K&7H!K#.01!9#00#K!

%2&!&0/%&L'!*#0/%/8C0!*7#+7C5H!7&+C710&''!#9!%2&!7C1/8C0!#7/+/$'!#9!/%'!#K$!

*7#+7C5J!

!

S$'%&C1H!K&!*7#*#'&!%2C%!K&!'2#.01!7&0E!#$!$#%2/$+!G.%!#.7'&04&'H!

G./01/$+!#.7!#K$!8C*C8/%/&'!%#!7&'/'%!C.'%&7/%E!C$1!/$'%/%.%/#$C0/'&!

82C$+&!%27#.+2!'&09P#7+C$/'C%/#$J!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! #'!

1&8/'/#$P!5C=/$+J!X**0E/$+!7.0&'!#9!#71&7!/'$T%!C0KCE'!&C'E!C$1!

'#5&%/5&'!%2&7&T'!C!%&5*%C%/#$!%#!1#!CKCE!K/%2!%2&5!C0%#+&%2&7J!

k#K&4&7H!/$!#.7!&(*&7/&$8&H!C!9#75C0!'%7.8%.7&!C$1!*7#8&''!K2/82!

&4&7E#$&!7&8#+$/'&'!C$1!K2/82!8C$!G&!C**0/&1!#*&$0E!C$1!7&'*&8%9.00E!

/'!5.82!G&%%&7!%2C$!/$9#75C0!'%7.8%.7&!K2&7&!'2C1#KE!*#K&7!

7&0C%/#$'2/*'!G&%K&&$!*C7%/8/*C$%'!8C$!/$90.&$8&!%2&!1&8/'/#$P5C=/$+!

*7#8&''!%#!%2&!C14C$%C+&!#9!C$!/$1/4/1.C0!#7!C!+7#.*J!Q#!&$'.7&!%2C%!

=$#K0&1+&!#9!%2&!7.0&'!#9!#71&7!/$!/%'&09!1#&'$T%!G&8#5&!C!'#.78&!#9!

/$&I.C0/%E!C5#$+!*C7%/8/*C$%'H!.$/#$'!*.G0/'2!C$1!5C=&!'.7&!%2&!7.0&'!

#9!#71&7!C7&!C4C/0CG0&!%#!C00H!K2/0&!9C8/0/%C%#7'!%C=&!%/5&!C'!$&&1&1!%#!

&(*0C/$!%2&5!C$1!5C=&!'.7&!&4&7E#$&!/$!%2&!5&&%/$+!.$1&7'%C$1'!%2&!

*7#8&''&'J!

!

X'!5&5G&7'!#9!%2&!.$/#$H!&0&8%&1!.$/#$!#99/8/C0'!8C$!G7/$+!5#%/#$'!%#!

%2&!90##7!C$1!*C7%/8/*C%&!/$!1/'8.''/#$c!G.%!#$8&!%2&!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0E!

2C'!*C''&1!C!5#%/#$H!%2&/7!7#0&!/'!%#!C**0E!%2C%!1&8/'/#$Y!$#%!%#!1/'8.''!/%!

#7!1&GC%&!/%!9.7%2&7J!X8%/$+!C+C/$'%!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0E!7&'#0.%/#$'!/'!C!

+7C4&!#99&$'&!C$1!+7#.$1'!9#7!/5*&C825&$%J!

!

X%!%2&!*7#4/$8/C0!0&4&0H!1&8/'/#$'!C7&!5C1&!GE!C!8#$+7&''!8#5*#'&1!#9!

1&0&+C%&'!#9!&4&7E!0#8C0!.$/#$J!i&0&+C%&'!C7&!$#%!7&*7&'&$%C%/4&'!#9!

%2&/7!.$/#$T'!5&5G&7'2/*H!&$%/%0&1!%#!'*&C=!#$!G&2C09!#9!%2&!'%.1&$%!

G#1EH!$#7!C7&!%2&E!'&$%!/$!%#!&(*7&''!%2&/7!*&7'#$C0!4/&K'J!Q2&/7!7#0&!/'!

%#!G7/$+!.*!C$1!1&9&$1!%2&!*#'/%/#$'!#9!%2&/7!.$/#$T'!#K$!+&$&7C0!

C''&5G0E!C$1!CG'%C/$!97#5!8C'%/$+!C!4#%&!/9!%2&E!1#$T%!2C4&!#$&!#$!C!

*C7%/8.0C7!*7#*#'C0J!X'!C!7&'.0%H!#$0E!5#%/#$'!K2/82!2C4&!%2&!'.**#7%!#9!

C!5CR#7/%E!#9!0#8C0!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!8C$!*C''J!

!

X'!/$!0#8C0!.$/#$'H!%2&!7#0&!#9!&0&8%&1!5&5G&7'!#9!X<<M!U"bX<<MV!/'!%#!

/5*0&5&$%!%2&!1&8/'/#$'!#9!%2&!8#$+7&''J!

!

S$!%2&!%K#!E&C7'!0&C1/$+!.*!%#!%2&!'%7/=&H!0#8C0!.$/#$'!K#.01!2#01!CG#.%!

%27&&!#7!9#.7!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!*&7!'&5&'%&7H!K2/0&!X<<M!U"bX<<MV!

2&01!$#!5#7&!%2C$!#$&!#7!%K#!8#$+7&''&'!*&7!'&5&'%&7J!D2&$!%2&!

'%7/=&!G&+C$H!2#K&4&7H!%2C%!72E%25!KC'!C88&0&7C%&1!K/%2!0#8C0!.$/#$'!

!

! #(!

2#01/$+!C%!0&C'%!#$&!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0E!*&7!K&&=!C$1!8#$+7&''&'!C0'#!

2C**&$/$+!#$!C!K&&=0E!GC'/'H!1.7/$+!K&&=&$1'J!

!

A7&I.&$%!C''&5G0/&'!C$1!8#$+7&''&'!5&C$%!%2C%!1&8/'/#$'!5C1&!C%!%2&!

*7#4/$8/C0!0&4&0!K#.01!&82#!C'!5.82!C'!*#''/G0&!%2#'&!5C1&!C%!%2&!

+7C''7##%'!0&4&0J!

!

X'!/$!0#8C0!.$/#$'H!/5*#7%C$%!/$%&7$C0!*#0/8/&'!C$1!5&82C$/'5'!C7&!/$!

*0C8&!%#!9#'%&7!C!8.0%.7&!#9!2#7/^#$%C0/%E!/$!K2/82!$#!/$1/4/1.C0!#7!+7#.*!

2#01'!2/+2&7!'%C%.'!#7!'E5G#0/8!*#K&7!#4&7!#%2&7'J!Q2&!/1&C!/'!%#!

5/$/5/^&!%2&!1/'%C$8&!G&%K&&$!%2#'&!K2#!2C4&!C$!#99/8/C0!9.$8%/#$!

U'%C99!C$1!&0&8%&1!5&5G&7'V!C$1!%2&!7C$=!C$1!9/0&J!

!

M(C5*0&'!#9!%2&'&!*#0/8/&'!/$80.1&Y!

q!l#!'*&8/C0!'*&C=/$+!*7/#7/%E!/$!5&&%/$+'!9#7!'%C99!#7!&0&8%&1!5&5G&7'c!!

q!l#!'*&8/C0!'&C%/$+!U/&J!.*!97#$%V!9#7!'%C99!#7!&0&8%&1!5&5G&7'!/$!

+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!C$1!8#$+7&''&'!C$1!%2&E!1#!$#%!9C8/0/%C%&!%2&'&!

5&&%/$+'c!!

q!l#!'C0C7E!#7!'*&8/C0!'82#0C7'2/*'!9#7!&0&8%&1!5&5G&7'c!!

q!l.5G&7!#9!'%C99!/'!=&*%!%#!C!5/$/5.5c!!

q!<%/*&$1'!C7&!C4C/0CG0&!%#!K2#&4&7!/'!%C=/$+!#$!%C'='c!!

q!l#!'*&8/C0r8#7*#7C%&!80#%2/$+H!$C5&P%C+'!#7!R&K&07E!9#7!'%C99!C$1!

&0&8%&1!5&5G&7'!C$1!$#!*&7'#$C0/^&1!G.'/$&''!8C71'c!!

q!l#!0.(.7E!9.7$/%.7&!/$!.$/#$!#99/8&'!UQj'H!0&C%2&7!8#.82&'H!&%8JVc!ql#$P

2/&7C782/8C0!0CG&0'!9#7!&0&8%/4&!9.$8%/#$'Y!$#!*7&'/1&$%'H!4/8&P*7&'/1&$%'H!

1/7&8%#7'H!82C/75&$H!&%8Jc!!

q!W$1&9/$&1!5&5G&7!0/5/%'!9#7!5#'%!&0&8%&1!8#55/%%&&'H!&0/5/$C%/$+!

8#5*&%/%/#$!9#7!*#'/%/#$'J!

!

D2&$!.$/#$!#99/8/C0'!C7&$T%!C!80C''!C*C7%H!K2&$!%2&E!+&%!%2&!'C5&!

%7&C%5&$%!C'!&4&7E#$&!&0'&H!C$1!K2&$!.$/#$!#7/&$%C%/#$'!C7/'&!97#5!

+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'H!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!/$87&C'&'!C'!'%.1&$%'H!2C4/$+!G&&$!

CG0&!%#!8#$%7/G.%&!/$!C!5&C$/$+9.0!KCEH!C7&!$C%.7C00E!17CK$!/$%#!%2&!

*7#8&''!#9!/5*0&5&$%/$+!8#00&8%/4&!1&8/'/#$'J!X11/%/#$C00EH!#*&$!

'%7.8%.7&'!K/%2!.$&0&8%&1!*C7%/8/*C$%'!'.82!C'!e5#G/0/^C%/#$!

8#55/%%&&'f!C7&!=&E!%#!82C$$&0/$+!5#%/4C%/#$!C$1!&$%2.'/C'5!%#KC71'!

!

! ()!

"#$80.'/#$!

!Q2&!:;,:!F.&G&8!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!2C'!1&5#$'%7C%&1!E&%!C+C/$!%2&!

*#%&$%/C0!C$1!*#K&7!#9!1&5#87C%/8!C$1!8#5GC%/4&!5#4&5&$%'J!W$/#$'!

C$1!'#8/C0!5#4&5&$%'!%2C%!'&&=!/$'*/7C%/#$!97#5!%2&!'%7/=&!$&&1!%#!'%C7%!

%2/$=/$+!CG#.%!5#4/$+!%#KC71'!1/7&8%!1&5#87C8E!C$1!9#8.'!$#%!R.'%!#$!

G./01/$+!C**7#*7/C%&!9#75C0!'%7.8%.7&'H!G.%!C0'#!#$!9#'%&7/$+!C!8.0%.7&!#9!

2#7/^#$%C0/'5J!o.'%!C'!/5*#7%C$%0EH!%2&E!5.'%!1#!CKCE!K/%2!C$E!/00.'/#$'!

%2&E!5/+2%!'%/00!2C4&!CG#.%!1/C0#+.&!C$1!8#00CG#7C%/#$!K/%2!'%C%&!

/$'%/%.%/#$'J!X$E!0&4&7C+&!'%.1&$%'!2C1!C+C/$'%!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%H!%2&E!

+#%!GE!1/'7.*%/$+!G.'/$&''!C'!.'.C0!%27#.+2!*C7C0E^/$+!8C5*.'&'!K/%2!

%2&!'%7/=&!C$1!1/7&8%!C8%/#$J!

!

XG#4&!C00H!%2&!'%7/=&!8#.01!$#%!2C4&!G&+.$!#7!'.74/4&1!K/%2#.%!%2&!

'.'%C/$&1!&$+C+&5&$%!C$1!1&1/8C%/#$!#9!'%.1&$%'!K2#!2C4&!8#$%/$.&1!

%#!#7+C$/'&!&4&$!%27#.+2!1&9&C%!C$1!1&8&*%/#$J!3#4&5&$%PG./01/$+!/'!C!

%C'=!%2C%!$&&1'!%#!G&!8#$8&/4&1!#4&7!%2&!0#$+!%&75H!K/%2!9C/0.7&'!

C$%/8/*C%&1!C0#$+!%2&!KCEJ!

!

D&!5.'%!C0'#!KC7$!%2&!7&C1&7!K2#!5/+2%!G&!%&5*%&1!%#!%2/$=H!C9%&7!

7&C1/$+!%2/'H!%2C%!"bX<<M!UX<<MV!KC'!%2&!*&79&8%!&5G#1/5&$%!#9!%2&!

/1&C0'!C$1!*7/$8/*0&'!K&!2C4&!'#.+2%!%#!2/+20/+2%!P!/%!KC'!$#%J!D2C%&4&7!

%2&!*&7'*&8%/4&H!"bX<<M!KC'!$#%!%2&!2#0E!G&C8#$!#9!1&5#87C8E!C$1!

7C1/8C0/'5!%2C%!/%!KC'!5C1&!#.%!%#!G&!/$!'#5&!I.C7%&7'J!

!

S$!%2/'!'&$'&H!K&!5/+2%!G&!C88.'&1!#9!+0#''/$+!#4&7!%2&!8#$%7C1/8%/#$'!#9!

%2&!5#4&5&$%J!-.%!%2&!C/5!2&7&!KC'!%#!*7#4/1&!C!%##0=/%H!$#%!K7/%&!C!

9.00H!%2#7#.+2!C''&''5&$%!#9!%2&!'%7/=&J!D&!2#*&H!$#$&%2&0&''H!%#!G&!

CG0&!%#!/5*7#4&!/%!/$!%2&!9.%.7&!K/%2!&(%7C!5C%&7/C0!C$1!1&GC%&'J!

!

S%!/'!*&72C*'!9/%%/$+H!%2&$H!%#!&$1!%2/'!&$1&C4#7!GE!%#.82/$+!#$!'.82!C!

1&GC%&J!Q2&!#.%8#5&!#9!%2&!'%7/=&!'&&5'!%#!2C4&!8#59#7%&1!'#5&!/$!

%2&/7!4/&K!%2C%!C!*C70/C5&$%C7E!*C7%E!'2#.01!G&!*C7%!#9!C$E!'%7C%&+E!

!

! (*!

S$!%2&!K&&=!#9!X.+.'%!,?%2H!4/7%.C00E!C00!0#8C0!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!4#%&1!1#K$!

%2&!'%7/=&!GE!0C7+&!5CR#7/%/&'J!i&'*/%&!*C''/#$C%&!1&9&$'&'!#9!%2&!'%7/=&!

C$1!0/%%0&!C$%/P'%7/=&!C7+.5&$%'!C%!%2&!C''&5G0/&'!%2&5'&04&'H!%2&!'%7/=&!

8#00C*'&1J!

!

X7+.CG0EH!5#'%!'%.1&$%'!1/1$T%!7&C0/^&!K2C%!5#7&!8#.01!G&!+C/$&1!GE!

8#$%/$./$+!%2&!'%7/=&!%2C%!%2&!OFT'!*7#GCG0&!&0&8%/#$!4/8%#7E!8#.01$T%!

G7/$+J!Q2&E!K&7&$T%!7&C1E!%#!7/'=!K2C%!KC'!0&9%!#9!%2&/7!'&5&'%&7H!B.-+!'(!

;*-&!%2&!OF!1/1$T%!K/$!C%!%2&!*#00'J!

!

Q2&!OF!K&$%!#$!%#!K/$H!GE!C!'5C00!5C7+/$H!%2&!&0&8%/#$'!2&01!#$!

<&*%&5G&7!>%2J!S%!&$'.7&1!%2/'!#.%8#5&!GE!9&1&7C%/$+!%2&!b&9%!C$1!

