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ORGANISM → POPULATION
• a functioning creature
• Ex. One squirrel
• group of organisms
of the same species • Ex. All the wolves in
a specific area
COMMUNITY → ECOSYSTEM
• a group of different populations which interact in a particular area
• Ex. All of the squirrels, trees, birds, insects etc. in a forest
• All of the living & nonliving
factors in a particular area
• Ex. A forest (includes all the organisms & the soil, water etc.)
Community
• Groups of different populations that live in a defined area
BIOME → BIOSPHERE
• A group of ecosystems with the same climate & similar communities
• Ex. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• any where on Earth that organisms can live
Ecological Methods
1. Observing– Descriptive (observations)– Quantitative (measurements)
2. Experimenting– In lab or in the “field”
3. Modeling– Mathematical/computer
Producers (“self-feeders”)
• also known as the autotrophs
• produce their own food
• use the processes of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
Photosynthesis:
-green plants produce sugar
Chemosynthesis:
-bacteria produce ATP from inorganic substances
Consumers
• can not make their own food
• also known as heterotrophs
Types of Heterotrophs
Herbivores
• plant eating organisms
• Primary Consumers (1st to eat plants)
Types of Heterotrophs
Carnivores
• Eat other animals
• Secondary Consumers (eat the primary consumers)
Types of Heterotrophs
Omnivores
• Eat both plant & animal matter
Types of Heterotrophs
Detrivores (scavengers)
• Feed on plant & animal remains
Types of Heterotrophs
Decomposers • special heterotrophs which break down
organic matter• recyclers • Make essential nutrients available• Ex. • Bacteria & fungi
Feeding Relationships
• A food chain shows the flow of energy between the organisms in an environment
Food Webs Food Webs (interconnected food chains)(interconnected food chains)• show the directions that energy flows in an
ecosystem.
Energy Moves in a Food WebEnergy Moves in a Food Web
Plants make glucose from light
Some animals get glucose from plants
Other animals get energy from the fat and protein in other animals
Parts of a Food WebParts of a Food Web
• Producers: organisms that use light to store energy in organic compounds. – (examples: plants, algae, phytoplankton)
Parts of a Food WebParts of a Food Web
• Where are the producers in the food web below?
Parts of a Food WebParts of a Food Web
• Consumers: organisms that eat other organisms to get organic compounds that they use for energy – (examples: humans, cows, insects, birds…)
Parts of a Food WebParts of a Food Web
• Where are the consumers in the food web below?
Producer
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Population Impacts in a Food Population Impacts in a Food WebWeb
• If the population of organisms at any level of the food web changes, it will affect the population at other levels
• If the population of producers decreases, then the population of primary consumers will decrease if they don’t have enough food.
• If the population of primary consumers decreases, then…– The producers will increase because there are
less consumers eating them– The secondary consumers will decrease
because there is less food for them
Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids
• More energy at the bottom, decreases as the pyramid moves up the food web
More Energy
Less Energy
Energy Pyramid LabelsEnergy Pyramid Labels
Producers
Tertiary Consumers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Energy Transfer in Energy Energy Transfer in Energy PyramidsPyramids
• Each trophic level of the energy pyramid supplies energy to the level above it.
• Each transfer loses 90% of the energy
• Only 10% of the energy at a level is passed to the next level up!
• 90% is “lost” - used for movement, respiration, & reproduction – lost as heat (not a useable form of energy)
Energy Transfer (percents)Energy Transfer (percents)
100%
0.1%
10%
1%
Energy Transfer (calories)Energy Transfer (calories)
1,000 calories
1 calorie
100 calories
10 calories
Biomass Pyramid
• total amount of living tissue in a trophic level
• represents amount of potential food available for each trophic level
Abiotic Factors
1. Inorganic Matter• not living, never was living• does not include carbon• ex. - rocks & minerals; water
(nonliving factors)
Abiotic Factors
2. Organic matter Carbon based Includes decomposed organisms &
waste products of organisms
Abiotic Factors
3. Physical Factors• Other factors which influence
organisms
• Ex. Temperature, amount of sunlight, rainfall etc.
Biotic factors• Humans• Bacteria• Fungus• Plants• Insects• Amphibians• Reptiles• Mammals• Birds
Abiotic factors• Water• Soil• Wind or Air• Gases
– oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
• Temperature• Sunlight• pH
– Acid or base
What are living factors called?
Abiotic or Biotic?
• The air temperature is 45 degrees F = • The soil is made of rocks and minerals =• A bird lays eggs =• Bacteria break down dead organisms = • The pH or the water is 2 (acidic) =
abioticabioticabioticabiotic
abioticabiotic
bioticbioticbioticbiotic
Which of the following is a relationship Which of the following is a relationship between abiotic and biotic factors?between abiotic and biotic factors?
A) The rain on an open field washes away soil
B) A hawk hunts a mouse and swoops down into the forest for the kill
C) A lake has very acidic water which causes many
fish populations to die
D) A deer grazes in a field of grasses
Abiotic
Biotic
Habitats• A habitat is the place in which an organism lives.
– Made up of the soil, air, and water, as well as the plants of the area. (incl. biotic & abiotic factors)
Can you think of other examples?
Pond Thicket
Forest stream
Meadow
Marsh
Niche
• A niche is the role or job of a specific organism. – Each organism has a specific niche. – Includes how the organism uses the biotic
and abiotic conditions to survive. – Includes its role in the food web– Includes when and how reproduction occurs
• Giraffes & gazelles share habitat, not niches (they eat different food – no competition)
Predation
One organism captures and feeds on the other.
Predator – Prey-a larger organism (predator) feeds on a smaller organism (prey)
Competition
organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
Purple Loosestrife (from Great Britain)
Invasive wetland plant that overtakes native plants that provide better nutrition/habitat for water fowl
Resources - Food, water, nutrients, sunlight, space, shelter
competitive exclusion principle – No two species may occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
• one species will always use the resources more efficiently
• that species will reproduce more
• slight advantage leads to the elimination of the weaker competitor
Ex. Intraspecific Competition:
Competition among organisms of the same species
Ex. Interspecific Competition
Competition among organisms of different species
Symbiosis
• Symbiosis: a long-term relationship between two organisms in an ecosystem.
Types of Symbiosis
1. Mutualism: both organisms benefit from their relationship
2. Commensalism: one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
3. Parasitism: one organisms benefits, and the other is harmed
Parasitism:-a smaller organism (parasite) feeds ona larger organism (host)
Name That Symbiosis• Leeches feed off of the lamprey below,
and eventually cause it to die.
parasitism
Name That Symbiosis• A clown fish lives among the sea
anemone. The clown fish gains protection, but the anemone is neither harmed nor helped.
commensalism
Name That Symbiosis• Ox-peckers live on the heads of the ox,
eating insects and keeping the ox clean. The birds also get a place to live.
mutualism
Tapeworm Scolex – may attach to human intestines
parasitismhead with hooks and suckers
Cleaner fish
mutualism
commensalism
Shark & Remora
mutualism
Lichens (fungus & algae)