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Mahmood Qasim
Perception
Mahmood Qasim
WHAT IS PERCEPTION ?
The processes of interpreting our senses to provide order and meaning to the
environment.
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COMPONENTS OF PERCEPTION
Perceiver
Situation
Target
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SUBPROCESS OF PERCEPTION
Confrontation Registration Interpretation Feedback
Consequence
Behavior
External Environment
Sensual Stimulation
Physical environment
OfficeFactory
LaboratoryStores
Climate
SocioculturalEnvironment
Management StyleValues
DiscriminationEtc.
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PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY
External Attention Factor
Intensity
Size
Contrast
Motion
Novelty & Familiarity
Repetition
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PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY
External Attention Factor
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External Attention Factor
Intensity
LIGHT LIGHT
A loud noise- Soft noiseStrong odor - Weak odorBright light - Dim light
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External Attention Factor
Size
A big supervisor will receive more attention against a small one.
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External Attention Factor
Contrast
External stimuli which stand out against the background or which are not what people are expecting will
receive their attention.
DANGER DANGER
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External Attention Factor
Repetition
A repeated external stimulus is ,ore attention getting than a single one.
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External Attention Factor
Motion
The End
The Beginning
We pay more attention to moving objects in their field of vision than they will to
stationary objects.
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External Attention Factor.
Novelty &
Familiarity
New objects or events in a familiar setting or familiar objects or events in a new setting will
draw the attention of the perceiver.
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Internal Set Factors
Learning &
Perception
TURN OFF THE
THE ENGINE
M-A-C-T-A-I-V-HM-A-C-D-O-N-A-L-D
M-A-C-B-E-T-HM-A-C-H-I-N-E-R-Y
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Internal Set Factors
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Internal Set Factors
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Internal Set Factors
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Internal Set Factors
Motivation&
Perception
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Internal Set Factors
Personality&
Perception
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Perceptual Organization
Figure Ground FLYTIE
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Perceptual Organization
PerceptualGrouping
Closure Sensory input provides information to fill the gaps.
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Perceptual Organization
Proximity
PerceptualGrouping
Things close together will be perceived as a whole pattern of parts of parts belonging together.
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Perceptual Organization
Similarity
PerceptualGrouping
Greater the similarity of stimuli, the greater the tendency to perceive them as a common group.
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Perceptual Organization
Continuity
PerceptualGrouping
Closure supplies missing stimuli, and the continuity principle says that a person will tend to perceive
continuous lines or patterns.
Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoe out of 100 can.i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno’t mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
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Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Constancy
Constancy permits the individual to have some constancy in a tremendously variable and highly
complex world.
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Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Context
It gives meaning and value to simple stimuli, objects, events, situation, and other persons in the
environment.
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Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Defense
Closely related to context is perceptual defense. A person may build a defense against stimuli or
situational events in the context that are personally or culturally unacceptable or threatening.
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Social Perception
The process through which individuals attempt to combine, integrate, and interpret information about others.
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The process through which individuals attempt to determine the causes of others’ behavior.
Dispositional Attributions
Explanations for behavior based on an actor’s personality or intellect. (Internal Attribution)
Situational Attributions
Explanations for behavior based on an actor’s external situation or environment.(External Attribution)
Social Perception
Attribution
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Attribution cues that reflect how consistently a person engages in some behavior over time.
To understand whether a behavior was based on dispositional attribution or situational attribution we need to rely on three cues.
Consistently
Consensus. Attribution cues that reflect how a person’s behavior compares with that of others.
Distinctiveness
Social Perception
Attribution Cues
Attribution cues that reflect the extent to which a person engages in some behavior across a variety of situations.
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Kelley’s Model of Attribution
Example of Organizational Behavior (poor performance of
an associate)
Types of information / observation
Attribution Modes
Co-workers are also performing poorly on this task.
The associate dose not do well on this task during only one time period
The associate does well on other tasks, but not this one.
Co-workers are performing very well on this task.
The associate does not do well on this task at any one time.
The associate does poorly on other task as well as this one.
High Consensus
High Consistency
Low Consistency
High Distinctiveness
Low Consensus
Low Distinctiveness
Situational Attribution
External (Situational or environmental
factors)
Dispositional Attributions
Internal (personal factors)
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Social Perception
The tendency to generalize about people in a social category and ignore variation among them.
Stereotyping Three specific aspects to stereotyping:
We distinguish some category of people (college professors)We assume that the individuals in this category have certain
traits (absent-minded, disorganized).We perceive that everyone in this category possesses these traits.
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Social Perception
The tendency for our overall impressions of others to affect objective evaluating of their specific traits; perceiving high correlations between characteristics that may be unrelated.
The Halo Effect
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Impression Management
Impression Management (self-presentation) is the process by which people attempt to manage or control the perceptions others form of them.
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Impression Management
Employee impression
Management Strategies
Demotion- Preventive Strategies
Promotion-Enhancing Strategies
Disassociation
Accounts
Apologies
Obstacle Disclosures
Entitlements
Enhancements
Entitlements
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Questions for Discussion
Discuss how differences in the experiences of students and professors might affect their perceptions of students’ written work and class comments.
Discuss the occupational stereotypes that you hold of computer programmers, clerks, mini wagon drivers, waiters, bankers. How do you think these stereotypes have developed? Has an occupational stereotype ever caused you to commit a socially embarrassing error when meeting someone for the first time?
Suppose an employee does a particularly poor job on an assigned project. Discuss the attribution process that this person’s manager will use to form judgments about this poor performance. Be sure to discuss how the manager will use consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness cues.
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Questions for Discussion
What kind of things people might do to be able to enhance the impressions they leave on others in organizations?
Describe an organizational situation in which it would be important to judge whether someone’s behavior stems primarily from internal or external causes.
How do stereotypes influence the way we judge others in organizations? How may stereotypical judgments be overcome?
Differentiate Sensation and Perception. Explain how does Halo Effect impact our decision making.
Define perception. Explain the various factors that affect perception.
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