$C%/#$C0/'%!4#%&'!#$!C!*0C%9#75!K2/82!/$80.1&1H!C*C7%!97#5!%2&!*7#5/'&!

C/5&1!C%!&$1/$+!%2&!'%.1&$%!8#$90/8%H!/$87&C'/$+!%C(&'!#9!%2&!%2&!7/82&'%H!

CG#0/'2/$+!C!7&+7&''/4&!2&C0%2!%C(!C$1!/5*0&5&$%/$+!'&4&7C0!

&$4/7#$5&$%C00EP97/&$10E!*#0/8/&'J!_$!<&*%&5G&7!,\%2H!C!1&87&&!

#99/8/C00E!CG#0/'2&1!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&J!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! #%!

/5*0&5&$%/$+!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0E!7&'#0.%/#$'!C$1!8#$87&%&!#7+C$/^/$+J!

!

S$!C!9&K!K#71'H!C!%#3'<'T*+'#(!;#%%'++&&!/'!C$!/$9#75C0!'%7.8%.7&!%2C%!

+C%2&7'!C$E#$&!K/00/$+!%#!*C7%/8/*C%&!/$!C!*#0/%/8C0!8C5*C/+$!#$!8C5*.'J!

S%!#9%&$!K#7='!/$!8#$8&7%!K/%2!%2&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$H!K2/82!+/4&'!/%!C!G.1+&%!

C$1!'#5&!/$1&*&$1&$8&!C00#K/$+!/%!%#!%C=&!*#0/%/8C0!/$/%/C%/4&'J!Q2&!

5#G/0/^C%/#$!8#55/%%&&T'!5&&%/$+'!%E*/8C00E!/$4#04&!%2&!/$%&+7C%/#$!#9!

$&K!5&5G&7'H!5#G/0/^C%/#$!*0C$$/$+!U/&J!5C=/$+!90E&7'H!80C''7##5!4/'/%'H!

*#'%&7/$+H!&%8JV!C$1!1/'*C%82/$+!%C'='J!Q2#'&!5&&%/$+'!C7&!5#7&!

/$9#75C0!%2C$!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'H!G.%!C7&!C0'#!+./1&1!GE!%2&!/1&C'!#9!

2#7/^#$%C0!#7+C$/^/$+J!S%T'!8.'%#5C7E!%2C%!&0&8%&1!.$/#$!#99/8/C0'!5C=&!

%2&5'&04&'!/$8#$'*/8.#.'!/$!%2#'&!5&&%/$+'H!%2&!/1&C!G&/$+!%#!'2C7&!

/$9#75C%/#$!C$1!/$4#04&!&4&7E#$&!K/00/$+!%#!2&0*!#$!C$!&I.C0!GC'/'J!

!

Q2&!8#5G/$C%/#$!#9!1/7&8%!1&5#87C8E!C$1!&'8C0C%/#$!#9!%C8%/8'!2&0*&1!.'!

G./01!7#G.'%!/$%&7$C0!0&+/%/5C8EY!1&5#87C%/8!1&8/'/#$P5C=/$+!C$1!

*7#+7&''/4&!/$4#04&5&$%!8#$%7/G.%&!C!0#%!%#KC71'!%2&!$#%/#$!%2C%!%2&!

.$/#$!7&C00E!&5G#1/&'!%2&!K/00!#9!%2&!5CR#7/%EJ!X'!C!7&'.0%H!1&8/'/#$'!

5C1&!/$!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'H!&4&$!%2#.+2!%2&E!5/+2%!$#%!G&!GC8=&1!GE!

0CKH!C7&!K/1&0E!7&'*&8%&1!GE!'%.1&$%'J!

!

Q2&!'%7/=&!/%'&09!/'!*&72C*'!%2&!G&'%!&(C5*0&J!S$!F.&G&8H!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&'!

2C4&!$#!0&+C0!GC'/'!K2C%'#&4&7J!A.7%2&75#7&H!&$9#78/$+!%2&!'%7/=&!.'/$+!

*/8=&%!0/$&'!C$1!G0#8=C1&'!#9!G./01/$+'!/'!/00&+C0J!-.%!.$/#$'T!/$%&7$C0!

0&+/%/5C8E!/'!'#!'%7#$+!%2C%!&4&$!K2/0&!'%.1&$%'!=$#K!%2C%!%2&!'%7/=&!

/'$T%!&(*0/8/%0E!0CK9.0H!*/8=&%!0/$&'!C7&!7&'*&8%&1H!&4&$!GE!'%.1&$%'!K2#!

#**#'&!%2&!'%7/=&J!

!

Q2C%T'!/5*#7%C$%H!G&8C.'&!/%!5&C$'!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&'!C7&!*#''/G0&!

C$EK2&7&J!S%!C0'#!5&C$'!%2C%!K&!1#$T%!2C4&!%#!KC/%!9#7!%2&!'%C%&!#7!

.$/4&7'/%/&'!%#!7&8#+$/^&!#.7!.$/#$'H!#.7!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!C$1!#.7!

1&5#87C%/8!1&8/'/#$'J!X.%#$#5#.'!#7+C$/^C%/#$!C00#K'!.'!%#!G./01!C!

0&4&0!#9!/$%&7$C0!0&+/%/5C8E!'#!'%7#$+!%2C%!/%!8C$!#4&77/1&!0CK'!C$1!#%2&7!

&99#7%'!%#!'/0&$8&!.'J!

!

!

!

! #"!

"27#$/80&!#9!%2&!:;,:!

<%7/=&!!

625@$?D$!

S$!:;,;!C$1!:;,,H!'&4&7C0!5#$%2'!G&9#7&!%2&!'%7/=&H!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!

K&7&!4&7E!C8%/4&J!Q2&E!K&7&!&$8#.7C+&1!%#!2#01!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!%#!

1/'8.''!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!C$1!%#!%C=&!C!*#'/%/#$J!M4&$!%2#.+2!/%!KC'!80&C7!

97#5!%2&!G&+/$$/$+!%2C%!$#%2/$+!0&''!%2C$!C$!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&!

K#.01!2C4&!C$E!82C$8&!#9!&99&8%/4&0E!G0#8=/$+!%2&!2/=&H!5C$E!*7#%&'%'!

C$1!C8%/#$'!K&7&!#7+C$/^&1!C'!*C7%!#9!C$!&'8C0C%/#$!#9!%C8%/8'J!

!

_$!i&8&5G&7!]%2!:;,;H!'%.1&$%'!*7#%&'%&1!C+C/$'%!C!+#4&7$5&$%!

e8#$'.0%C%/#$f!#9!&1.8C%/#$!'&8%#7!+7#.*'!U'%.1&$%'H!0CG#7!.$/#$'H!

C15/$/'%7C%/#$'H!&%8JV!CG#.%!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!K2/82!KC'!#G4/#.'0E!

'=&K&1!/$!9C4#7!#9!%2&!*#0/8EJ!Q2&7&!KC'!C$!C%%&5*%!%#!'%#75!%2&!

8#$9&7&$8&!90##7!G.%!/%!1/1$T%!'.88&&1J!

!

S$!3C782!:;,,H!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!KC'!C$$#.$8&1Y!/%!K#.01!8#5&!/$%#!

&99&8%!/$!<&*%&5G&7!:;,:J!<5C00H!0#8C0/^&1!*7#%&'%'!2C**&$&1!C05#'%!

&4&7E!1CE!#4&7!C!*&7/#1!#9!%K#!K&&='!9#00#K/$+!%2&!C$$#.$8&5&$%J!_$!

%2&!:;%2H!C!5&&%/$+!#9!%2&!E#.%2!K/$+!#9!%2&!b/G&7C0!*C7%E!U#$&!#9!%2&!

+7#.*'!*.'2/$+!9#7!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&V!KC'!1/'7.*%&1J!X$!#88.*C%/#$!KC'!

#7+C$/^&1!K/%2!#4&7!,;;!'%.1&$%'!/$!C!9/$C$8&!5/$/'%7E!G./01/$+!#$!%2&!

:>%2J!_$!%2&!?,'%H!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!'%C+&!C!#$&P1CE!'%7/=&!K/%2!C!?;;;P

'%7#$+!*7#%&'%!C$1!C$!#88.*C%/#$!#9!%2&!#99/8&'!#9!%2&!.$/4&7'/%E!

C15/$/'%7C%#7T'!0#GGE!UC0'#!#$&!#9!%2&!+7#.*'!*.'2/$+!9#7!%2&!%./%/#$!

2/=&VJ!

!

_4&7C00H!%2&!*0C$!#9!C8%/#$!KC'!'/5*0&Y!+&%!*&#*0&!#$!G#C71H!0C.$82!C!

5C''/4&!/$9#75C%/#$!8C5*C/+$H!'%C+&!C!#$&P1CE!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&!K/%2!C!G/+!

1&5#!C$1!%2&$!*.%!#.%!C!9#75C0!8C00!9#7!C$!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&J!

!

!

! (+!

!

X'!%2&!K&&='!*C''&1!GEH!K2/0&!%2&!*#%'!C$1!*C$'!*7#%&'%'!2C1!$&C70E!

8#5*0&%&0E!9C1&1!CKCEH!7.5#7'!#9!&0&8%/#$'!+7&KJ!

!

262A!:=37$!

_$!X.+.'%!,'%H!%2&!7.0/$+!b/G&7C0!*C7%E!1/''#04&1!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!C$1!

0C.$82&1!C$!&C70E!&0&8%/#$!8C5*C/+$H!GC7&0E!%K#!K&&='!G&9#7&!%2&!

'&5&'%&7'!'%C7%/$+!.*!C+C/$!9#7!'%7/=/$+!'%.1&$%'J!-&%%/$+!%2C%!%2&!'%7/=&!

KC'!#4&7!C$1!%2C%!'%.1&$%'!K#.01!82##'&!%#!7&%.7$!%#!80C''H!%2&!*C7%E!

2#*&1!%#!K/$!GC8=!'#5&!'.**#7%!GE!C7+./$+!%2C%!-/00!6@!2C1!&99&8%/4&0E!

G7#.+2%!GC8=!*&C8&!C$1!#71&7!#$!8C5*.'&'J!Q2&!OC7%/!F.&G&8#/'H!#$!

%2&!#%2&7!2C$1H!K2/82!0&1!%2&!*#00'!97#5!%2&!9/7'%!1CE!#9!%2&!8C5*C/+$H!

*7#5/'&1!%#!8C$8&0!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!C$1!7&*&C0!-/00!6@J!3C$E!'%.1&$%'!

/$%&7*7&%&1!%2/'!C'!4/8%#7E!G&/$+!80#'&!C%!2C$1J!

!

AM"F!C$1!AMWF!0C.$82&1!8C5*C/+$'!%#!G##'%!E#.%2!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!/$!%2&!

&0&8%/#$'!C$1!K#7=!C+C/$'%!%2&!b/G&7C0!*C7%ET'!8C5*C/+$J!A#7!%2&5H!%2&!

'%7/=&!KC'!C07&C1E!#4&7J!AM"FT'!9#75&7P*7&'/1&$%P%.7$&1POFP8C$1/1C%&!

8C00&1!9#7!C$!e&0&8%#7C0!%7.8&f!PP!C!8C00!&82#&1!GE!5C$E!/$!%2&!b&9%!PP!/$!

K2/82!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!K#.01!'.'*&$1!%2&!'%7/=&!%#!+/4&!%2&!$&K!

+#4&7$5&$%!C!82C$8&J!A.7%2&75#7&H!AM"FT'!$&K!*7&'/1&$%!%#01!5&1/C!

%2C%!8#$%/$./$+!%2&!'%7/=&!K#.01!G&!eC8C1&5/8C00E!1/'C'%7#.'f!9#7!

'%.1&$%'J!

!

"bX<<MH!/$!/%'!8C'&H!5#'%0E!'%CE&1!CKCE!97#5!*0CE/$+!C!*C7%!/$!&0&8%#7C0!

*#0/%/8'H!'%/8=/$+!%#!C!'0#+C$!G7#C10E!8#$1&5$/$+!$&#0/G&7C0/'5H!

C5G/+.#.'0E!8C00/$+!9#7!4#%/$+!C+C/$'%!%2&!%27&&!5C/$!5#7&P#7P0&''!7/+2%P

K/$+!*C7%/&'J!S$'%&C1H!/%!2C55&7&1!%2&!5&''C+&!%2C%!%2&!'%7/=&!KC'!$#%!

#4&7!C$1!%2&!C''&5G0/&'!K&7&!%2&!#$&'!1&8/1/$+!/9!%2&!'%7/=&!KC'!#4&7!#7!

$#%J!X5#$+!%2&!'%.1&$%!+7#.*'!C$1!C8%/4/'%'!/$!0#8C0!.$/#$'H!#*/$/#$'!

K&7&!1/4/1&1!#$!%2&!#*%/#$!#9!8#$%/$./$+!%2&!'%7/=&J!<#5&!%2#.+2%!%2C%!

'%7/=/$+!1.7/$+!C$!&0&8%/#$!5C1&!$#!'&$'&!U%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!G&/$+!

1/''#04&1V!C$1!%2C%!/9!%2&!OF!KC'$T%!&0&8%&1!#7!/9!/%!7&$&+&1!#$!/%'!

*7#5/'&'H!%2&!'%7/=&!8#.01!G&!7&4/4&1!C9%&7!&0&8%/#$'J!

!

!

! ("!

Q2/'!*&7/#1!C0'#!5C7=&1!%2&!G/7%2!#9!'&4&7C0!C.%#$#5#.'!$&/+2G#72##1!

C''&5G0/&'!/$!3#$%7&C0H!K2/82!C/5&1!%#!8#$'#0/1C%&!%2&!'%7.++0&!

#.%'/1&!#9!8C5*.'&'!GE!%C**/$+!/$%#!%2&!&$%2.'/C'5!#9!%2&!*#%'!C$1!

*C$'!5#4&5&$%!C$1!%2&!8#55.$/%E!/%!87&C%&1!C5#$+!7&'/1&$%'J!

X0%2#.+2!%2&7&!KC'!0/%%0&!8##71/$C%/#$!G&%K&&$!%2&!$&/+2G#72##1!

C''&5G0/&'!%2&5'&04&'H!5C$E!'&%!#.%!%#!K#7=!#$!7&0C%&1!5C%%&7'!'.82!

C'!5#G/0/'/$+!/$!9C4#7!#9!C!e'#8/C0!'%7/=&fH!*7#4/1/$+!'.**#7%!9#7!%2&!

C77&'%&&'!#9!%2&!'%7/=&!C$1!#7+C$/'/$+!*#*.0C7!&1.8C%/#$!C$1!%&C82P/$'J!

!

7?8824$!

3&C$K2/0&H!%2&!#99/8/C0!'.'*&$'/#$!#9!%2&!'&5&'%&7!/$!%2&!,>!"MNMO<!

C$1!,,!.$/4&7'/%/&'!'%/00!#$!'%7/=&!/5*#'&1!C!0.00!/$!%2&!'%7.++0&J!S$!C!

'&$'&H!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!KC'!0#8=/$+P#.%!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!97#5!8C5*.'&'!

9#7!%2&!'.55&7H!/$!#71&7!%#!e&C'&!#99!%&$'/#$'fH!C'!#99/8/C0'!*.%!/%J!

kC4/$+!$#!'%7/=&!7&$&KC0!4#%&'!%#!#7+C$/'&H!5#'%!0#8C0!.$/#$'!'%#**&1!

#7+C$/'/$+!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'H!K2/0&!%2#'&!K2/82!5C/$%C/$&1!%2&5!'CK!

$.5G&7'!#9!'%.1&$%!*C7%/8/*C%/#$!*0.55&%J!

