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Organizational Text Features
Why the need for organizational text features?
-To help the reader understand the information presented!Consider your purpose when looking for or using a text feature.
•Italics
•Bold
•Underlining
•Indentation
•Sidebars
External Text FeaturesExternal text structures are
often found outside the main body of text. They include:•Pictures and
graphics
•Headings and subheadings
•Footnotes
Internal Text Features
Internal text structure is how the main body of the text is organized. It will be organized a certain way depending on its purpose. There are 7 different internal structures:
Sequential / Chronological Compare and Contrast Cause and Effect Enumeration / Listing Concept / Definition Generalization Process
Sequential/Chronological
(Process*)
It tells the order of facts, events, or concepts
Signal words/phrases: Today Examples: timelines, records of Meanwhile historical events, First how-to guides
(first, Now turn the widget Not long ago until it’s tight,
next, Finally take a nap . . .) Next
Sequential/Chronological Example
First, Golden Eagles soar high along ridges near their nests. Then, they search for prey. When a meal is spotted, they attack in a long swoop.
Compare and Contrast
Tells how facts, people, and events and concepts are similar and different
Signal words/phrases: Similarly On the other hand However Yet In spite of
Compare and Contrast Example
Golden Eagles are apt to hunt for prey while Bald Eagles are more likely to take an easy meal.
Cause and Effect
Tells how fact, events, people, concepts happen or exist because of other facts
Signal words/phrases: As a result of Consequently So that Because of SinceExamples: history books, science books
Cause and Effect Example
So many Bald Eagles were killed by pesticides and illegal hunting. They were in danger of becoming extinct.
Enumeration/Listing
Tells a listing of facts and events in no special order
Signal words/phrases: Also Another Several FirstExamples: grocery list, listing of
examples
Enumeration/Listing Example
1. Golden Eagles are birds of prey.
2. Golden Eagles search for prey.
3. Golden Eagles swoop through the air to attack their prey.
Concept/Definition
Tells the explanation or description of a concept or topic by using synonyms and signal words
Signal words/phrases: Refers to Thus In other words Described as EqualsExample: textbooks, encyclopedias
Concept/Definition Example
Golden Eagles are powerful raptors with large dark brown bodies and small heads with golden crowns.
Generalization
A statement about a whole group. Could be too broad and not based on fact. Often the word "all" will make a generalization untrue. Ex. "All trees lose their leaves in the fall.”
Signal words/phrases: Always In factExamples: editorials, advertising
Generalization Example
Golden Eagles are birds of prey.
Process Tells the procedure or process
for how something is done/created
Signal words/phrases: Begins with In order toExamples: cookbooks, how-to
books, science textbooks