!

b#$+!5#$%2'!#9!8#$'%C$%!'%7.++0&!C$1!7&*7&''/#$!C0'#!G&+C$!%#!G&C7!

2&C4/0EJ!D/%2!%2&!C14&$%!#9!%2&!'.55&7!5#$%2'H!0C7+&!*#7%/#$'!#9!

'%.1&$%'!%.7$&1!%2&/7!C%%&$%/#$!%#!2#0/1CE'!#7!%&5*!K#7=J!Q2&!'&4&7&!

7&I./7&5&$%'!#9!5#1&7$!0/9&H!K2/82H!9#7!5C$E!#9!.'H!5&C$'!2C4/$+!%#!

K#7=!1.7/$+!%2&!2#0/1CE!'&C'#$!%#!*CE!9#7!9##1!C$1!2#.'/$+H!'##$!

8C.+2%!.*J!l&%K#7='!#9!7&0/&9!C$1!5.%.C0!C/1H!K2/82!8#.01!*&72C*'!2C4&!

2&0*&1!5C/$%C/$!%2&!'%7/=&!8#55.$/%EH!K&7&!9#7!%2&!5#'%!*C7%!

$#$&(/'%&$%!.$%/0!C9%&7!%2&!'%7/=&!KC'!#4&7J!

!

l&4&7%2&0&''H!5C$E!'%.1&$%'!'%/00!8#$'/1&7&1!%2&5'&04&'!C'!G&/$+!#$!

'%7/=&!C$1!%##=!*C7%!/$!4C7/#.'!*7#%&'%'!1.7/$+!%2&!'.55&7J!l#%CG0EH!

&99#7%'!%#!1/'7.*%!&4&$%'!'.77#.$1/$+!%2&!A#75.0CP,!7C8/$+!&4&$%!/$!

3#$%7&C0H!K2/0&!'*&C72&C1&1!GE!C$%/P8C*/%C0/'%!+7#.*'H!G&8C5&!0/$=&1!

K/%2!%2&!'%.1&$%!'%7.++0&!C'!#$&!0#8C0!'%.1&$%!.$/#$T'!C''&5G0E!1&8/1&1!

%#!#7+C$/'&!*7#%&'%'!C/5&1!C%!8C$8&00/$+!%2&!7C8&!C0%#+&%2&7J!D/%2!

'&8.7/%E!7&/$9#78&1!C$1!7&*7&''/#$!2/%%/$+!2C71!#$!%2&!K&&=&$1T'!7C00/&'H!

%2&'&!&99#7%'!K&7&!0C7+&0E!.$'.88&''9.0J!

!

! #+!

S$!:;,;!C$1!:;,,H!K&!9#8.'&1!#$!'5C00&7P'8C0&!*7#%&'%'H!%7C/$/$+!8C5*'!

C$1!#%2&7!&4&$%'!K/%2!%2&!#GR&8%/4&!#9!/$4#04/$+!C'!5C$E!'%.1&$%'!C'!

*#''/G0&!/$!%2&/7!'%.1&$%!.$/#$!C$1!/$!%2&!8#55/%%&&'!9#75&1!C7#.$1!

X<<MJ!-E!%2&!&$1!#9!:;,,H!$#%!#$0E!K&7&!X<<MT'!8#55/%&&'!*C8=&1H!G.%!

8#7&'!#9!C8%/4/'%'!2C1!+C%2&7&1!C7#.$1!5C$E!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'J!

!

S$!<&*%&5G&7!:;,,H!K&!0C.$82&1!C!5C''/4&!/$9#75C%/#$!8C5*C/+$!#$!

8C5*.'&'!.$1&7!%2&!'0#+C$!e<%#*!%2&!2/=&f>J!X00!=/$1'!#9!5C%&7/C0!KC'!

*.%!#.%!1.7/$+!%2C%!*&7/#1Y!90E&7'H!0&C90&%'H!*#'%&7'H!C!K&G'/%&H!4/1&#!

80/*'H!7&'&C782!*C*&7'H!&%8J!Q2&!+#C0!KC'!%#!+&%!C'!5.82!#9!%2/'!5C%&7/C0!

/$%#!%2&!2C$1'!#9!'%.1&$%'!C'!*#''/G0&!C$1!+&%!%2&5!%2/$=/$+!C$1!%C0=/$+!

CG#.%!%2&!.*8#5/$+!%./%/#$!2/=&J!

!

X!#$&P1CE!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&!KC'!*0C$$&1!9#7!l#4&5G&7!,;%2H!K/%2!C!G/+!

7C00E!/$!3#$%7&C0J!A#7!K&&='H!%2&!1C%&!KC'!'%7&''&1!C'!C!4/%C0!'%&*!/$!%2&!

8C5*C/+$!C$1!C'!C!5&C$'!#9!G./01/$+!*7&''.7&!C+C/$'%!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%J!

_$!5C$E!8C5*.'&'H!%2C%!'%7/=&!4#%&!KC'!97C5&1!C'!C$!.0%/5C%.5Y!C!

$&+C%/4&!7&'*#$'&!97#5!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!C9%&7!%2C%!1CE!K#.01!

C.%#5C%/8C00E!%7/++&7!9#75C0!#7+C$/^/$+!&99#7%'!%#KC71'!C$!.$0/5/%&1!

+&$&7C0!'%7/=&J!S$!#%2&7!K#71'H!&4&$!%2#.+2!%C0=!#9!C$!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!

'%7/=&!KC'!K/1&'*7&C1!C5#$+!C8%/4/'%'!C%!%2C%!5#5&$%H!%2&!l#4&5G&7!

7C00E!KC'!8#$'/1&7&1!C'!C!=/$1!#9!'%&**/$+P'%#$&J!

!

D/%2!:;;H;;;!'%.1&$%'!#$!'%7/=&!%2C%!1CE!C$1!?;H;;;!5C782/$+!/$!

3#$%7&C0H!l#4&5G&7!,;%2!KC'!C!7&'#.$1/$+!'.88&''J!l&4&7!G&9#7&!2C1!

'#!5C$E!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!'/5.0%C$&#.'0E!+#$&!#$!C!#$&P1CE!'%7/=&c!

&(*&8%C%/#$'!K&7&!G0#K$!CKCEJ!

!

Q2&!7C00E!C0'#!0&1!%#!%2&!4&7E!9/7'%!5&1/C!8#4&7C+&!#9!%2&!'%.1&$%!

8C5*C/+$!%#!G0#8=!%2&!2/=&J!S55&1/C%&0EH!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!7&'*#$1&1!

K/%2!/%'!#K$!*7#P2/=&!5&1/C!8C5*C/+$J!X!1&1/8C%&1!K&G'/%&!C0#$+!K/%2!

7C1/#!C1'!*7#5#%&1!%2&!2/=&!C'!G&/$+!&''&$%/C0!%#!5C/$%C/$/$+!C!I.C0/%E!

&1.8C%/#$!C$1!80C/5&1!%2&!0/&!%2C%!%2&!2/=&H!C0#$+!K/%2!5#1&'%!

/$87&C'&'!/$!'%.1&$%!9/$C$8/C0!C/1H!K#.01$T%!2.7%!C88&''/G/0/%EJ!Q2/'!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%!,Bloquons la hausse” in French!

!

! #*!

+#4&7$5&$%!7&C8%/#$!+&$&7C%&1!0#%'!#9!C$+&7!C5#$+!'%.1&$%'!Y!C!'%#75!

KC'!G7&K/$+J!

!

X'!%2&!%27&C%!#9!C!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!G&+C$!%#!5C%&7/C0/^&H!'&4&7C0!

#**#7%.$/'%!+7#.*'!/$!%2&!5C/$'%7&C5!0&9%!0&$%!#99/8/C0!'.**#7%!%#!%2&!

'%.1&$%!5#4&5&$%J!"2/&9!C5#$+!%2&5!KC'!%2&!OC7%/!F.dGd8#/'[H!K2/82!

1&80C7&1!/%'!#**#'/%/#$!%#!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&!C$1!*7#5/'&1!%#!CG#0/'2!/%!/9!

&0&8%&1J!X'!%2&!*C7%E!9#7&'CK!C!*#''/G0&!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!#$!%2&!2#7/^#$H!/%!

'#.+2%!%#!'8#7&!*#0/%/8C0!*#/$%'!K/%2!%2/'!5#4&H!&4&$!%2#.+2!

/1&#0#+/8C00EP'*&C=/$+H!%2&!*C7%E!KC'$T%!#**#'&1!%#!%./%/#$!2/=&'!/$!

+&$&7C0H!C'!/%'!4#%&!/$!9C4#7!#9!%2&!9/7'%!KC4&!#9!%./%/#$!2/=&'!/$!:;;6!4&7E!

80&C70E!'2#K&1J!-/+!0CG#7!9&1&7C%/#$'!C0'#!&(%&$1&1!*.G0/8!'.**#7%!C%!

%2/'!5#5&$%J!

!

7!45!21:A$D6533:31$!

i.7/$+!i&8&5G&7!:;,,H!K&!17&K!.*!*0C$'!9#7!2#K!K&!K#.01!'%C7%!%2&!

.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&!GC'&1!#$!%2&!&(*&7/&$8&!#9!%2&!:;;[!'%7/=&J!Q#!

&$'.7&!'.88&''H!%2&!0C.$82!#9!%2&!'%7/=&!KC'!%2#.+2%!#.%!C'!C!'.88&''/#$!

#9!%27&&!eKC4&'fJ!

!

S$!%2&!9/7'%!KC4&H!%2&!5#'%!C8%/4&!C$1!7C1/8C0!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!K#.01!2#01!

%2&/7!'%7/=&!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!C$1!4#%&'!G&9#7&!C00!#%2&7!'%.1&$%!

.$/#$'J!Q2&!5#%/#$'!*.%!%#!C!4#%&!/$80.1&1!C!8#$1/%/#$C0!8#5*#$&$%H!

K2&7&C'!%2&!'%7/=&!K#.01!#$0E!G&8#5&!&99&8%/4&!C'!'##$!C'!C!%#%C0!#9!

'&4&$!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!7&*7&'&$%/$+!C%!0&C'%!:;H;;;!'%.1&$%'!K#.01!

C1#*%!'/5/0C7!5#%/#$'J!B/+2%!#$!%2&!2&&0'!#9!%2/'!9/7'%!KC4&H!C!'&8#$1!

KC4&!8#$'/'%/$+!5C/$0E!#9!*7#+7&''/4&!C$1!K&00P&'%CG0/'2&1!'%.1&$%!

.$/#$'!K#.01!2#01!%2&/7!#K$!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'J!bC'%0EH!K&C=&7!'%.1&$%!

.$/#$'!K/%2!9&K&7!C8%/4/'%'!#7!K/%2!.$8#$4/$8&1!'%.1&$%!G#1/&'!K#.01!

%7E!%#!R#/$!%2&!'%7/=&!/$!C!%2/71!KC4&J!

!

<%C7%/$+!%2&!'%7/=&!/$!'.82!C!*7#+7&''/4&!9C'2/#$!*7#4/1&'!'#5&!=&E!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!The Parti Québécois is a centrist, mainstream political party most widely known for its position in favor of Quebec separatism.!

!

! (%!

&$1.7&!G.$82&'!#9!C8%/4/'%'!'E5G#0/8C00E!C%%C8=/$+!*7#*&7%E!C$1!

8#$97#$%/$+!7/#%!*#0/8&J!-.%!C+C/$'%!4C'%!$.5G&7'!#9!*&#*0&!7&9.'/$+!%#!

C8=$#K0&1+&!%2&!0CKP5C=/$+!C.%2#7/%E!#9!%2&!'%C%&H!C$1!*7&*C7&1!%#!

%C=&!C8%/#$H!C0G&/%!*&C8&9.00EH!/%'!#*%/#$'!K&7&!0/=&0E!5#7&!0/5/%&1J!S$!#.7!

4/&KH!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!KC'!*.'2&1!/$%#!C$!&4&$!%7/8=/&7!'/%.C%/#$H!K/%2!

'&&5/$+0E!'2/9%/$+!#11'J!

!

S%'!*7#G0&5!#9!0&+/%/5C8E!K#7'&$&1!/$!%2&!9#00#K/$+!1CE'!C$1!K&&='!

K/%2!K2C%!G&8C5&!=$#K$!C'!%2&!e8C''&7#0&!5#4&5&$%fJ!Q2&!#7/+/$C0!

/1&CH!0C.$82&1!C'!C!8C00P#.%!#$!'#8/C0!5&1/CH!KC'!9#7!*&#*0&!%#!GC$+!*#%'!

C$1!*C$'!#$!%2&/7!97#$%!1##7!&4&7E!1CE!C%!@O3H!9#7!%K&$%E!5/$.%&'H!C'!C!

'/+$!#9!#**#'/%/#$!%#!G/00!6@J!MC70E!#$H!*&#*0&!G&+C$!#88.*E/$+!

'/1&KC0='H!*C7='!C$1!'%7&&%!8#7$&7'!K/%2!%2&'&!4&7E!0#.1!C$1!$#/'E!

8C''&7#0&!7C00/&'H!&4&$%.C00E!%.7$/$+!/$%#!/5*7#4/'&1!C$1!/00&+C0!5C782&'!

#$!$&/+2G#72##1!'%7&&%'J!_$!&4&7E!'%7&&%H!.*#$!2&C7/$+!%2&!7C00E!

*C''/$+!/$!97#$%H!7&'/1&$%'!K#.01!8#5&!#.%!C$1!GC$+!%2&/7!*#%'!C$1!*C$'!

/$!8#$8&7%!K/%2!%2&!*7#%&'%&7'J!Q2&'&!5C782&'!G&8C5&!'#!*7&4C0&$%!

C87#''!%2&!8/%E!%2C%!%2&!5CE#7!*.G0/80E!C'=&1!9#7!*&#*0&!$#%!%#!%C=&!*C7%!

/$!%2&5H!C$1!/$'%&C1!'%CE!/$!%2&/7!2#5&'!%#!GC$+!*#%'!C$1!*C$'J!_9!

8#.7'&H!%2&!1&5C$1!K&$%!.$2&&1&1J!

!

S%!KC'!2C71!%#!*7&1/8%!%2&!*#0/8&T'!7&C8%/#$!%#!%2&'&!*7#%&'%'H!G.%!/%!'##$!

G&8C5&!80&C7!%2C%!/%!K#.01$T%!&$9#78&!%2&!*7#%&'%P7&'%7/8%/$+!C'*&8%!#9!

G/00!6@Y!$#%!#$0E!K#.01!%2/'!5&C$!C77&'%/$+!%2#.'C$1'!#9!*&#*0&!/$!5C$E!

1/99&7&$%!*#/$%'!/$!%2&!8/%EH!K/%2!C00!%2C%!K#.01!&$%C/0H!G.%!C'/1&!97#5!%2&!

*#0/8&T'!+7&C%!1/99/8.0%E!/$!1/7&8%/$+!C$1!7#.%/$+!%2&'&!5C782&'H!%2&E!

K&7&!5#'%0E!*&C8&9.0!C$1!$#%!G/+!C!%27&C%!%#!*.G0/8!#71&7J!

!

S$!3#$%7&C0H!%2&'&!'5C00!C$1!$.5&7#.'!$&/+2G#72##1!*7#%&'%'!#9%&$!

8#$%/$.&1!0C%&!/$%#!%2&!&4&$/$+J!Q2&E!K#.01!5&7+&!%#+&%2&7!C$1!

&4&$%.C00E!8#$4&7+&!/$%#!$/+2%0E!\O3!7C00/&'!/$!%2&!1#K$%#K$!C7&CH!

9#75/$+!C!'/$+0&!+/+C$%/8!C$1!#9%&$!1&C9&$/$+!1&5#$'%7C%/#$J!D2/0&!%2&!

5#4&5&$%!KC'!8&$%&7&1!/$!3#$%7&C0H!'.G.7G'!C$1!'5C00!%#K$'!C0'#!'CK!

%2&/7!#K$!*#%'!C$1!*C$'!7C00/&'H!K/%2!'&4&7C0!'/5/0C7!&4&$%'!C0'#!

C**&C7/$+!/$!8/%/&'!C87#''!"C$C1C!C$1!%2&!W<J!

!

!

! ((!

'CK!7&$&K&1!9/&78&$&''!C$1!4/%C0/%EJ!S$'%&C1H!/%!8C.'&1!C$%/P+#4&7$5&$%!

#.%7C+&!%#!'*/00!#4&7H!#9!K2/82!%2&!3CE!::$1!7C00E!KC'!C!%&'%C5&$%J!

!

S$!C!*7&''!8#$9&7&$8&!%K#!1CE'!G&9#7&!%2&!7C00EH!"bX<<M!*.G0/80E!

C$$#.$8&1!%2C%!/%!K#.01$T%!*7#4/1&!%2&!/%/$&7C7E!#9!%2&!5C782!%#!

*#0/8&,;

!/$!#4&7%!1&9/C$8&!#9!%2&!&5&7+&$8E!0CK!C$1!8C00/$+!9#7!C8%'!#9!

8/4/0!1/'#G&1/&$8&!C+C/$'%!/%J!D2/0&!AM"F!C$1!AMWF!*7#5/'&1!%#!

82C00&$+&!%2&!0CK!/$!%2&!8#.7%'H!%2&!"bX<<M!'%.1&$%!1&0&+C%&'H!5&&%/$+!

/$!C!8#$+7&''!R.'%!1CE'!G&9#7&H!C+7&&1!%#!9C8&!/%!2&C1P#$H!/$!%2&!'%7&&%'H!

&4&$!/9!/%!G7#.+2%!K/%2!/%!%2&!*#''/G/0/%E!#9!C77&'%'!#9!/%'!#99/8/C0'!#7!

87/**0/$+!9/$&'J!Q2&!&$%/7&!#7+C$/'C%/#$!KC'!*.%!#$!%2&!0/$&Y!/9!%2&!

+#4&7$5&$%!KC$%'!%#!1&'%7#E!"bX<<MH!G&%%&7!%#!+#!1#K$!/$!90C5&'!%2C$!

'.G5/%J!

!

Q2&!3CE!::$1!7C00EH!/$!K2/82!5#7&!%2C$!:;;H;;;!%##=!*C7%H!KC'!0CG&00&1!

%2&!0C7+&'%!C8%!#9!8/4/0!1/'#G&1/&$8&!/$!%2&!2/'%#7E!#9!F.&G&8J!X0%2#.+2!/%!

KC'!/00&+C0!/$!7&+C71'!%#!%2&!&5&7+&$8E!0CKH!%2&!3#$%7&C0!*#0/8&!

'*#=&'*&7'#$!1&80C7&1!%2C%!%2&!5C782!K#.01!G&!%#0&7C%&1!C'!0#$+!C'!$#!

87/5/$C0!C8%'!#7!5/'1&5&C$#7'!K&7&!8#55/%%&1J!X'/1&!97#5!C!'5C00&7!

G7&C=PCKCE!+7#.*!%2C%!%C7+&%&1!C!9&K!GC$='!C$1!'%#7&97#$%'!C0#$+!%2&/7!

#K$!7#.%&H!%2&!5C/$!1&5#$'%7C%/#$!7&5C/$&1!&$%/7&0E!$#$P4/#0&$%J!

Q2&!&4&$%!C0'#!2/+20/+2%&1!%2&!#G'&''/4&0E!0CKPCG/1/$+!'%7C%&+/&'!#9!%2&!

0&C1&7'2/*'!#9!%2&!AM"FH!AMWF!C$1!0CG#7!.$/#$'J!D2/0&!%2&!8#$%&(%!

87/&1!#.%!9#7!C8%/#$!C+C/$'%!%2&!$&K!&5&7+&$8E!0CKH!%2&E!C00!C8%&1!

'&*C7C%&0E!97#5!"bX<<M!C$1!*7#4/1&1!C!7#.%&!%#!*#0/8&!/$!C14C$8&!UC'!

%2&E!C0KCE'!1/1!G&9#7&H!C$EKCEV!C$1!0&1!%2&/7!#K$!+7#.*'!CKCE!97#5!

%2&!e/00&+C0f!5C/$!*7#%&'%J!D/%2!#$0E!C!9&K!2.$17&1!9#00#K/$+!/$!%2&!

9##%'%&*'!#9!%2&'&!.'.C00E!K&00P#7+C$/^&1!C$1!1/'8/*0/$&1!*7#8&''/#$'H!

%2&!/$/%/C%/4&!KC'!C$!#G4/#.'!9C/0.7&J!Q2&!&4&$%'!#9!%2&!9#00#K/$+!1CE'!

K#.01!1&5#$'%7C%&Y!5C''&'!#9!*&#*0&!K&7&!7&C1E!C$1!K/00/$+!%#!1&9E!

%2&!&5&7+&$8E!0CK!#$!%2&!'%7&&%'J!

!

Q2/'H!#9!8#.7'&H!KC'!C!5#'%!&(8/%/$+!1&4&0#*5&$%J!W*!.$%/0!%2&$H!%2&!

'%C%&H!K/%2!/%'!4C'%!'&8.7/%E!C**C7C%.'H!2C1!C+C/$!*7#4&$!/%'!CG/0/%E!%#!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$!Previously, ASSÉ/CLASSE never gave its itineraries to police.!

!

! #)!

C14C$%C+&'J!A/7'%H!/%!C00#K'!C8%/4/'%'!%#!9#8.'!%2&/7!&99#7%'!#$!9&K&7!

'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C%!C!%/5&J!<S$8&!%2&!2C71&'%!*C7%!#9!%2&!'%7/=&!/'!%#!+&%!/%!

+#/$+H!%2/'!/'!C!5CR#7!C14C$%C+&J!_$8&!%2&!GC00!/'!7#00/$+H!&$&7+/&'!8C$!G&!

9#8.'&1!#$!#%2&7!.$/#$'!K2/82!C7&$T%!#$!'%7/=&J!<&8#$10EH!#$!8C5*.'&'!

K2&7&!%2&!'%7/=&!/'!&99&8%/4&H!5C$E!'%.1&$%'!'.11&$0E!2C4&!5.82!5#7&!

97&&!%/5&!K2/82!8C$!G&!/$4&'%&1!/$!5#G/0/^/$+!%2&!'%.1&$%!G#1/&'!#9!

#%2&7!8C5*.'&'J!X$1!%2/710EH!C!8&7%C/$!e5C''!&99&8%f!/'!87&C%&1!C'!'##$!

C'!C!87/%/8C0!$.5G&7!#9!'%.1&$%'!C7&!#$!.$0/5/%&1!'%7/=&J!X'!/$9#75C%/#$!

'%C7%'!%7/8=0/$+!%27#.+2!5&1/C!#.%0&%'H!C'!R#.7$C0/'%'!%.7$!%2&/7!C%%&$%/#$!

%#!'%.1&$%!#7+C$/^/$+H!C$1!'%7/=/$+!'%.1&$%'!1/'8.''!%2&!/''.&'!K/%2!%2&/7!

97/&$1'H!%2&!'%7/=&!8C$!I./8=0E!'$#KGC00!/$%#!C!0C7+&!C$1!*#K&79.0!

5#4&5&$%J!

!

S$!#71&7!%#!2C7$&''!%2&'&!G&$&9/%'H!%2&!*0C$$/$+!#9!%2&!'%7/=&T'!0C.$82!

8C0&$1C7!$&&1&1!%#!G&!8&$%7C0/^&1J!W$/#$'!K2#!*0C$$&1!%#!R#/$!%2&!

'%7/=&!K#.01!8#$'.0%!K/%2!%2&!*7#4/$8/C0!&(&8.%/4&!/$!#71&7!%#!K#7=!#.%!

C$!C**7#*7/C%&!1C%&!9#7!C!'%7/=&!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0EJ!X'!%2&!G&+/$$/$+!#9!

C$E!'.82!'%7/=&!/'!97C+/0&H!9C/0&1!4#%&'!/$!%2&!9/7'%!1CE'!C$1!K&&='!8C$!

.$1&75/$&!5#7C0&!C$1!2.7%!%2&!82C$8&'!#9!0C.$82/$+!%2&!'%7/=&J!

"#$'&I.&$%0EH!%2&!*7&''.7&!/'!4&7E!2/+2!#$!%2&!9/7'%!9&K!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!

K2#!8#$'.0%!%2&/7!5&5G&7'2/*!#$!'%7/=&!C8%/#$J!

!

X%!%2/'!*#/$%H!K&!C0'#!17C9%&1!#.7!'%7C%&+E!9#7!%2&!'%7/=&!/%'&09H!GC'&1!#$!

*C'%!&(*&7/&$8&'J!k&7&T'!2#K!K&!%2#.+2%!/%!K#.01!*0CE!#.%H!5#7&!#7!

0&''Y!

q!Q2&!'%7/=&!K#.01!G&+/$!/$!5/1PA&G7.C7E!C$1!+7#K!/$!$.5G&7'!.$%/0!

5/1P3C782!!

q!_.7!+#C0!KC'!9#7!,;;!;;;!'%.1&$%'!%#!G&!#$!'%7/=&!C%!%2C%!%/5&c!!

q!Q2&!+#4&7$5&$%!K#.01!5C$&.4&7!%#!/'#0C%&!"bX<<M!C'!C!e7C1/8C0!

9C8%/#$f!C$1!$&+#%/C%&!K/%2!AM"F!C$1!AMWF!G&2/$1!80#'&1!1##7'!!

q!Q2&'&!$&+#%/C%/#$'!K#.01!2C**&$!C7#.$1!5/1P3C782c!!

q!Q2&!AM"F!C$1!AMWF!K#.01!8C*/%C0/^&!#$!C!#$&PK&&=!'%7/=&!'%7C%&+E!/$!

3C782!8.05/$C%/$+!K/%2!C!G/+!.$/%C7E!'%.1&$%!1&5#$'%7C%/#$!#$!%2&!

::$1c!!

q!X9%&7!%2/'!'2#K!#9!9#78&!%2&E!K#.01!8.%!C!90/5'E!1&C0!K/%2!%2&!

+#4&7$5&$%H!$&C7!%2&!9/7'%!K&&=!#9!X*7/0!C'!%2&!C8C1&5/8!'&5&'%&7!

!

! #&!

'%C7%&1!G&8#5/$+!%27&C%&$&1c!!

q!_.7!+#C0!KC'!%#!'2##%!1#K$!%2/'!C+7&&5&$%!/$!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!C$1!

8#$4/$8&!#.7!9&00#K!'%.1&$%'!%#!*7&''!#$!!

q!S9!%2&!5#4&5&$%!5C/$%C/$&1!/%'!'%7&$+%2!9#7!#$&!#7!%K#!K&&='!C9%&7!

%2C%H!K&!%2#.+2%!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!K#.01!5C=&!G/++&7!8#$8&''/#$'!%#!

&$1!%2&!'%7/=&!C$1!C4#/1!C!1/'C'%&7!K/%2!'&5&'%&7'!

!

S$!'2#7%H!C88#71/$+!%#!#.7!G&'%!2#*&'H!%2&!'%7/=&!K#.01!0C'%!G&%K&&$!]!%#!

\!K&&='J!

!

65?3A<$!

Q2&!K&&='!G&9#7&!%2&!'%7/=&!K&7&!/$87&1/G0E!2&8%/8J!X'!*7#4/$8&PK/1&!

90E&7/$+!'I.C1'!K&7&!#7+C$/^&1H!&4&7E!C4C/0CG0&!&99#7%!KC'!*.%!/$%#!

5#G/0/^/$+!'%.1&$%'!/$!C$%/8/*C%/#$!#9!%2&!9/7'%!'%7/=&!4#%&'J!_9%&$!97#5!@!

X3!%#!]!O3H!C8%/4/'%'!K&7&!#$!8C5*.'&'!2C4/$+!8#$4&7'C%/#$'!K/%2!

'%.1&$%'!CG#.%!%2&!.*8#5/$+!4#%&H!%2&/7!.$/#$H!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!C$1!

7&0C%&1!%#*/8'J!MC82!8#$4&7'C%/#$!K#.01!%E*/8C00E!%C=&!CG#.%![!%#!,;!

5/$.%&'!C$1!9#8.'!#$!C117&''/$+!8#55#$!5/'8#$8&*%/#$'!CG#.%!%2&!

%./%/#$!2/=&!C$1!%2&!'%7/=&!/%'&09J!

!

X'!%2&!9/7'%!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!%##=!*0C8&H!%2&!#4&7K2&05/$+0E!*#'/%/4&!

7&'.0%'!I./8=0E!*.'2&1!.'!#4&7!%2&!%/**/$+!*#/$%!#9!:;H;;;!'%.1&$%'!K/%2!

C!'%7/=&!5C$1C%&J!-E!A&G7.C7E!\%2H!5#'%!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!/$!%2&!9/7'%!

KC4&!2C1!4#%&1!/$!9C4#7!#9!'%7/=/$+J!_$!3#$1CEH!A&G7.C7E!,?%2!UC!K&&=!

G&9#7&!/%!KC'!C$%/8/*C%&1VH!%2&!.$0/5/%&1!+&$&7C0!'%7/=&!KC'!0C.$82&1J!

!

W*!.$%/0!3C782!6%2H!%2&!72E%25!#9!%2&!'%7/=&!KC'!7C%2&7!%E*/8C0Y!5#7&!

C$1!5#7&!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!2#01/$+!4#%&'!#$!%2&!'%7/=&H!'%7/=&!8#55/%%&&'!

+&%%/$+!#7+C$/^&1!#$!8C5*.'&'H!C$1!'%.1&$%'!R#/$/$+!90E/$+!5#G/0/^C%/#$!

%&C5'!%#!+#!C7#.$1!%2&!*7#4/$8&!C$1!2&0*!'*7&C1!%2&!'%7/=&!%#!#%2&7!

'%.1&$%!.$/#$'J!

!

_$!3C782![%2H!K&!7&C82&1!,:[H;;;!'%.1&$%'!#$!'%7/=&H!K2/82!KC'!5.82!

9C'%&7!%2C$!&(*&8%&1J!-.%!C0%2#.+2!%2&!'%7/=&!/%'&09!KC'!+7#K/$+!

'.G'%C$%/C00E!C$1!#$&!#7!%K#!G/+!7C00/&'!K&7&!2C**&$/$+!&4&7E!K&&=H!

!

! ('!

+0#GC0!8#$%&(%H!K/%2!A7C$8&H!M$+0C$1H!N7&&8&H!"2/0&!C'!&(C5*0&'H!/$!%2&!

*C'%!E&C7'!C$1!5#$%2'!.*7/'/$+'!%2&7&!+7C1.C00E!9C1&1!K/%2#.%!5C=/$+!

C$E!'/+$/9/8C$%!2&C1KCEH!K2/0&!+#4&7$5&$%'!2&01!%2&/7!+7#.$1J!S%T'!0/=&0E!

%2C%!F.&G&8!1/1$T%!KC$%!%#!'&%!C!*7&8&1&$%J!

!

X'!'*&8/C0!0&+/'0C%/#$!1&'/+$&1!%#!G7&C=!%2&!'%7/=&!KC'!7.5#7&1!%#!G&!/$!

%2&!K#7='H!%2&!&1.8C%/#$!5/$/'%&7!7&'/+$&1H!*7#GCG0E!G&8C.'&!'2&!

#**#'&1!/%J!-.%!%2&!7&'/+$C%/#$!#9!%2&!5/$/'%&7!K2#!2C1!G&&$!%2&!9C8&!#9!

%2&!'%C%&T'!/$%7C$'/+&$8&!KC'!C!G/%%&7'K&&%!4/8%#7EJ!X!9&K!1CE'!0C%&7H!%2&!

b/G&7C0!OC7%E!/$%7#1.8&1!-/00!6@!/$!*C70/C5&$%J!Q2&!&5&7+&$8E!0CKH!

#99/8/C00E!%/%0&1!eX$!C8%!%#!&$CG0&!'%.1&$%'!%#!7&8&/4&!/$'%7.8%/#$!97#5!

%2&!*#'%'&8#$1C7E!/$'%/%.%/#$'!%2&E!C%%&$1fH!KC'!C1#*%&1!/$!2C'%&!C9%&7!

C$!2#.7'P0#$+!5C7C%2#$!'&''/#$J!

!

Q2&!0CK!/55&1/C%&0E!'.'*&$1&1!%2&!'&5&'%&7!#9!&4&7E!/$'%/%.%/#$!#$!

'%7/=&H!*#'%*#$/$+!%2&!7&5C/$/$+!80C''&'!.$%/0!X.+.'%J!S%!/$%7#1.8&1!

2&C4E!9/$&'!9#7!C$E!/$1/4/1.C0H!.$/#$!#7!#7+C$/^C%/#$!&$9#78/$+!C!'%.1&$%!

'%7/=&!97#5!%2C%!5#5&$%!9#7KC71J!S%!C0'#!7&'%7/8%&1!*7#%&'%'!C87#''!%2&!

*7#4/$8&!GE!1&80C7/$+!/00&+C0!C$E!+C%2&7/$+!#9![;!*&7'#$'!#7!5#7&!.$0&''!

%2&!&4&$%T'!1C%&H!%/5&H!/%/$&7C7E!C$1!#%2&7!1&%C/0'!C7&!*7&PC**7#4&1!GE!

*#0/8&J!X$E#$&!C14#8C%/$+!#7!.7+/$+!1&9/C$8&!#9!%2/'!0CK!8#.01!C0'#!G&!

'.GR&8%!%#!'%/99!*&$C0%/&'J!

!

85B$PP3@$Q$!<2$RA577244=627S$$!

Q2&!0CKT'!'&4&7/%E!8C5&!C'!C!G/+!'2#8=!9#7!'%7/=/$+!'%.1&$%'!C$1!

'.**#7%&7'!#9!%2&!'%7/=&J!A&K!#9!.'!2C1!*7&1/8%&1!'.82!2C7'2H!

.$*7&8&1&$%&1!5&C'.7&'J!S%!&4&$!*7#5*%&1!C!$.5G&7!#9!+7#.*'!

#.%'/1&!%2&!5#4&5&$%!'.82!C'!%2&!F.&G&8!k.5C$!B/+2%'!"#55/''/#$!

C$1!%2&!-C7!#9!F.&G&8!%#!8#$1&5$!%2&!0&+/'0C%/#$!#$!%2&!+7#.$1'!%2C%!/%!

4/#0C%&1!9.$1C5&$%C0!82C7%&7!7/+2%'J!

!

-.%!0/=&!#%2&7!C%%&5*%'!%#!G&C%!%2&!5#4&5&$%!/$%#!'.G5/''/#$H!%2&!0CK!

9C/0&1!%#!G7&C=!%2&!5#5&$%.5!#9!%2&!'%7/=&J!Q2&!$/+2%!#9!%2&!0CKT'!

C1#*%/#$H!C!2.+&!7/#%!G7#=&!#.%!/$!1#K$%#K$!3#$%7&C0H!K/%2!'&4&7C0!

/5*7#4/'&1!GC77/8C1&'!'&%!#$!9/7&J!<.G'&I.&$%!$/+2%0E!1&5#$'%7C%/#$'!

!

! (#!

9#7!'%.1&$%'!%#!7&'%!C$1!%2&!"bX<<M!$&+#%/C%/#$'!8#55/%%&&!%#!8#$9&7J!

bCG#7!0&C1&7'H!9#7!%2&/7!*C7%H!K/%2!%2&/7!*C%&7$C0/'%/8!C%%/%.1&!%#KC71'!

'%.1&$%'!C$1!%2&/7!.7+/$+!%2&5!%#!+&%!C0#$+!C$1!'/+$!C$!C+7&&5&$%H!1/1!

$#%!'2#K!%2&5'&04&'!%#!G&!C00/&'!#9!%2&!5#4&5&$%J!

!

A/$C00EH!C!%&$%C%/4&!C+7&&5&$%!KC'!'/+$&1J!S77&'*&8%/4&!#9!%2&!

'&%%0&5&$%!%&75'!/%!#99&7&1H!/%!*7#4&1!2/+20E!8#$%7#4&7'/C0!C5#$+!

"bX<<M!C8%/4/'%'Y!%2&!1#8.5&$%!8#$%C/$&1!*7#4/'/#$'!%2C%!%2&!

$&+#%/C%/#$'!8#55/%%&&!2C1!$#!C.%2#7/%E!%#!C88&*%H!'.82!C'!C!

8#55/%5&$%!$#%!%#!#7+C$/^&!C$E!1&5#$'%7C%/#$!0/$=&1!%#!%2&!

C+7&&5&$%J!Q2&!"bX<<M!$&+#%/C%/#$'!8#55/%%&&!8/%&1!%2&!7#0&!#9!0CG#7!

0&C1&7'H!%2&!1E$C5/8'!#9!%2&!5&&%/$+'H!C$1!&(2C.'%/#$!C'!7&C'#$'!9#7!

%2&!&77#7!C$1!C$!C*#0#+E!KC'!5C1&J!

!

l#$&%2&0&''H!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%H!8#$9/1&$%!%2&!&(&78/'&!K#.01!'/+$C0!%2&!

&$1!#9!%2&!'%7/=&H!1&80C7&1!%2&!8#$90/8%!#4&7J!

!=>54@7$9:66$TU$!

-.%!/%!KC'!GC10E!5/'%C=&$J!Q2&!C+7&&5&$%!#99&7&1!$#!8#5*7#5/'&!#$!

%./%/#$!9&&'!C$1!/$'%&C1H!8#55/''/#$&1!%2&!87&C%/#$!#9!C!7&4/&KPG#C71!

#9!'#7%'!K2/82!K#.01!'&&=!%#!.$8#4&7!9.$1'!/$!.$/4&7'/%E!G.1+&%'!K2/82!

&4&$%.C00E!8#.01H!*#''/G0EH!G&!.'&1!%#!*C7%/C00E!#99'&%!%2&!%./%/#$!9&&!

2/=&J!N&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'H!C9%&7!7&4/&K/$+!%2&!8#$%&$%!#9!%2&!*7#*#'C0!

C0#$+!K/%2!%2&!90CK&1!*7#8&''!%2C%!*7#1.8&1!/%H!.$C$/5#.'0E!7&R&8%&1!/%J!

Q2&!+#4&7$5&$%!KC'H!/$!C!KCEH!'%.8=!G&%K&&$!C!7#8=!C$1!C!2C71!*0C8&J!

!

Q2&!'%7/=&!'2#K&1!'#5&!'/+$'!#9!KC4&7/$+H!G.%!#4&7!,[;H;;;!'%.1&$%'!

K&7&!'%/00!#$!'%7/=&!C$1!'&&5&1!1&%&75/$&1!%#!1#!K2C%!KC'!$&8&''C7E!

C$1!9#00#K!%2&!'%7.++0&!%27#.+2!%#!%2&!&$1J!Q2&!5##1!/$!C''&5G0/&'!KC'!

7&'#04&1Y!%2&!#$0E!C88&*%CG0&!*7#*#'C0!KC'!%#!'87C*!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&J!

X9%&7!'#!5C$E!K&&='!#9!*7#%&'%/$+!C$1!&$1.7/$+!7&*7&''/#$H!%2&!'%C=&'!

K&7&!2/+2&7!%2C$!&4&7J!

!

_$!%2&!#%2&7!2C$1H!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!1/1$T%!C**&C7!%#!G&!+/4/$+!.*!&/%2&7J!

S%!'%/00!2C1!'.**#7%!C5#$+!%2&!*.G0/8H!'#!GE!8#$8&1/$+!#7!8#5*7#5/'/$+!

/%!7/'=&1!0#'/$+!C!2.+&!C5#.$%!#9!87&1/G/0/%EJ!S9!K&!%C=&!/$%#!C88#.$%!%2&!

!

! '$!

%2&7&!K&7&!'%/00!4&7E!9&K!1/7&8%!C8%/#$'!C/5&1!C%!1/'7.*%/$+!G.'/$&''!C'!

.'.C0J!X%!%2&!'C5&!%/5&H!%2&!0&C1&7'!#9!AM"F!C$1!AMWF!K&7&!5&&%/$+!

%2&!*7&''!C$1!PP!C05#'%!C*#0#+&%/8C00E!PP!*7#5/'/$+!%#!*.%!%2&/7!'%7/=/$+!

'%.1&$%'!#$!4#0.$%C7E!8#55.$/%E!K#7=JJJ]]!

!

X!%.7$/$+!*#/$%!KC'!7&C82&1!#$!3C782!6%2H!K2&$!#4&7!C!%2#.'C$1!

'%.1&$%'!'.77#.$1&1!C$1!G0#8=C1&1!%2&!N#+#FY.Z3&;[!G./01/$+!/$!

1#K$%#K$!3#$%7&C0H!C$1!$&C70E!%K#!2.$17&1!'%#75&1!%2&!+7#.$1!90##7!

C$1!9#78&1!C!'2.%1#K$J!D2/0&!%2&!&4&$%!KC'!/5*7&''/4&!/$!/%'!$.5G&7!

#9!*C7%/8/*C$%'H!/%!7&5C/$&1!&$%/7&0E!$#$4/#0&$%Y!$#!K/$1#K'!G7#=&$H!$#!

7#8='!%27#K$!C7#.$1H!&%8J!Q2&!5&7&!*7&'&$8&!#9!*7#%&'%&7'!KC'!

'.99/8/&$%!%#!'/+$/9/8C$%0E!1/'7.*%!%2&!7#.%/$&!#9!%2/'!+#4&7$5&$%!

/$'%/%.%/#$J!

!

A#7!%2&!'%7/=/$+!'%.1&$%'!#88.*E/$+!%2&!G./01/$+!C$1!*7#%&'%/$+!#.%'/1&H!

%2&!C8%/#$!KC'!&$%/7&0E!0&+/%/5C%&!C$1!KC77C$%&1!GE!%2&!+#C0!%#!G0#8=!

%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&J!D2&$!*&#*0&!K&7&!C'=&1!%#!0&C4&H!$#!#$&!5#4&1JJJ!

.$%/0!7/#%!*#0/8&!'%C7%&1!5#4/$+!/$!#$!'%.1&$%'!K/%2!GC%#$'!G0C^/$+J!

i.7/$+!%2/'!G7.%C0!C%%&5*%!%#!1/'*&7'&!%2&!87#K1!C$1!80&C7!#.%!%2&!

G./01/$+H!*&**&7!'*7CE!KC'!.'&1!*7#9.'&0E!C$1!90C'2GC$+!+7&$C1&'!K&7&!

%27#K$!/$%#!%2&!0#%H!'&4&7&0E!/$R.7/$+!#$&!'%.1&$%!C$1!8C.'/$+!2/5!%#!

0#'&!C$!&E&J!

X'!C!9/7'%!&$8#.$%&7!K/%2!7/#%!*#0/8&!C$1!%2&!4/#0&$8&!#9!%2&!'%C%&H!%2&!

&*/'#1&!KC'!7/82!/$!0&''#$'!9#7!%2&!'%.1&$%'!*C7%/8/*C%/$+H!%2&!4C'%!

5CR#7/%E!#G4/#.'0E!2C4/$+!2C1!0/%%0&!*7&4/#.'!&(*&7/&$8&!/$!9C8/$+!C00P#.%!

7&*7&''/#$J!M$8#.$%&7/$+!%2&!*#0/8&!9#78&T'!/$'.0%'H!CG.'&!C$1!G7.%C0/%E!

#*&$&1!%2&!&E&'!#9!5C$E!K2#!2&01!%2&!G&0/&9!%2C%!#99/8&7'!C0KCE'!C8%&1!

7&C'#$CG0E!C$1!/$!+##1!9C/%2J!l#%!#$0E!1/1!%2&!&4&$%!'%7&$+%2&$!#.7!

7&'#04&!%#!8#$%/$.&!%2&!'%7.++0&H!G.%!'%.1&$%'!K&7&!$#K!5.82!5#7&!

1/'%7.'%9.0!#9!*#0/8&!C$1!K/00/$+!%#!8#$'/1&7!'&09P1&9&$8&!%C8%/8'!1.7/$+!

1&5#$'%7C%/#$'!C$1!1/7&8%!C8%/#$'J!A.7%2&75#7&H!%2&!$&(%!1CEH!*.G0/8!

'%C%&5&$%'!GE!'&4&7C0!G.'/$&''!0&C1&7'!C$1!8/%E!#99/8/C0'!*7&''/$+!%2&!

+#4&7$5&$%!%#!'/%!1#K$!C$1!$&+#%/C%&!K/%2!'%.1&$%'!+C4&!87&1/G/0/%E!%#!

%2&!C7+.5&$%!%2C%!1/7&8%!C8%/#$!+&%'!%2&!+##1'J!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!+!http://www.pieuvre.ca/2012/03/05/greve-benevolat/ *!Loto-Québec is the state-owned lottery corporation in Quebec.!

!

! '#!

!

@:42A!$5A!:=3$!

X%!%2/'!*#/$%H!/%L'!/5*#7%C$%!%#!80C7/9E!%2&!8#$8&*%!#9!/'$&;+!*;+'#(!/$!%2&!

8#$%&(%!#9!%2&!'%7/=&J!

!

S$!&''&$8&H!1/7&8%!C8%/#$!/'!CG#.%!'%.1&$%'!%2&5'&04&'!G&/$+!%2&!5C/$!

C8%#7'!#9!%2&/7!'%7.++0&H!C'!#**#'&1!%#!7&*7&'&$%C%/4&'J!X'!'.82H!/%L'!%2&!

8#.$%&7*C7%!%#!%2&!1/7&8%!1&5#87C8E!#9!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'J!i/7&8%!C8%/#$!/'!

C0'#!CG#.%!7&9.'/$+!5&1/C%/#$!#9!%2&!8#$90/8%!GE!+7#.*'!#7!/$1/4/1.C0'!

K2#!#9%&$!&5*#K&7!%2&5'&04&'!C%!%2&!&(*&$'&!#9!%2#'&!#$!K2#'&!

G&2C09!%2&E!80C/5!%#!'*&C=H!9#78/$+!%2&5H!&(*0/8/%0E!#7!$#%H!/$%#!7#0&'!#9!

5&7&!'*&8%C%#7'J!Q2&!eC88&*%CG0&f!*#0/%/8C0!82C$$&0'!'.82!C'!5C''!

5&1/C!C$1!80#'&1P1##7!1/C0#+.&!.$1&7!%2&!+./'&!#9!e'#0.%/#$PG./01/$+f!

C7&!C0KCE'!*7/5C7/0E!C/5&1!C%!%2&!*C8/9/8C%/#$!#9!8#$90/8%'!C$1!C7&!%2.'!

/$8#5*C%/G0&!K/%2!1/7&8%!C8%/#$J!Q2&!C/5!/'!%#!G./01!%2&!'%7.++0&!#.%'/1&H!

C$1!#9%&$!/$!#**#'/%/#$!%#H!%2&!#99/8/C0!*#0/%/8C0!*7#8&''J!

!

X0%2#.+2!1/7&8%!C8%/#$!/'!$&4&7!G#.$1&1!GE!%2&!0/5/%'!#9!0&+C0/%EH!K&!

5.'%!7&R&8%!%2&!$#%/#$!%2C%!1/7&8%!C8%/#$!$&8&''C7/0E!/$4#04&'!*7#*&7%E!

1&'%7.8%/#$!#7!4/#0&$8&!C+C/$'%!/$1/4/1.C0'J!Q2#'&!K2#!/$'/'%!#$!%2/'!

C'*&8%!5/'.$1&7'%C$1!%2&!*2/0#'#*2E!#9!1/7&8%!C8%/#$c!%2&!/1&C!/'$L%!%#!

7&*0C8&!*#0/%/8/C$'!K/%2!C!7C1/8C0!97/$+&J!_$!%2&!8#$%7C7EH!1/7&8%!C8%/#$'!

5.'%!'%7/4&!%#!G&H!C'!5.82!C'!*#''/G0&H!5C''!C8%/#$'J!D/%2/$!%2&!'%.1&$%!

5#4&5&$%H!%2/'!8C$!#$0E!C7/'&!K2&$!%2#'&!K/%2!%2&!/$/%/C%/4&!#9!1/7&8%!

C8%/#$'!C7&!/$!7&0C%/#$'2/*!K/%2!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!C$1!%C=&!8.&'!97#5!

%2&5!CG#.%!%2&!C**7#*7/C%&!%C8%/8'!%#!1&*0#EJ!

D2/0&!%2&!'%7/=&!#K&1!5.82!%#!"bX<<M!C'!C!9#75C0H!8&$%7C0/'&1!

#7+C$/^C%/#$H!%2&!5#4&5&$%L'!'%7&$+%2PP/%'!CG/0/%E!%#!1/'7.*%!G.'/$&''!C'!

.'.C0PPC0'#!1&7/4&1!97#5!C.%#$#5E!C$1!1&8&$%7C0/'C%/#$H!K/%2#.%!K2/82!

1/7&8%!C8%/#$!8C$T%!&(/'%J!S$1/4/1.C0'!#7!+7#.*'!8#.01!0&C1!/$/%/C%/4&'!

#.%'/1&!%2&!.$/#$!'%7.8%.7&'!K/%2#.%!'E'%&5C%/8C00E!G&/$+!0CG&00&1!C'!

$&9C7/#.'!'*0/$%&7!+7#.*'J!X'!0#$+!C'!%2&E!K&7&!$#%!/'#0C%&1!97#5!

'%.1&$%!C''&5G0/&'H!C$1!1/'8.''/#$!CG#.%!'%7C%&+E!C$1!%C8%/8'!KC'!

&$8#.7C+&1H!%2&E!8#.01!&5*#K&7!&C82!#%2&7!/$'%&C1!#9!4/&K/$+!#$&!

C$#%2&7!K/%2!8#$'%C$%!'.'*/8/#$J!

!

! ($!

.'.C0!1/'*&7'C0!%C8%/8'!K&7&!/$8C*CG0&!#9!&$1/$+!%2&'&!7#K1E!*7#%&'%'H!

C'!*&#*0&!=&*%!#$!7&+7#.*/$+!&4&$!C'!7/#%!'I.C1'!82C7+&1!%2&!1&$'&!

87#K1'J!O7#4/$8/C0!*#0/8&!/$!7/#%!+&C7!C$1!'.74&/00C$8&!2&0/8#*%&7'!K&7&!

G7#.+2%!/$!C$1!G&8C5&!C!8#55#$!'/+2%!/$!3#$%7&C0!9#7!1CE'J!Q2&!

+#4&7$5&$%!C**&C7&1!%#!G&!/$!%#%C0!0#''!#9!8#$%7#0!/$!%2&!9C8&!#9!%2&!

5#4&5&$%J!

!

!<2$95!!62$=G$E:A!=4:5E:662$!

Q2&!80/5C%&!#9!'#8/C0!87/'/'!7&C82&1!C!80/5C(!#$!3CE!>%2J!X!8#C0/%/#$!#9!

8#55.$/%E!+7#.*'H!&$4/7#$5&$%C0/'%'H!C$1!0CG#7!.$/#$'!G.''&1!/$!

*7#%&'%&7'!97#5!C87#''!%2&!*7#4/$8&!%#!j/8%#7/C4/00&H!C!'5C00H!I./&%!%#K$!

&C'%!#9!3#$%7&C0H!K2&7&!%2&!7.0/$+!b/G&7C0!*C7%E!KC'!2#01/$+!/%'!C$$.C0!

8#$4&$%/#$J!W*#$!7&C82/$+!%2&!2#%&0!2#'%/$+!%2&!8#$4&$%/#$H!%2&!87#K1!

#9!CG#.%!?;;;P'%7#$+!I./8=0E!#4&7K2&05&1!%2&!'5C00!GC77/&7'!/$%&$1&1!

%#!=&&*!&4&7E#$&!80&C7!#9!%2&!2#%&0!+7#.$1'J!X'!*&#*0&!C**7#C82&1!%2&!

K/$1#K'!C$1!&$%7C$8&'H!%&$'/#$'!90C7&1!C$1!7/#%!*#0/8&!5#4&1!/$!%#!

*.'2!%2&!*7#%&'%!GC8=!.'/$+!5C''/4&!C5#.$%'!#9!%&C7!+C'!C$1!*0C'%/8!

G.00&%'J!Q2/'!8#$%/$.&1!9#7!2#.7'!/$!%2&!C7&C!C7#.$1!%2&!2#%&0H!K/%2!C!

$.5G&7!#9!*7#%&'%&7'!C%%&5*%/$+!%#!'0#K!1#K$!%2&!C14C$8&!#9!*#0/8&!

0/$&'!GE!%27#K/$+!GC8=!7#8='!C$1!%&C7!+C'!8C$/'%&7'J!<%.1&$%'!C$1!%2&/7!

C00/&'!'.99&7&1!'#5&!#9!%2&!K#7'%!/$R.7/&'!#9!%2&!&$%/7&!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!

1.7/$+!%2/'!8#$97#$%C%/#$H!5C/$0E!#K/$+!%#!%2&!*7#4/$8/C0!*#0/8&T'!

&(%&$'/4&!C$1!1C$+&7#.'!.'&!#9!*0C'%/8!G.00&%'H!C0'#!=$#K$!C'!e*0C'%/8!

GC%#$!7#.$1'fJ!<&4&7C0!G.'&'!#$!%2&!7&%.7$!%7/*!K&7&!C0'#!/$%&78&*%&1!

GE!0CK!&$9#78&5&$%!C$1!'&C782&1J!

!

X0%2#.+2!%2&!$&K'!#9!82C#'!C$1!8#$97#$%C%/#$!K&7&!$#%!K&08#5&1!/$!

%2&!5&1/C!#7!%2&!+&$&7C0!*.G0/8H!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!KC'!K/1&0E!7&+C71&1!

C'!%2&!*C7%E!7&'*#$'/G0&!9#7!%2&'&!&4&$%'J!Q2&!*7/5&!5/$/'%&7!C**&C7&1!

/$&*%!%#!1&C0!K/%2!%2&!8#$90/8%J!

!

Q2&!$&(%!1CEH!C!$&K!7#.$1!#9!$&+#%/C%/#$'!K&7&!C$$#.$8&1J!Q2/'!%/5&H!

0CG#7!0&C1&7'!K&7&!G7#.+2%!/$!C'!5&1/C%#7'H!%#!e9C8/0/%C%&f!%2&!

1/'8.''/#$'!G&%K&&$!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!C$1!'%.1&$%!$&+#%/C%#7'J!

3&&%/$+'!K&$%!#$!.$/$%&77.*%&1!9#7!$&C70E!:>!2#.7'H!0&C4/$+!0/%%0&!%/5&!

!

! '&!

Q2&!.$9#01/$+!#9!%K#!&4&$%'H!K2/82!#88.77&1!C%!%2&!&$1!#9!X*7/0!'&&5&1!

%#!7&4&C0!'#5&!'.88&''H!2#K&4&7J!Q2&!9/7'%!KC'!C!+#4&7$5&$%!

8#$4&$%/#$!%#!*7#5#%&!\<*(!U#$/H!C!*0C$!%#!&(*0#/%!$C%.7C0!7&'#.78&'!/$!

$#7%2&7$!F.&G&8H!C$1!%2&!'&8#$1!KC'!%2&!MC7%2!iCE!7C00EJ!D2/0&!

.$8#$$&8%&1!%#!%2&!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&H!%2&!8#$%&(%!/$!K2/82!%2&E!%##=!*0C8&!

*7#1.8&1!.$&(*&8%&1!&99&8%'J!

!

_$!X*7/0!:;%2H!"bX<<M!#7+C$/^&1!C!1&5#$'%7C%/#$!%#!1/'7.*%!%2&!\<*(!

U#$/!8#$4&$%/#$!/$!3#$%7&C0J!Q2#.+2!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!*0C$!KC'!2&C4/0E!

87/%/8/^&1!GE!&8#0#+/'%!C$1!$C%/4&!+7#.*'H!"bX<<MT'!*7/5C7E!/$%&$%!KC'$T%!

C$!&8#0#+/8C0!#$&J!BC%2&7H!/%!KC'!C$!#**#7%.$/%E!9#7!C8%/#$H!0/=&!5C$E!

#%2&7'!G&9#7&!/%H!C/5&1!C%!1/'7.*%/$+!G.'/$&''!C'!.'.C0!C$1!*.%%/$+!5#7&!

*7&''.7&!#$!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%J!X9%&7!&$%&7/$+!%2&!8#$4&$%/#$!G./01/$+H!C!

9&K!1#^&$!1&5#$'%7C%#7'!K&7&!8#$97#$%&1!GE!7/#%!*#0/8&!+.C71/$+!%2&!

&$%7C$8&!%#!%2&!2C00!C$1!K&7&!4/#0&$%0E!&4/8%&1J!X'!%2&E!7&R#/$&1!#%2&7!

1&5#$'%7C%#7'!#.%'/1&H!8#5*7/'&1!5C/$0E!#9!'%.1&$%'H!K#7=&7T'!.$/#$'H!

C$1!$C%/4&!+7#.*'H!%2&!*#0/8&!C%%C8=&1!%2&!87#K1!K/%2!%&C7!+C'J!A#7!%2&!

$&(%!9&K!2#.7'H!*#0/8&!C$1!*7#%&'%&7'!GC%%0&1!/%!#.%!#$!%2&!.'.C00E!1.00!

1#K$%#K$!'%7&&%'J!Q2&!*7/5&!5/$/'%&7!KC'!&5GC77C''&1!C$1!%2&!

*7#%&'%'!7C/'&1!CKC7&$&''!CG#.%!\<*(!U#$/H!K2/82!'.11&$0E!G&8C5&!C!

8#$%7#4&7'/C0!/''.&!9#7!'%.1&$%'J!S$!C!KCEH!"bX<<M!G&8C5&!

&$4/7#$5&$%C0/'%!GE!C''#8/C%/#$J!

!

QK#!1CE'!0C%&7H!#$!X*7/0!::$1H!C$!MC7%2!iCE!5C782!%##=!*0C8&H!C0'#!/$!

3#$%7&C0J!S%T'!&'%/5C%&1!%2C%!#4&7!:;;H;;;!%2#.'C$1!*&#*0&!%##=!*C7%H!

C$1!R.1+/$+!97#5!%2&!82C$%'!C$1!*0C8C71'H!C!2.+&!$.5G&7!#9!'%.1&$%'!

C0'#!*C7%/8/*C%&1J!<&4&7C0!*7&4/#.'0E!/'#0C%&1!/''.&'!0/=&!%2&!

&$4/7#$5&$%H!$C%/4&!7/+2%'!C$1!%2&!7/+2%!%#!&1.8C%/#$!'&&5&1!%#!

8#$4&7+&!C$1!C00!G&8#5&!*C7%!#9!%2&!5#4&5&$%J!

!

S$!5C$E!KCE'H!%2&!:;,:!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!KC'!G7&C=/$+!$&K!+7#.$1J!X00!%2&!

+#4&7$5&$%T'!C%%&5*%'!%#!8#$%C/$!#7!G7&C=!%2&!'%7/=&!*7#4&1!

/$&99&8%/4&Y!'&%%0&5&$%!#99&7'H!*0CE/$+!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!C+C/$'%!#$&!

C$#%2&7H!/$R.$8%/#$'H!2&C4EP2C$1&1!*#0/8/$+H!&%8J!X'!5C''/4&!$/+2%0E!

1&5#$'%7C%/#$'!2C**&$/$+!#$!C!1C/0E!GC'/'!+C%2&7&1!%2#.'C$1'H!%&$'!#9!

%2#.'C$1'!&4&$H!*#0/8&!K&7&!.$CG0&!%#!=&&*!#71&7!#$!%2&!'%7&&%'J!Q2&!

!

! ''!

!

_$!%2&!+7#.$1H!"bX<<M!/%'&09!5#'%0E!#7+C$/^&1!0C7+&!7C00/&'!C$1!

1&5#$'%7C%/#$'!K2/0&!1/7&8%!C8%/#$'!'.82!C'!G0#8=C1&'!C$1!#88.*C%/#$'!

K&7&!#9%&$!.$1&7%C=&$!GE!C99/$/%E!+7#.*'!80#'&!%#!0#8C0!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'J!

D#.01PG&!*C7%/8/*C$%'!8#.01!8#$'.0%!C$!#*&$!8C0&$1C7!#$!"bX<<ML'!

K&G'/%&!K2&7&!5#'%!#9!%2&!.*8#5/$+!C8%/#$'!K&7&!7&8#71&1J!Q2&'&!

K&7&!1/4/1&1!/$%#!%27&&!8C%&+#7/&'!GC'&1!#$!K2/82!%E*&!#9!+7#.*!KC'!

G&2/$1!&C82!C8%/#$Y!"bX<<MH!0#8C0!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!#7!/$1/4/1.C0'J!

!

Q2&!$C%.7&!#9!C.%#$#5#.'!C8%/#$'!4C7/&1!I./%&!C!G/%!C$1!K2/0&!%2&/7!

%/5/$+'H!%C7+&%'!#7!5&C$'!K&7&$L%!C0KCE'!'%7C%&+/8H!"bX<<ML'!7#0&!KC'!

$#%!%#!*#0/8&!$#7!8#$1&5$!%2&5J!Q2/'!KC'!5#'%!/5*#7%C$%!C'!

'*#=&'*&7'#$'!/$%&74/&K&1!GE!%2&!5&1/C!K&7&!#9%&$!/$4/%&1!)!C$1!

'#5&%/5&'!*7&''&1!)!%#!8#$1&5$!e4/#0&$%f!#7!e.$C88&*%CG0&f!C8%/#$'!

GE!'%.1&$%'!'.82!C'!G0#8=/$+!7#C1'J!S$%&7$C00EH!%2&E!K&7&!&(*&8%&1!

5C/$%C/$!C!1/'%C$8&!GE!'%C%/$+!%2C%!C!*C7%/8.0C7!C8%/#$!KC'$L%!#7+C$/^&1!

GE!"bX<<MH!G.%!#%2&7K/'&H!%#!*.%!/%!/$!8#$%&(%!C$1!R.'%/9E!/%'!0&+/%/5C8EJ!

!

_9!8#.7'&H!C$!/5*#7%C$%!8#$'&I.&$8&!#9!&$8#.7C+/$+!1/7&8%!C8%/#$!/'!%2&!

7&*7&''/#$!%2C%!#9%&$!9#00#K'J!Q2&!5#4&5&$%!1&C0%!K/%2!%2/'!/$!C!4C7/&%E!

#9!KCE'J!Q#!G&%%&7!*7&*C7&!'%.1&$%'H!K#7='2#*'!#$!'C9&%E!/$!

1&5#$'%7C%/#$'H!0&+C0!1&9&$8&!C$1!'&8.7/%E!8.0%.7&!K&7&!#7+C$/'&1!#$!

8C5*.'&'J!Q#!1&C0!K/%2!C77&'%'!C$1!82C7+&'H!C!0&+C0!8#55/%%&&!

8#5*7/'&1!#9!9.00E!C887&1/%&1!0CKE&7'!C$1!2&0*&7'!U5#'%0E!0CK!'%.1&$%'V!

KC'!*.%!%#+&%2&7!C$1!C4C/0CG0&!#$P8C00!:>r6J!X$1!%#!&$'.7&!%2&!0#$+P

%&75!0&+C0!1&9&$8&!#9!%2&!C88.'&1H!&99#7%'!K&7&!*.%!/$%#!G./01/$+!C!9.$1!

%27#.+2!9.$17C/'/$+!&4&$%'!C$1!'#0/8/%C%/#$!#9!0CG#7!.$/#$'!C$1!#%2&7!

+7#.*'J!X00!%2&'&!7&'#.78&'!K&7&!5C1&!C4C/0CG0&!GE!"bX<<M!%#!C$E#$&!

K2#!*C7%/8/*C%&1!/$!C$E!C8%/#$!/$!'.**#7%!#9!%2&!'%7/=&H!7&+C710&''!#9!

%2&/7!'%C%.'!C'!C!'%.1&$%!#7!C99/0/C%/#$!%#!C$E!*C7%/8.0C7!'%.1&$%!.$/#$J@!

!

2FD537:=3$!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)!In contrast, FECQ and FEUQ offered legal support through a contracted law firm, but only to its own members.!

!

! '(!

X9%&7!3C782!6%2H!1/7&8%!C8%/#$'!G&8C5&!5#7&!97&I.&$%!C$1!E&%!1&'*/%&!

K/1&'*7&C1!8#$1&5$C%/#$!#9!%2&!4/#0&$%!%C8%/8'!K2/82!7&'.0%&1!/$!C!

E#.$+!5C$!0#'/$+!C$!&E&H!%2&!*#0/8&!7&'*#$'&!KC'!/$87&C'/$+0E!4/8/#.'J!

"#$97#$%C%/#$'!G&8C5&!5#7&!8#55#$J!

!

Q2&$!8C5&!3C782!,[%2H!%2&!S$%&7$C%/#$C0!iCE!X+C/$'%!O#0/8&!-7.%C0/%EJ!

A#7!%2&!0C'%!%&$!E&C7'!#7!'#H!C!9&K!2.$17&1!K#.01!%C=&!%#!%2&!'%7&&%'!/$!

3#$%7&C0!C$$.C00E!#$!%2C%!1C%&!%#!2/+20/+2%!%2&!*7#G0&5!#9!*#0/8&!

G7.%C0/%EJ!Q2C%!E&C7H!%2/'!1&5#$'%7C%/#$!KC'!5.82!G/++&7!%2C$!&4&7!

G&9#7&J!X'!&(*&8%&1H!%2&!5C782!KC'!#$0E!%#0&7C%&1!9#7!C!4&7E!'2#7%!%/5&!

.$%/0!7/#%!'I.C1'!5#4&1!/$!C$1!C%%C8=&1!%2&!87#K1J!<8&$&'!#9!82C#'!

C87#''!1#K$%#K$!K&7&!K/%$&''&1!C'!%2&!'I.C1'!C%%&5*%&1!%#!82C'&!

1#K$!+7#.*'!#9!*7#%&'%&7'!K2#!7&9.'&1!%#!1/'*&7'&!C$1H!/$!'#5&!8C'&'H!

4C$1C0/'&1!*#0/8&!87./'&7'!K2/82!#88.*/&1!C05#'%!&4&7E!'%7&&%!8#7$&7J!

!

X'!%2&!G/+!'%.1&$%!7C00E!*0C$$&1!9#7!3C782!::$1!C**7#C82&1H!%2&!

+#4&7$5&$%T'!7&'*#$'&!%#!%2&!'%7/=&!KC'!5#7&!1&9/C$%!%2C$!K&!2C1!

&(*&8%&1J!A#7!K&&='!/%!8#$'/'%&$%0E!7&R&8%&1!+7#K/$+!8C00'!9#7!

$&+#%/C%/#$!K/%2!'%.1&$%!+7#.*'H!K2/0&!C%!%2&!'C5&!%/5&!7&/%&7C%/$+!*/!

(*.-&*%!/%'!R.'%/9/8C%/#$'!9#7!%2&!%./%/#$!2/=&J!

!

_$!%2&!#%2&7!2C$1H!%2&!5#5&$%.5!9#7!%2&!'%7/=&!4C'%0E!'.7*C''&1!#.7!

&(*&8%C%/#$'J!-E!5/1P3C782!5#7&!%2C$!:;;H;;;!'%.1&$%!K&7&!#$!'%7/=&H!

5.82!2/+2&7!%2C$!K&!2#*&1!%#!7&C82!1.7/$+!%2&!&$%/7&!0&$+%2!#9!%2&!

8C5*C/+$J!D&!7&C0/'&1!%2&$H!C05#'%!/$!1/'G&0/&9H!%2C%!K&!K&7&!#$!%7C8=!

%#!'2C%%&7!%2&!7&8#71!#9!%2&!0C7+&'%!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!/$!%2&!2/'%#7E!#9!%2&!

*7#4/$8&J!

!

_4&7!?;;H;;;!'%.1&$%'!K&7&!#$!'%7/=&!#$!3C782!::$1H!K2/82!/'!CG#.%!

6[`!#9!C00!"MNMO!U8#00&+&V!C$1!.$/4&7'/%E!'%.1&$%'!/$!F.&G&8J!-.'&'!

8#$4&7+&1!97#5!C00!8#7$&7'!#9!%2&!*7#4/$8&!/$%#!3#$%7&C0!9#7!%2&!7C00EH!

K2/82!KC'!/$!%2&!5C=/$+!9#7!5#$%2'J!S%T'!&'%/5C%&1!%2C%!:;;H;;;!*&#*0&!

*C7%/8/*C%&1H!&C'/0E!5C=/$+!/%!%2&!G/++&'%!*7#%&'%!&4&7!'&&$!/$!%2&!

*7#4/$8&J!

!

Q2/'!2.+&!*7#%&'%!C$1!%2&!'2&&7!$.5G&7!#9!'%.1&$%'!#$!'%7/=&H!

!

! ')!

.$1&75/$&1!GE!%2&!*7&'&$8&!#9!"bX<<M!1&0&+C%&'J!S$!%E*/8C0!$&+#%/C%/#$!

'8&$C7/#'!'.82!C'!K/%2!.$/#$'!9#7!&(C5*0&H!7&*7&'&$%C%/4&'!C7&!97&&!%#!

*.%!9#7KC71!C0%&7$C%/4&!*7#*#'C0'!C$1!'%7/=&!C+7&&5&$%'!%2C%!9C00!'2#7%!

#9!%2&!1&5C$1'!#7!+#C0'!#9!%2&!5#4&5&$%J!3#'%!#9%&$H!%2/'!5&1/C%/#$!

7#0&!*0CE&1!GE!%2&!5#4&5&$%T'!0&C1&7'2/*!8C$!5C=&!8#$90/8%'!'2#7%&7H!

G.%!C%!%2&!&(*&$'&!#9!2&0*/$+!%#!*.'2!%27#.+2!'8C$%!#99&7'!C+C/$'%!%2&!

5&5G&7'2/*T'!K/00J!Q2&!"bX<<M!$&+#%/C%/#$'!8#55/%%&&!2C1!$#!'.82!

5C$1C%&H!2#K&4&7J!S%!8#.01!$&/%2&7!*7#*#'&!C!8#5*7#5/'&!%#!%2&!

+#4&7$5&$%!$#7!7&8#55&$1!C$E!#99&7!%#!'%.1&$%'Y!/%'!9.$8%/#$!KC'!

'%7/8%0E!0/5/%&1!%#!8#55.$/8C%/$+!%2&!1&5C$1'!#9!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!

C$1!7&*#7%!GC8=!K/%2!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%T'!#99&7'J!

!

<2#7%0E!C9%&7!G7&C=/$+!#99!$&+#%/C%/#$'H!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!5C1&!C!*.G0/8!

#99&7!%27#.+2!C!5&1/C!'%C%&5&$%J!Q#!'CE!/%!9&00!'2#7%!#9!7&4&7'/$+!%2&!

%./%/#$!2/=&!/'!C$!.$1&7'%C%&5&$%J!Q2&!#99&7!KC'!'#!*C%2&%/8!%2C%!%2&!

4&7E!'C5&!&4&$/$+H!C!'*#$%C$&#.'!$/+2%!1&5#$'%7C%/#$!#9!'&4&7C0!

%2#.'C$1!5C782&1!C+C/$'%!/%H!82C$%/$+!e/%T'!$#%!C$!#99&7H!/%T'!C$!/$'.0%H!

#.7!C$'K&7Y!1&5#$'%7C%/#$'!&4&7E!$/+2%!.$%/0!4/8%#7Esf!O7&1/8%CG0EH!/$!

%2&!9#00#K/$+!1CE'H!%2&!#99&7!KC'!5C''/4&0E!7&R&8%&1!GE!+&$&7C0!

C''&5G0/&'J!

!

!<2$85D62$7D4:31$!

X'!*#0/%/8/C$'!C$1!5&1/C!*.$1/%'!&5*2C'/'&1!C$!/5C+/$&1!1/82#%#5E!

G&%K&&$!e2#$&'%!%C(*CE&7'f!C$1!e&+#/'%!'%.1&$%'fH!%2&!5#4&5&$%!

'#.+2%!%#!&(*7&''!'#0/1C7/%E!K/%2!'%7.++0&'!#.%'/1&!%2&!'8#*&!#9!%2&!

&1.8C%/#$!'E'%&5J!Q27#.+2!/%'!*.G0/8!C**&C7C$8&'H!"bX<<M!G&+C$!%#!

5#7&!&(*0/8/%0E!97C5&!%2&!8#$90/8%!C'!*C7%!#9!C!G7#C1&7!'%7.++0&!C+C/$'%!

$&#0/G&7C0/'5J!Q2&!'0#+C$!eQ2&!'%.1&$%'!C7&!#$!'%7/=&H!G.%!%2&!*&#*0&!

C7&!/$!'%7.++0&f!KC'!.'&1!#$!GC$$&7'!C$1!*.G0/8C%/#$'!C$1!%2&!

&(*7&''/#$!e3C*0&!<*7/$+fH!C!*0CE!#$!K#71'!%E/$+!#.7!'%7.++0&!%#!%2&!

eX7CG!<*7/$+fH!8C5&!/$%#!.'&J!X0%2#.+2!'&4&7C0!C%%&5*%'!K&7&!5C1&!%#!

G7&C=!%2&!0/5/%'!#9!%2&!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!C$1!+&$&7C0/^&!%2&!'%7.++0&H!9#7!

&(C5*0&!GE!#7+C$/^/$+!R#/$%!1&5#$'%7C%/#$'!K/%2!K#7=&7'!#$!'%7/=&H!%2/'!

*7#4&1!4&7E!1/99/8.0%J!

!

!

! '*!

C''&5G0/&'H!1/1$T%!9#00#K!'./%J!X'!'.82H!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!2#*&1!%#!/'#0C%&!

"bX<<M!.$1&7!%2&!*7&%&(%!%2C%!/%!8#.01!$&4&7!$&+#%/C%&!K/%2!C*#0#+/'%'!

#9!4/#0&$8&!C$1!%2.'!2#01!$&+#%/C%/#$'!K/%2!#$0E!%2&!5#1&7C%&!

9&1&7C%/#$'!C%!%2&!GC7+C/$/$+!%CG0&J!

!

Q2/'!*0C$!KC'!97.'%7C%&1!K2&$!AMWF!C$$#.$8&1!/%'!7&9.'C0!%#!

*C7%/8/*C%&!/$!C$E!$&+#%/C%/#$'!97#5!K2/82!"bX<<M!K#.01!G&!&(80.1&1J!

Q2/'!.$*7&8&1&$%&1!'2#K!#9!GC'/8!'#0/1C7/%E!97#5!C$!#7+C$/'C%/#$!5#'%!

*7&4/#.'0E!=$#K$!9#7!/%'!8#$%&5*%!#9!X<<n!8#.01!G&!&(*0C/$&1!GE!%K#!

5C/$!7&C'#$'J!A/7'%H!G&8C.'&!C%!%2/'!*#/$%!%2&!'%7/=&!5#4&5&$%!KC'!

C''#8/C%&1!K/%2!"bX<<M!5#7&!%2C$!C$E!#%2&7!#7+C$/^C%/#$H!%27#.+2!%2&!

5C/$'%7&C5!5&1/C!C'!K&00!C'!/%'!+7C''7##%'!5#G/0/'/$+!&99#7%'!#$!

8C5*.'&'J!AMWF!KC$%&1!%#!C4#/1!5C=/$+!'.82!C!'%7#$+0E!1/4/'/4&!5#4&!

%2C%!K#.01!2C4&!#.%7C+&1!5C''&'!#9!C07&C1E!C$+7E!'%.1&$%'J!<&8#$1H!

G&8C.'&!/%!KC'!+#/$+!%27#.+2!C$!/$%&7$C0!87/'/'!K2&7&!5&5G&7!.$/#$'!

%27&C%&$&1!%#!1&9&1&7C%&!/9!AMWF!C88&*%&1!$&+#%/C%/#$!K/%2#.%!"bX<<MJ!

3C$E!K/%2/$!%2&!9&1&7C%/#$!K&7&!=&&$!%#!C4#/1!C!'8&$C7/#!'/5/0C7!%#!%2&!

#$&!%2C%!*0CE&1!#.%!1.7/$+!%2&!:;;[!+&$&7C0!'%.1&$%!'%7/=&J!

!

D/%2/$!"bX<<MH!%2&!/''.&!#9!4/#0&$8&!KC'!7&9&77&1!%#!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!

C$1!%2&!8#$+7&''J!Q2&!$&(%!K&&=H!%2&!8#$+7&''!C1#*%&1!C!7&'#0.%/#$!

8#$1&5$/$+!%2&!e1&0/G&7C%&!4/#0&$8&!C+C/$'%!/$1/4/1.C0'!.$0&''!/$!

0&+/%/5C%&!1&9&$'&fJ!<%.1&$%!.$/#$'!7&9.'&1!%#!8#$1&5$!7C1/8C0!%C8%/8'!

C$1!1/7&8%!C8%/#$'!'.82!C'!G0#8=C1&'!C$1!#88.*C%/#$'H!K2/82!/'!K2C%!%2&!

+#4&7$5&$%!KC'!'&&=/$+!GE!.'/$+!%2&!G0C$=&%!K#71!#9!4/#0&$8&J!

_G4/#.'0EH!%2&!7/+2%PK/$+!C88.'&1!"bX<<M!#9!K#71*0CEH!C$1!/$'/'%&1!%2C%!

C$!#7+C$/'C%/#$!8#$1#$/$+!4C$1C0/'5!C$1!1&'%7.8%/#$!'2#.01!G&!1&C0%!

K/%2!%27#.+2!0CK!&$9#78&5&$%!C$1!$#%!*#0/%/8'J!S$!%2&!&$1!2#K&4&7H!%2&!

5#4&!KC'!0C7+&0E!*&78&/4&1!C'!C$!C8%!#9!+##1!9C/%2!C$1!%2&!&1.8C%/#$!

5/$/'%&7!7&0.8%C$%0E!C+7&&1!%#!8#$4&$&!C00!%27&&!'%.1&$%!+7#.*'!%#!

$&+#%/C%/#$'J!

!

A/7'%!5&&%/$+'!G&%K&&$!%2&!%K#!*C7%/&'!K&7&!2&01!#$!X*7/0!:?!C$1!:>J!

D2/0&!AM"F!C$1!AMWF!K&7&!7&*7&'&$%&1!GE!&C82!9&1&7C%/#$T'!*7&'/1&$%H!

"bX<<M!'&$%!%2&!5&5G&7'!#9!/%'!$&+#%/C%/#$'!8#55/%%&&!&0&8%&1!

&(*0/8/%0E!%#!%2/'!9.$8%/#$J!_'%&$'/G0EH!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%T'!'%7C%&+E!KC'!

!

! '%!

8#5G/$&1!K/%2!%2&!9C8%!%2C%!5#7&!C$1!5#7&!'%.1&$%'!K&7&!17CK$!/$%#!

#7+C$/'/$+!C$1!*C7%/8/*C%/$+!/$!1/7&8%!C8%/#$'H!5C1&!.'!7&8#+$/^&!%2C%!

K&!2C1!5#7&!0&4&7C+&!%2C$!&4&7!#4&7!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%J!

!

<%/00H!9C8&1!K/%2!C$!.$&I./4#8C0!C14&7'C7EH!K&!'%/00!2C1!%#!=&&*!G./01/$+!

.*!%2&!*7&''.7&J!X9%&7!%2&!*7#%&'%!#$!%2&!::$1!C$1!0#%'!#9!1/'8.''/#$!/$!

+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'H!"bX<<M!8C00&1!#$!'%.1&$%'!%#!#7+C$/'&!C!eK&&=!#9!

&8#$#5/8!1/'7.*%/#$fJ!X.%#$#5#.'!'%.1&$%!+7#.*'!5C''/4&0E!C$'K&7&1!

%2&!8C00H!C$1!9#7!%2&!9#00#K/$+!K&&='H!.*!%#!%27&&!5CR#7!1/7&8%!C8%/#$'!

K&7&!2C**&$/$+!&4&7E!1CEJ!3/$/'%7E!G./01/$+'H!#99/8&!%#K&7'H!

+#4&7$5&$%!/$'%/%.%/#$'H!2/+2KCE'!C$1!&4&$!%2&!O#7%!#9!3#$%7&C0!

G&8C5&!%2&!%C7+&%'!#9!G0#8=C1&'!C$1!C8%/#$'!#9!1/'7.*%/#$J!X'!

C.%#$#5#.'!/$/%/C%/4&'!5.0%/*0/&1H!'#5&!G./01/$+'!0/=&!%2&!3/$/'%7E!#9!

M1.8C%/#$!/$!3#$%7&C0!K&7&!&4&$!%C7+&%&1!7&*&C%&10EJ!

!

:3V?3A!:=37$!

X%!%2&!G&+/$$/$+!#9!X*7/0H!K/%2!%2&!'%7/=&!+#/$+!'%7#$+!9#7!C!'&4&$%2!

K&&=H!C!7/+2%PK/$+!5/$#7/%E!#**#'/$+!%2&!'%7/=&!'%C7%&1!#7+C$/^/$+!C$1!

5C=/$+!/%'&09!2&C71J!D/%2#.%!5.82!'.7*7/'&H!K&!0&C7$&1!&C70E!#$!%2C%!

'#5&!#9!%2&'&!'%.1&$%'!2C1!0/$='!K/%2!%2&!b/G&7C0!*C7%EJ!

!

-&8C.'&!%2&E!=$&K!%2&E!8#.01$T%!8#$4/$8&!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'!%#!&$1!

%2&!'%7/=&H!%2&E!%.7$&1!%#!%2&!8#.7%'!%#!#G%C/$!/$R.$8%/#$'!C00#K/$+!%2&5!

%#!7&'.5&!%2&/7!80C''&'J!Q2#.+2!"bX<<M!9#.+2%!%2&5!#$!0&+C0!+7#.$1'H!

R.1+&'!+7C$%&1!%2&5!#$&!C9%&7!%2&!#%2&7H!5C/$0E!#$!%2&!+7#.$1'!%2C%!C!

'%.1&$%!'%7/=&!2C1!$#!0&+C0!GC'/'!C$1!%2C%!%2&!8#$%/$.&1!*/8=&%/$+!#9!

8C5*.'&'!K#.01!G7/$+!%2&'&!'%.1&$%'!/55&1/C%&!C$1!/77&*C7CG0&!2C75J!

</$8&!%2&'&!/$R.$8%/#$'!K&7&!#$0E!+7C$%&1!#$!C$!/$1/4/1.C0!GC'/'H!/%!%##=!

C!0#%!#9!%/5&H!5#$&E!C$1!&99#7%!9#7!#**#$&$%'!#9!%2&!'%7/=&!%#!#G%C/$!

%2&5J!l#$&%2&0&''H!C!5#$%2!0C%&7H!#4&7!,;;!/$R.$8%/#$'!K&7&!/$!&99&8%!

C87#''!%2&!*7#4/$8&J!

!

Q2&!9/7'%!/$R.$8%/#$!2C1!C!'2#8=KC4&!&99&8%!C87#''!%2&!5#4&5&$%J!Q#!C00!

/$%&$%'!C$1!*.7*#'&'H!/%!5&C$%!%2C%!C!5/$#7/%E!#9!U5C/$0E!K&C0%2EH!K&00P

8#$$&8%&1V!'%.1&$%'!8#.01!+&%!C!8#.7%!#71&7!%#!8/78.54&$%!%2&!'%.1&$%!

!

! '"!

.$/#$T'!1&5#87C%/8!1&8/'/#$P5C=/$+H!&99&8%/4&0E!%7C$'*#'/$+!C$!

&5/$&$%0E!*#0/%/8C0!/''.&!/$%#!C!0&+C0!#$&J!_G4/#.'0EH!%2/'!C$+&7&1!C!2.+&!

$.5G&7!#9!'%.1&$%'H!/$80.1/$+!%2#'&!K2#!K&7&!#**#'&1!%#!%2&!'%7/=&!

G.%!8#$'/1&7&1!%2&!+&$&7C0!C''&5G0/&'T!1&8/'/#$'!0&+/%/5C%&J!Q2&!

5#4&5&$%T'!/$%&7$C0!0&+/%/5C8E!KC'!'#!'%7#$+!%2C%!/%!&C'/0E!'.*&7'&1&1!

%2&!0&+/%/5C8E!#9!%2&!R.'%/8&!'E'%&5!K2/82!2C1!7&4&C0&1!/%'!8#$'&74C%/4&!

C$1!7&C8%/#$C7E!$C%.7&J!

!

i&'*/%&!%2&!%27&C%!#9!C77&'%!C$1!/5*7/'#$5&$%\H!%2&!/$R.$8%/#$'!K&7&!

5&%!K/%2!5C''/4&!82C00&$+&'!#$!C00!8C5*.'&'!K2&7&!%2&E!8C5&!/$%#!

&99&8%J!S$!%2&!8C'&!#9!%2&!4&7E!9/7'%!/$1/4/1.C0!K2#!2C1!#G%C/$&1!#$&H!

'%.1&$%'!9#75&1!C!2.+&!e8#77/1#7!#9!'2C5&f!0&C1/$+!%#!%2&!

C$%27#*#0#+E!80C''!K2&7&!%2&!%&C82&7!KC/%&1!%#!+/4&!C$!#*&$P1##7!

0&8%.7&!#$!e8#$90/8%!5C$C+&5&$%fs!_%2&7!8C5*.'&'!K&7&!*/8=&%&1!GE!

0C7+&!+7#.*'!#9!5C'=&1!'%.1&$%'!*7&*C7&1!%#!9C8&!'&8.7/%E!+.C71'!C$1!

*#0/8&!C$1!/$!E&%!#%2&7!/$'%C$8&'H!80C''&'!7&'.5&1!GE!'.82!8#.7%!#71&7'!

K&7&!1/'7.*%&1!GE!+7#.*'!#9!'%.1&$%'J!

!

X15/$/'%7C%/#$'!7&'*#$1&1!GE!C**&C0/$+!9#7!8C05!C$1!*0&C1/$+!9#7!%2&!

/$R.$8%/#$'!%#!G&!7&'*&8%&1J!h&%!/$!5#'%!*0C8&'H!K2&$!9C8&1!K/%2!

'%.1&$%'!1&%&75/$&1!%#!&$9#78&!%2&/7!'%7/=&H!%2&E!GC8=&1!1#K$J!Q2&7&!

KC'!$#!KCE!80C''&'!8#.01!7&'.5&!/$!$#75C0!8#$1/%/#$'!'2#7%!#9!

%7/++&7/$+!G/+!8#$97#$%C%/#$'!#$!%2&/7!8C5*.'&'!C$1!2C4/$+!1#^&$'H!

&4&$!2.$17&1'!#9!%2&/7!#K$!'%.1&$%'!C77&'%&1J!Q&C82&7'H!K2#!K&7&!

$.5&7#.'!%#!'.**#7%!%2&!'%7/=&H!K&7&!C0'#!'8C$1C0/'&1!GE!%2&!

/$R.$8%/#$'!C$1!7&'/'%&1!1&5C$1'!%#!7&'.5&!80C''&'J!

!

W$9#7%.$C%&0EH!'#5&!C15/$/'%7C%/#$'!1/1!1&8/1&!%#!%&'%!%2&!'%.1&$%'T!

7&'/'%C$8&!GE!#71&7/$+!'&8.7/%E!+.C71'!C$1r#7!0CK!&$9#78&5&$%!%#!80&C7!

#.%!*/8=&%!0/$&'J!D2&7&!%2&'&!C%%&5*%'!K&7&$T%!I./8=0E!CGC$1#$&1H!

'/%.C%/#$'!1&+&$&7C%&1!/$!C00P#.%!8#$97#$%C%/#$J!S$!C!8&+&*!$#7%2!#9!

3#$%7&C0H!*7#4/$8/C0!*#0/8&!9/7&1!%&C7!+C'!#(!;*%9.-!%#!80&C7!#.%!*/8=&%!

0/$&'!K2/82!/$80.1&1!*C7&$%'!C$1!%&C82&7'J!X%!]('5&$-'+Z!/&!M#(+$Z*<H!

K2&$!'%.1&$%'!0&C7$&1!%2C%!C15/$/'%7C%#7'!K&7&!#71&7/$+!9C8.0%E!%#!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&!Failure to comply or obstruction of an injunction is punishable by up to two years in jail.!

!

! '+!

0&8%.7&!&5*%E!80C''&'H!C!2.+&!*7#%&'%!#9!$&C70E!C!%2#.'C$1!'%.1&$%'!

7C5*C+&1!#$!8C5*.'!%#KC71'!%2&!C15/$/'%7C%/#$!G./01/$+H!'CG#%C+/$+!

80C''7##5!9.7$/%.7&!#$!%2&/7!KCEJ!X9%&7!C!'&7/#.'!C%%&5*%!%#!9#78&!%2&!

*7/$8/*C0T'!#99/8&!1##7!.'/$+!C!GC%%&7/$+!7C5H!%2&E!%##!GC8=&1!1#K$J!

!

321=!:5!:=37$!

D2/0&!/$R.$8%/#$'!K&7&!'*7&C1/$+H!*7#5*%/$+!%2&!5#4&5&$%T'!7C$=PC$1P

9/0&!%#!G&8#5&!/$87&C'/$+0E!7&'%0&''H!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!KC'!'%&C19C'%!/$!/%'!

7&R&8%/#$!#9!C$E!9#75!#9!8#5*7#5/'&!#7!$&+#%/C%/#$J!-E!5/1PX*7/0H!%2&!

%#%C0!$.5G&7!#9!'%.1&$%'!#$!'%7/=&!KC'!'%CG/0/^/$+H!G.%!/$!5C$E!+&$&7C0!

C''&5G0/&'H!%2&!4#%/$+!$.5G&7'!+C*!G&%K&&$!9#7!C$1!C+C/$'%!%2&!'%7/=&!

KC'!'27/$=/$+J!D&!9&C7&1!%2C%!/9!C!9&K!5CR#7!'%.1&$%!.$/#$'!'%#**&1!

%2&!'%7/=&H!/%!8#.01!%7/++&7!C!%7&$1!%2C%!K#.01!8#00C*'&!%2&!'%7/=&J!S$!C00!

0/=&0/$&''H!%2/'!/'!K2C%!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!KC'!2#*/$+!9#7J!

!

k#K&4&7H!C%!%2&!'C5&!%/5&H!%2&!5#4&5&$%!KC'!7C1/8C0/^/$+!/%'&09J!

<&4&7C0!9C8%#7'!K&7&!C%!*0CEH!$#%CG0E!%2&!CG'&$8&!#9!C$E!1/C0#+.&!#$!%2&!

*C7%!#9!C.%2#7/%/&'!9#7!'.82!C!0#$+!%/5&!C9%&7!%2&!G&+/$$/$+!#9!%2&!'%7/=&J!

Q2&!+#4&7$5&$%!KC'!C%!*C/$'!%#!5C/$%C/$!/%'!/5C+&!#9!G&/$+!e#9!%2&!

*&#*0&!C$1!9#7!%2&!*&#*0&f!7C%2&7!%2C$!e#9!%2&!7/82!C$1!9#7!%2&/7!

G.'/$&''&'fJ!

!

X8%/#$'!/$!%2&!'%7&&%'!+7&K!5#7&!G7C^&$!C$1!1&9/C$8&!#9!*#0/8&!C$1!7/#%!

'I.C1'!KC'!/$87&C'/$+0E!K/1&'*7&C1J!S$!*C7C00&0H!C''&5G0/&'!%##=!G#01!

'%&*'!%#!'/+$/9E!%2&/7!/$%&$%/#$!%#!*&7'&4&7&!GE!1&8/1/$+!%#!'.'*&$1!%2&/7!

7&+.0C7!8#$%/$.C%/#$!4#%&'!C$1!8#55/%!%#!#$0E!7&8#$'/1&7!%2&!'%7/=&!/9!

C$1!K2&$!%2&!+#4&7$5&$%!5C1&!C$!#99&7J!Q2/'!%7&$1!#9!e&%&7$C0!

'%7/=&'fH!C'!%2&E!G&8C5&!=$#K$H!'%C7%&1!/$!C!'/$+0&!8&+&*!=$#K$!9#7!/%'!

7C1/8C0!*#0/%/8'!G.%!I./8=0E!'*7&C1!C87#''!%2&!'%7/=&!5#4&5&$%J!D/%2/$!C!

9&K!K&&='H!#4&7!,;;H;;;!'%.1&$%'!K&7&!#$!%2/'!%E*&!#9!'%7/=&J!

!

A/$C00EH!#$!X*7/0!,[H!%2&!&1.8C%/#$!5/$/'%&7!C$$#.$8&1!/%!KC'!7&C1E!%#!

&$+C+&!/$!%C0='!K/%2!%2&!'%.1&$%'!.$/#$!0&C1&7'H!G.%!#$!#$&!8#$1/%/#$Y!

%2C%!%2&E!C00!*.G0/80E!8#$1&5$!4/#0&$8&J!AM"F!C$1!AMWF!#G0/+&1!C00!%##!

2C**/0EH!E&%!"bX<<MH!/$4#=/$+!%2&!$&&1!%#!9/7'%!8#$'.0%!/%'!+&$&7C0!